cadmium

H250: Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361fd: Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P231, P233, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P302+P335+P334, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H250 (24.3%): Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air [Danger Pyrophoric liquids]

H302 (12.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H330 (92.2%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (12.2%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341 (92.2%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (92.2%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361 (75.6%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361fd (18.7%): Suspected of damaging fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (92.2%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (98.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P231, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P335+P334, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P330, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 855 reports by companies from 40 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

To extinguish a fire involving this chemical you may use a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher; a water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use dry sand. Use special powder. NO other agents.

Fire fighting: /Wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand, or other positive mode. /Cadmium dust (as cadmium)/

Reacts readily with dilute nitric acid; reacts slowly with hot hydrochloric acid; does not react with alkalies

When nitryl fluoride is passed ... over ... cadmium ... /with mild warming/, glowing white incandescence occurs.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF RELEASE. 3) COLLECT RELEASED MATERIAL IN THE MOST CONVENIENT AND SAFE MANNER FOR RECLAMATION OR FOR DISPOSAL. ... /CADMIUM DUST/

Recycling: Sort, classify and put in a box properly labeled. Salvage profitably for reuse by local shop or sell as a scrap metal. Recommendable method: /SRP: Hazardous Waste/ Landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

An eye wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area where cadmium chloride is being used. /Cadmium metal dust/

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc. /Cadmium dust (as Cd)/

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Cadmium dust (as Cd)/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly-closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it in a freezer. (NTP, 1992)

Fireproof. Dry. Keep under inert gas. Separated from ignition sources, oxidants, acids and food and feedstuffs.

Keep containers closed and protect against physical damage.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

STORAGE: MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR ... DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS DUE TO CONTACT WITH HEAT, MOISTURE, ACIDS, OR ACID FUMES, SHOULD BE STORED IN COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF ... RAYS OF SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF ... FIRE HAZARD ... /CADMIUM CMPD/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Blood monitoring should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)

0.13 mg/m3

1.4 mg/m3

8.5 mg/m3

0.96 mg/m3

5.9 mg/m3

0.10 mg/m3

0.76 mg/m3

4.7 mg/m3

0.063 mg/m3

0.40 mg/m3

1.9 mg/m3

0.041 mg/m3

0.20 mg/m3

0.93 mg/m3

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3, NOT ppm.

AEGLs Status: Interim

0.10 [mg/m3]

0.76 [mg/m3]

4.7 [mg/m3]

Ca See Appendix A [*Note: The REL applies to all Cadmium compounds (as Cd).]

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cd, see 29 CFR 1910.1027

5 µg/m³ [2.5 µg/m³ Action Level]

[1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 [*Note: The PEL applies to all Cadmium compounds (as Cd).]

9 mg Cd/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

9.0 [mg/m3], as Cd

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that exposure to 9 mg/m3 of cadmium fume for 5 hours is a lethal dose [Beton et al. 1966]. Fatalities have resulted from exposures to concentrations estimated to be 40 to 50 mg/m3 for 1 hour [Barrett and Card 1947; Bulmer et al. 1938; Reinl 1961]. The lethal dose of thermally generated cadmium oxide fume of not more than 2,900 mg­min/m3 has been reported [Barrett and Card 1947], which is equivalent to about 85 mg Cd/m3 for 30 minutes. It has been reported that 39 mg Cd/m3 was a fatal exposure after 20 minutes [Zavon and Meadows 1970].

Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)]

See: 7440439

0.01 [mg/m3], as Cd ( 0.002 mg/m3, as Cd, respirable fraction)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m (respirable fraction) /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: Cadmium in urine; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 5 ug/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Cadmium and inorganic compounds/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.01 mg/m

Cadmium is a silver-white blue tinged lustrous metallic solid. (NTP, 1992)

Large Crystals; Other Solid; Wet Solid; Dry Powder

Metal: Silver-white, blue-tinged lustrous, odorless solid; [NIOSH]

SOFT BLUE-WHITE METAL LUMPS OR GREY POWDER. MALLEABLE. TURNS BRITTLE ON EXPOSURE TO 80 °C. TARNISHES ON EXPOSURE TO MOIST AIR.

Silver-white, blue-tinged lustrous, odorless solid.

Metal: Silver-white, blue-tinged lustrous, odorless solid.

Silvery-white metal

Soft, bluish-white metal

Silver-white, blue-tinged, lustrous metal; distorted hexagonal close-packed structure; easily cut with a knife; available in the form of bars, sheets or wire or a gray, granular powder

Hexagonal, ductile crystals or soft, silver-white, lustrous metal

Odorless

1409 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

767 °C @760 [mm Hg]

609.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

32.0691 °C

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

Insoluble in water

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

8.642 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

8.69 g/cu cm at 25 °C

8.6 g/cm³

8.65 (metal)

8.69 @25 °C

1 mmHg at 741 °F (NTP, 1992)

VP: 1 Pa at 257 °C (sublimes); 10 Pa at 310 °C (sublimes); 100 Pa at 381 °C; 1 kPa at 472 °C; 10 kPa at 594 °C; 100 kPa at 767 °C

VP: 2.8X10-4 Pa at 400 K; 18.3 Pa at 600 K

0 mmHg (approx)

1 [mm Hg] @394 °C

Slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium oxide.

