lead sulfate

H302+H332 (59.1%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350 (59.1%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H351 (10.2%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360 (50.7%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360Df (59.1%): May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H361 (10.2%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (10.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373 (99.5%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 215 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P263, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P280, P318, P319, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Get medical aid.

INHALATION: Remove from source of exposure and keep quiet.

EYES: Wash with running water.

SKIN: Wash with soap and water.

INGESTION: Wash mouth, give emetic then epsom salts (30 g/250 ml hot water); get medical attention. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid)/

Lead sulfate is not combustible. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Lead sulfate (containing more that 3% free acid)/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Lead sulfate (containing more than 3% free acid./

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner so that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Lead sulfate must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc) since violent reactions occur ... A regulated, marked area should be established with this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH]

0.047 [mg/m3]

170 [mg/m3]

1000 [mg/m3]

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb

100 mg/cu m /Lead/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Lead, inorganic compounds, as Pb/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: lead in blood; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 30 ug/100 mL. [Note: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 10 ug/dL, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current Centers for Disease Control guideline of 10 ug/dL. If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits. The blood Pb of these children should be closely monitored and appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the child's exposure to environmental lead.] /Lead, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Chronic Inhalation: 0.05 mg/m3 (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Residual lead levels. The /U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's/ maximum environmentally acceptable level of lead in shot is trace amounts or <1 percent. Any shot manufactured with lead levels equal to or exceeding 1 percent are considered toxic and, therefore, illegal.

In this part 1303, the Consumer Product Safety Commission declares that paint and similar surface-coating materials for consumer use that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal) is in excess of 0.06 percent (0.06 percent is reduced to 0.009 percent effective August 14, 2009 as mandated by Congress in section 101(f) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-314) of the weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paint film (which paint and similar surface-coating materials are referred to hereafter as "lead-containing paint") are banned hazardous products under sections 8 and 9 of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 15 U.S.C. 2057, 2058. The following consumer products are also declared to be banned hazardous products: (1) Toys and other articles intended for use by children that bear "lead-containing paint". (2) Furniture articles for consumer use that bear "lead-containing paint".

Disclosure of Known Lead-Based Paint and/or Lead-Based Paint Hazards Upon Sale or Lease of Residential Property: This subpart implements the provisions of 42 U.S.C. 4852d, which impose certain requirements on the sale or lease of target housing. Under this subpart, a seller or lessor of target housing shall disclose to the purchaser or lessee the presence of any known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards; provide available records and reports; provide the purchaser or lessee with a lead hazard information pamphlet; give purchasers a 10-day opportunity to conduct a risk assessment or inspection; and attach specific disclosure and warning language to the sales or leasing contract before the purchaser or lessee is obligated under a contract to purchase or lease target housing.

Establishes standards for lead-based paint hazards in most pre-1978 housing and child-occupied facilities. This regulation supports the implementation of regulations already promulgated, and others under development, which deal with worker training and certification, lead hazard disclosure in real estate transactions, requirements for lead cleanup under State authorities, lead hazard evaluation and control in Federally-owned housing prior to sale and housing receiving Federal assistance, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grants to local jurisdictions to perform lead hazard control. Establishes, under authority of TSCA section 402, residential lead dust cleanup levels and amendments to dust and soil sampling requirements.

For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Wear approved filter mask, rubber gloves, and safety glasses. (USCG, 1999)

Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber gloves.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Lead/

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Lead/

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 0.5 mg/cu m. /Lead/ [Table#5835]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead sulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Insoluble in water and sinks in water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals. Use: in lithography, battery acid solution treated fabrics, used in varnishes.

Dry Powder; Wet Solid; Other Solid; Wet Solid; Liquid; Other Solid

Wet Solid; Dry Powder

Wet Solid

White powder that is insoluble in water; [CAMEO]

White, heavy crystal powder

White monoclinic or rhombic crystals

2138 °F (USCG, 1999)

In water, 0.0404 g/100 mL at 25 °C; slightly soluble in alkaline solutions.

Soluble in about 2225 parts water; more soluble in nitric acid; soluble in sodium hydroxide, ammonium acetate or tartrate solution; soluble in concentrated hydriodic acid; insoluble in alcohol.

In water, 32 mg/L at 15 °C

6.2 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

6.2 g/cu cm

6.2 @25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes /of lead and sulfur oxides./

Index of refraction: 1.877, 1.822, 1.894

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/

Natural lead is a mixture of four stable isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (25.2%), Pb-207 (21.7%) and Pb-208 (51.7%). Lead isotopes are the end-products of each of the three series of naturally occurring radioactive elements: Pb-206 for the uranium series, Pb-207 for the actinium series and Pb-208 for the thorium series. Forty-three other isotopes of lead, all of which are radioactive, are recognized.

Divalent lead has a strong affinity for inorganic ions containing oxygen (eg, carbonate) or sulfur (sulfide). Lead can also complex with electron rich ligands in many organic cmpd such as amino acids, proteins, and humic acid.

Metals -> Lead Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Corrosives

Insoluble in water.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

LEAD SULFATE reacts explosively with boric acid [Bretherick 1979. p. 1029]. Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic metal fumes (USCG, 1999).

Contact with oxidizers and chemically active metals may cause violent reactions.

Violent or explosive reaction with potassium.

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

Tolerable intake of lead for preschool children should be less than the 3 mg/wk recommended provisionally for adults. ... /Inorganic lead/

0.007 mg/kg (WHO) /Lead; from table/

LD50: 300 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Guinea pig) (T57)

LD50 Guinea pig ip 300 mg/kg

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. (L21)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Moderate hyperventilation (20 respiration per minute) may be beneficial for increased intracranial pressure. Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and related compounds/