250 °C, (482 F) layer /Cadmium metal dust/

250 °C (cadmium metal dust)

Corrosion resistance poor in industrial atmosphere

99.87 kJ/mole at 767 °C (boiling point)

Index of Refraction: 1.8 at 578 nm and 20 °C/D

Malleable

Specific heat at constant pressure (25 °C): 6.22 cal/mole-deg at 25 °C

Mohs hardness 2.0 ... Tarnishes in moist air. Cadmium becomes brittle at 80 °C. High neutron absorber.

The electrical conductivity of cadmium is less than that of silver or copper, but greater than that of iron.

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The finely divided metal is pyrophoric. Slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium oxide. Insoluble in water.

Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active

Pyrophoric

A violent explosion occurred 30 minutes after placement of a CADMIUM rod into hydrazoic acid [Mellor 8 Supp. 2:50 1967]. Fused ammonium nitrate with powdered metal often produces a violent explosive reaction. Reactivity similar to zinc. May be incompatible with oxidants.

The dust ignites spontaneously in air and is flammable and explosive when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizing agents, metals, ammonia, zinc, selenium, and tellurium.

A violent explosion followed immersion of a cadmium rod in hydrazoic acid after about 30 mins.

Strong oxidizers; elemental sulfur, selenium & tellurium

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Respiratory

5 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

Trace element

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Cadmium and cadmium compounds/

Cancer Classification: Group B1 Probable Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens.

For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cadmium and cadmium compounds

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume 58: (1993) Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry

Volume 100C: (2012) Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting.

pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), emphysema, proteinuria, mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Cancer, Gastrointestinal (Digestive), Musculoskeletal (Muscles and Skeleton), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

respiratory system, kidneys, prostate, blood

[prostatic & lung cancer]

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

IRIS Current

ATSDR Final

PPRTV Archive

LC50 (rat) = 25 mg/m3/30 min

LD50 Rat oral 225 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 25 mg/cu m/30 minutes

LD50 Mouse oral 890 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 5700 ug/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

7.10e+00

1.00e+02

1.60e-03

6.80e-03

8.0E+01(G)

1.80e-03

1.00e-04

Volatile

1.80e+00

5.00e+00

1.40e-01

3.80e-01

2.10e+01

3.00e+02

3.10e-02

1.30e-01

8.0E+01 (G)

5.50e+00

Cadmium is a widely but sparsely distributed element found in the earth's crust at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, primarily as sulfide minerals in association with zinc ores, zinc-bearing lead ores, and complex copper-lead-zinc ores(1,2). Greenocktite (CdS) is found associated with zinc ore, sphalerite (ZnS); zinc carbonate contains otavite (CdCO3) in small amounts. Cadmium abundance in seawater is estimated as 0.11 ug/L(2).

Liberation during smelting and refining of ores where it is a by-product of zinc, lead and copper bearing ores. Liberation during recovery of metal by processing scrap; during melting and pouring of cadmium metal; during casting of alloys for cadmium-copper, cadmium-lead, cadmium-bismuth, cadmium-silver, cadmium-nickel, cadmium-lead-silver, cadmium-lead-silver-nickel, cadmium-lead-bismuth-tin, and cadmium-gold products used for coating telephone cables, trolley wires, welding, electrodes, automatic sprinkling systems, steam boilers, fire alarms, high pressure/temperature bearings, starting switches, aircraft relays, light duty circuit breakers, low temperature solder, and jewelry. Liberation during fabrication of metal, alloys, or plated steel. Liberation during casting and use of solders; during melting of cadmium ingots for paint and pigment manufacture used for coloring of plastics and ceramic glazes, electroplating, and in chemical synthesis. Liberation during coating of metals by hot dipping or spraying. Liberation during manufacture of nickel-cadmium batteries for use in radio portable telephones, convenience appliances, and vented cells used in airplanes, helicopters, and stand-by power and lighting(1).

Of the two basic methods of zinc production, thermal smelting and electrolytic refining, only the former releases significant emissions of cadmium(1). Cadmium emissions at a lead smelter is expected to be elemental cadmium and the oxide(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cadmium is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 335 workers (22 of these were female) were potentially exposed to pure cadmium in the US(1).

Recycling: Sort, classify and put in a box properly labeled. Salvage profitably for reuse by local shop or sell as a scrap metal. Recommendable method: /SRP: Hazardous Waste/ Landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CADMIUM, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2570 154(cadmium compound)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Cadmium compounds/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Cadmium compounds/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Airtight. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 45-26-48/23/25-62-63-68-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1