Treatment. Emergency and supportive measures. Treat seizures and coma if they occur. Provide adequate fluids to maintain urine flow but avoid overhydration, which may aggravate cerebral edema. Avoid phenothiazines for delirium, as they may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with increased intracranial pressure may benefit from corticosteroids and mannitol. /Lead/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ This chemical is corrosive. Skin contact can cause severe irritation and burns, itching, rash, and pigment changes. Eye contact can cause severe irritation and burns. Inhalation can cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Ingestion of large amounts of lead may lead to seizures, coma, and death. The effects of exposure to fumes and dusts of inorganic lead may not develop quickly. Symptoms may include decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disturbance, headache, aching bones and muscles, constipation, abdominal pains, and decreased appetite.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Highly irritating and corrosive substances can cause lung irritation that may lead to bronchitis. Lead can accumulate in the body over a period of time. Therefore, long-term exposures to lower levels can result in a build-up of lead in the body and more severe symptoms. These may include anemia, pale skin, a blue line at the gum margin, decreased handgrip strength, abdominal pain, severe constipation, nausea, vomiting, and paralysis of the wrist joint. Prolonged exposure may also result in kidney and brain damage. If the nervous system is affected, usually due to very high exposures, the resulting effects include severe headache, confulsions, coma, delirium, and death. In non-fatal cases, recovery is slow and not always complete. Alcohol ingestion and physical exertion may bring on symptoms. Lead exposure increases the risk of high blood pressure. Continuous exposure can result in decreased fertility. Elevated lead exposure of either parent before pregnancy can increase the chances of miscarriage or birth defects. Exposure of the mother during pregnancy can cause birth defects.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ A corrosive irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membrane.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 53-year-old man who had worked for 17 yr manufacturing car batteries, with overt exposure to lead /sulfate/, developed a clinical picture initially characterized by signs of parkinsonism, followed by atypical signs such as loss of memory, reduction of eye movement, dysarthria, chorea-like dyskinesia and sexual impotence. The diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism was eventually changed to progressive supranuclear palsy-like parkinsonism. The patient was treated with various anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, including levodopa, with modest improvement. The symptoms deteriorated progressively, leading to permanent occupational disability with noticeable limitation of daily activities. Toxicological studies revealed abnormally high blood levels of lead. Discontinuation of lead exposure was followed first by clinical stabilization and then steady improvement ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Lead sulfate placed in the anterior chamber of rabbits /eyes/ has caused a moderate purulent reaction and general inflammation of the eye.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Four experiments were conducted to study the toxic effects of supplemental dietary lead (Pb) on broiler chickens from hatching to 42 days of age. Dietary variables were 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 mg Pb/kg feed as lead sulfate in Experiment 1, and 0, 0.5 or 1 mg Pb/kg feed as lead sulfate and lead acetate in Experiment 2. Experiments 3 and 4 were 2 x 4 factorial designs with 2 levels of calcium (0.65% or 1.30%) and 4 levels of Pb (0, 1, 10 or 100 mg Pb as lead sulfate/kg feed). Lead supplementation caused linear decreases in bw gain in all experiments. In Experiments 1, 2 and 4, even 1 mg added Pb/kg feed caused significantly depressed body gains. Significant negative effects of added Pb on feed conversion ratios were found at 10 mg Pb/kg feed. Supplemental Pb caused a linear decrease in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity. The higher level of calcium (1.30%) in the feed significantly reduced the negative effects of Pb on ALAD inhibition. Lead additions to the diet resulted in a dose-related increase of Pb in blood, kidney, liver and tibia. Higher dietary calcium caused reduced Pb in blood and liver. Lead is toxic to chickens at much lower levels than previously recognized.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Sixteen Holstein intact male calves averaging 85 kg and 74 days of age were assigned randomly to four dietary lead treatments according to bw. They were fed for ad lib consumption a control diet containing no added lead or the control diet supplemented with 500, 1500, or 4500 ppm lead as lead sulfate. One calf fed 1500 ppm lead and all four calves fed 4500 ppm lead died within 6 to 10 days after initiation of treatments. Death was sudden with few or no clinical signs prior to death. Those clinical signs that did appear included muscular tremors, gnashing of teeth, bellowing, and convulsions. Four control, four 500 ppm lead, and two 1500 ppm lead-fed calves survived the 7-wk experimental period. Feed consumption, bw changes, glutamic oxaloacetic transminase and alkaline phosphatase activity in blood plasma, and hemoglobin were not affected significantly by lead treatments. Packed cell vol in calves fed 500 and 1500 ppm added lead was reduced. Lead concn in blood, kidney, liver, bone, brain, and muscle were elevated in lead supplemented calves above those of controls. The highest concn of lead were in kidney and liver.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Eight-mo-old dogs maintained on a high-fat-low-calcium diet were administered a mixture of lead chloride, lead bromide, and lead sulfate for prolonged periods at 4 different dose levels. Dogs on high levels of leads showed marked wt loss and gastrointestinal symptoms followed by death. Two dogs on low lead levels developed neurological signs. Radiological investigations showed radiopaque particles in 27% of abdominal radiographs and "lead lines" in the distal radius of 3 dogs. Highest tissue lead levels were found in bones followed by liver and kidney, brain and spinal cord.

LC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green algae, strain No. 366); Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 25 ug/L for 14 days /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 392 ug/L for 48 hr /100% purity finely ground dust/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 3166000 ug/L for 48 hr /as total lead ion/

LC50; Species: Cynoglossus joyneri (Red Tongue Sole, larvae); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 1000 ug/L for 72 hr /total lead ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.

LC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green algae, strain No. 366); Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 25 ug/L for 14 days /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 392 ug/L for 48 hr /100% purity finely ground dust/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, pH 7.5-9.1; Concentration: 3166000 ug/L for 48 hr /as total lead ion/

LC50; Species: Cynoglossus joyneri (Red Tongue Sole, larvae); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 1000 ug/L for 72 hr /total lead ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Female mallards /were dosed/ with 100 mg lead/kg diet. This was added as a mixture of 43 mg/kg lead carbonate, 37 mg/kg lead oxide, and 49 mg/kg lead sulfate, each salt contributing one-third of the total lead. No significant effect on eggshell thickness was found when it was measured on days 76 and 85 of treatment. When lead was added to the diet along with DDE at 40 mg/kg, lead did not increase the effect of the organochlorine on shell thickness.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Nymphs of stonefly (Acroneuria lycorias), mayfly (Ephemerella subvaria), and caddisfly (Hydropsyche betteni) /were exposed/ to lead sulfate in static bioassays ... 50% survival times /were reported/ of > 14 days at 64 mg/L, 7 days at 16 mg/L, and 7 days at 32 mg/L. There was a considerable decrease in the metal concn in solution over the 2 wk experimental period ...; nominal concentrations were /considered/ unreliable after 96 hr.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a series of experiments, the toxicity of lead to worms in soil was determined following the draft OECD earthworm reproduction toxicity protocol except that lead was added as solid lead nitrate, carbonate and sulfide ... The compounds were added to the test soil to give lead concn of 625-12 500 ug Pb/g of soil. Calculated toxicities of the lead decreased in the order nitrate > carbonate > sulfide, the same order as the decrease in the solubility of the metal compounds used. The 7-day LC50 ... for the nitrate was 5,321 +/- 275 ug Pb/g of soil, and this did not change with time. The LC50 values for carbonate and sulfide could not be determined at the concn ranges used. The only parameter sensitive enough to distinguish the toxicities of the three compounds was cocoon (egg) production. The EC50s for cocoon production (the concn to produce a 50% reduction in cocoon production) were 993, 8,604, and 10,246 pg Pb/g of soil for lead nitrate, carbonate, and sulfide, respectively ...

/PLANTS/ ... Maize (Zea mays), sugarbeet, bean, and wheat /were sown/ in soil dosed with lead nitrate or sulfate (0 to 5,000 mg lead/kg). Lead uptake into shoots and roots (on a dry wt basis) was measured 30 days after emergence. It was found that more lead was taken up into the roots than into the shoots ...

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead sulfate occurs in anglesite, one of three lead ores found in sufficient abundance as to form mineable deposits, and in the mineral lanarkite, in which it is combined with PbO. Lead sulfate forms in lead storage batteries during the discharge cycle. Lead sulfate's (or basic lead sulfates) manufacture and use in paints, pigments, and PVC stabilizers will result in its direct release to the environment. Lead sulfate may form naturally from lead and its compounds in the atmosphere and soil. Therefore, any source of lead emissions is a potential source of PbSO4. Speciation studies show that PbSO4 is a major lead compound in soil and air, especially near smelters. If released or deposited on soil, leaching is not expected under environmental conditions, however there is some evidence to suggest that it is taken up by some plants. It is expected that lead compounds are slowly converted to more insoluble salts such as the sulfate, sulfide, oxide, and phosphate in the soil layer. Lead sulfate enters water from atmospheric fallout, runoff or wastewater; little is transferred from natural ores. Lead sulfate's solubility is 0.4 g/L in water, but that which does dissolve tends to form ligands. Occupational exposure to lead sulfate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead is produced or used; since lead sulfate may be formed naturally when lead or its compounds are released into the atmosphere, exposure may occur near sources of lead emissions such as mining, ore processing, smelting, and refining sites, and leaded gasoline exhaust. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead sulfate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing lead. Concentrations in food may be elevated due to surface contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables; some of this lead intake may be in the form of PbSO4, which should dissolve in stomach acid. (SRC)

Extent of occurrence of /lead/ in earth's crust is about 15 g/ton, also expressed as 0.002% (depth of crust: 16 km). Occurs chiefly as sulfide in galena, other minerals include anglesite (PbSO4), cerussite (PbCO3), mimetite (PbCl2.3Pb3-(AsO4)2) and pyromorphite [PbCl2.3Pb3(PO4)2)].

Lead sulfate occurs naturally in anglesite, one of three lead ores found in sufficient abundance to form mineable deposits(1). It also occurs in the mineral lanarkite, in which it is combined with PbO(2). Lead sulfate is a major component of more than 200 identified minerals(1).

Lead sulfate forms in lead storage batteries during the discharge cycle(1), and in the paste mixing process in the manufacture of lead storage batteries(2). Lead sulfate may be released into the environment during its manufacture, use and disposal, and especially in the disposal of lead storage batteries. Organic tetraalkyl lead compounds are emitted from automobiles primarily in the form of lead bromochloride, which is ultimately transformed to lead sulfate(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: It was reported that after adding 3,000-4,000 mg/kg of lead in the form of PbSO4 to soil, subsequent extractions revealed that the lead sulfate was rapidly transformed to other lead compounds in the soil(1).

AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, lead sulfate will mostly precipitate out due to its low solubility. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, lead most likely exists primarily as PbSO4 and PbCO3 and is deposited onto soil as lead sulfates and lead carbonates(1). Lead sulfate is a major species of lead in the atmosphere, either being emitted in that form or possibly being formed from the sulfide or other lead species with atmospheric SO2 and oxygen. Lead sulfate is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere, and will be subject to washout and gravitational settling. Transformations in the atmosphere to the carbonate and oxide may be expected(2).

Lead particulate matter emitted by motor vehicles, which is largely lead bromochloride and lead oxide with lesser amounts of the sulfate and phosphate salt, nonphotolytically degrade in the atmosphere. The sulfate concentration and water solubilities of the particulates is increased by irradiation(1). It has been suggested that sulfuric acid formed from the SO2 in the atmosphere or at the soil interface reacts with the lead particulate to form lead sulfate. This can also occur in soil in contact with groundwater(1).

The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations has been examined in one study which found that elemental lead composed 15-20% of the emissions in some cases; with PbS, PbSO4, and PbO.PbSO4 also being present(1). The form of lead in emissions from a lead smelter contained 41.2% of the lead as PbSO4, 48.8% as PbS and 10.1% as PbO(2). Bulk dust samples collected from different areas of a primary lead smelter contained lead in the ore storage area, sinter area, and the blast and dross furnace; lead particles emitted from the smelter would primarily be in the form of lead sulfur compounds, PbSO4, PbO.PbSO4, and PbS(3).

The principal form of lead from along roadsides is the sulfate salt(1). In a calcareous soil, PbSO4 and PbCO3 were shown to account for <5% of the total lead content, whereas in road side dust, PbSO4, elemental lead, Pb3O4, PbO.PbSO4 and 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2 were present in high quantities(2).

The percent composition of airborne lead particles at a site near a road, 400 yds from a road, and at a rural site were, respectively: 2.2, 6.0 and 3.2 for PbSO4; and 1.0, 4.6 and 5.0 for PbO.PbSO4(1). An air filter containing particles with 2.3% lead, collected near a lead smelter, was rinsed so as to separate the Pb particles by density; the heavy and light fractions contained 61.5% and 7.8% of the original Pb, respectively, with 37% and 84% of these fractions being PbSO4(2).

The major constituents of sintering and blast furnace operations appear to be PbO.PbSO4 and PbSO4(1). In a study which identified lead compounds in the atmosphere, lead sulfate was listed, along with PbCO3 and 2PbBrCl.NH4Cl, as a major lead species(2). The chemical composition of baghouse effluent from smelting and refining operations contained 5% to ca. 100% PbSO4, and in one case, 70% PbO.PbSO4(3). The mining and smelting industry is geographically localized. The composition of airborne lead particulates in car exhaust was 0.1% PbSO4, which converted to the basic lead sulfate after standing(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 26,736 workers (5,171 of these were female) were potentially exposed to lead sulfate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to lead sulfate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead is produced or used; workers at mines, ore processing facilities, and smelting and refining operations may be exposed to lead sulfate in air and soil since other lead compounds may be converted to the sulfate in these compartments. The lead industry employs about 7,000 people; two thirds of this number are employed in mining and concentrating operations(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to lead sulfate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing lead. Concentrations in food may be elevated due to surface contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables; some of this lead intake may be in the form of PbSO4, which should dissolve in stomach acid(SRC).

People living in the vicinity of lead sources such as emissions from motor vehicles, mining operations, and smelters may be exposed to lead sulfate in soil; lead compounds may be converted to the sulfate in soil or at the air-soil interface. Limited data on speciation of atmospheric lead particles suggest that exposure to atmospheric lead sulfate will primarily result for people living close to stationary sources, such as smelters. This lead is primarily in airborne particulate matter that settles on plants and in water and may subsequently be ingested(1). Exposure may arise for people in contact with lead storage batteries(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Lead sulfate, with more than 3% free acid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NA 1794; Lead dross (containing 3% or more free acid)

UN 1794; Lead sulfate with more than 3% free acid.

IMO 8.0; Lead sulfate with more than 3% free acid.

49 666 50; Lead sulfate

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive