Thallous sulfate

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (21.1%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (24.4%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361 (20%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (21.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 90 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Thallous Sulfate Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to thallous sulfate may be severe and include bronchitis, pneumonia, and respiratory paralysis. Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) may occur. Victims may experience headache, delirium, dementia, depression, psychosis, and peripheral burning sensations with severe pain. Muscle weakness, ptosis (drooping eyelids), strabismus (loss of coordination between eyes), incoordination, spasmodic movements, convulsions, seizure, shock, and coma may also occur. Gastrointestinal effects include increased salivation, inflammation of the oral cavity, anorexia, vomiting (may be bloody), diarrhea (may be bloody), abdominal pain, and constipation. Kidney damage has been reported.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to thallous sulfate may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thallous sulfate.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thallous sulfate.

3. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of thallous sulfate is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4. Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of thallous sulfate may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4. The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(Non-Specific -- Thallium Salts, n.o.s.) For personnel protection avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. If contact with the material is anticipated, wear full protective clothing. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas.

(Non-Specific -- Thallium Salts, n.o.s.) If material is involved in fire, extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. For large fires use water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

Water, carbon dioxide, foam, dry chemical. /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance and complete protective clothing. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P115, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Thallium sulfate is a poor candidate for incineration.

Chemical Treatability of Thallium Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unkown; Results of Study: GAC treatment after time precipitate yielded 84% reduction; /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: 54% reduction with lime. /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Pilot Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Synthetic wastewater; Results of Study: 30% reduction with ferric chloride, 31% reduction with aluminum (3 coagulants used: 220 ppm of alum @ pH= 6.4. 40 ppm of ferric chloride @ pH= 6.2, 415 ppm of lime @ pH= 11.5; Chemical coagulation was followed by dual media filtration.) /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Thallium(1) sulfate is a poor candidate for incineration.

May be harmful to aquatic life in very low concentrations. Notify local health and wildlife officials. Notify operators of nearby water intakes.

Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

If employees' clothing may have become contaminated with soluble thallium compounds, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. Clothing contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of soluble compounds from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the soluble thallium compounds, the person perfoming the operation should be informed of soluble thallium compounds's hazardous properties. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be removed promptly and not reworn until the soluble thallium compound is removed from the clothing. /Soluble thallium compounds/

Skin that becomes contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be promptly washed or showered to remove any soluble thallium compounds. Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where soluble thallium compound is handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle soluble thallium compounds should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Soluble thallium compounds/

(Non-Specific -- Thallium Salts, n.o.s.) Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Small dry spills: with clean shovel place material into clean, dry container and cover; move containers from spill area.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. (EPA, 1998)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store only in original container. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

0.18 [mg/m3]

2.0 [mg/m3]

21 [mg/m3]

25 [mg/m3]

0.1 [mg/m3], as Tl

15 mg Tl/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

15.0 [mg/m3], as Tl (soluble compounds)

15 mg/cu m (as Tl). /Thallium (soluble cmpds, as Tl)/

0.02 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Tl

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, skin. /Thallium and soluble cmpds, as Tl/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Thallium and soluble cmpds, as Tl/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, skin. /Thallium and soluble cmpd, as Tl/

(as Tl, inhalable fraction): 0.02 mg/m

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and possibly the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Exposure could cause hair loss. Ingestion of large amounts could cause effects on the cardiovascular system, kidneys and liver. Ingestion of large amounts could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the nervous system. May cause hair loss.

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.

Respirator selection: 0.5 mg/cu m: Any dust and mist respirator, if not present as a fume. 1 mg/cu m: Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators, if not present as a fume/Any supplied-air respirator. 2.5 mg/cu m: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode/Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter, if not present as a fume. 5 mg/cu m: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode/Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece/Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. 15 mg/cu m: Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode/Any supplied-air respirator that has a full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. /Thallium (soluble cmpds, as Tl/

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Thallium sulfate appears as odorless white rhomboid prisms or a dense white powder. Density 6.77 g / cm3. Melting point 1170 °F (632 °C). Extremely toxic by ingestion. Very toxic by skin absorption and ingestion. A slow acting cumulative poison. Used as a rat poison, and an ant bait. Also used for analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of chlorine) and ozonometry. Not registered as a pesticide in the U.S.

Colorless or white odorless solid; Soluble in water; [ICSC] Colorless odorless crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

WHITE OR COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

White, rhomboid prisms

Colorless ... solid

White rhomboid crystals

Colorless, dense powder

Odorless

Decomposes (EPA, 1998)

Decomposes

1170 °F (EPA, 1998)

Solubility in 100 ml water at 0 °C: 2.70 g, at 20 °C: 4.87 g, at 100 °C: 18.45 g

48.7 g/l @ 15 °C; 191.4 g/l @ 100 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 4.87 (moderate)

6.77 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

6.77 g/cm³

6.77 @25 °C

Inappreciable (EPA, 1998)

Very stable

Slightly corrosive to iron

Index of refraction: 1.860, 1.867, 1.885

Index of refraction: 1.860; 1.867; 1.885

Heat of fusion 5500 cal/g mole; 10.9 cal/g

Heat of solution: (absorbs heat) 29.5 Btu/lb= 16.4 cal/g= 6.86X10+5 J/kg

Thallium(III) forms some organo-metallic compounds ... . /Thallium(III) ion/

Exists in two oxidation states, /thallous/ (Tl(I)) and /thallic/ (Tl(III)). /Thallium/

In reducing environments, thallous may precipitate as a sulfide; otherwise, it will remain in solution.

... Thallium(I), forms relatively few complexes with the exception of those with halogen, oxygen, and sulfur ligands. In this & several other respects, thallium(I) has chemical properties similar to those of the alkali metal cations. /Thallium (I)/

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Rodenticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Soluble in water.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

THALLIUM SULFATE has weak oxidizing and weak reducing powers. Redox reactions can however still occur.

Thallium(I) sulfate

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on the lack of carcinogenicity data in animals and humans. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None.

The substance can be absorbed into the body through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. See Ingestion.

Redness. See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Headache. Weakness. Convulsions. Muscle pain. Paralysis. Delirium. Unconsciousness.

Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Thallium Sulfate

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LD50 Brown rat oral 16 mg/kg

THALLIUM SULFATE WAS GIVEN ORALLY TO RATS & BLOOD LEVELS WERE STUDIED AS A FUNCTION OF TIME. MAXIMUM BLOOD LEVELS OF THALLIUM WERE ATTAINED ABOUT 1 HR AFTER DOSING. TREATMENT WITH FUROSEMIDE FOR 11 DAYS (30 MG/KG TWICE DAILY) SIGNIFICANTLY ACCELERATED THALLIUM REMOVAL FROM THE BODY WITH THE URINE. ACETAZOLAMIDE (30 MG/KG) ALSO ENHANCED EXCRETION OF THALLIUM, ESPECIALLY WITHIN THE INITIAL 24 HR OF TREATMENT.

THALLIUM POISONING IN GUINEA PIGS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY PREVENTED BY THE ENTERAL (GASTRIC TUBE) APPLICATION OF DITHIOCARB & POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. WHEN DITHIOCARB (90 MG/KG/DAY, SC 10 DAYS) WAS GIVEN DURING A TIME PERIOD OF 2-12 HR AFTER A SINGLE ADMIN OF THALLIUM SULFATE (20 MG/KG, SC), A SLIGHT THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF THE ANTIDOTE DITHIOCARB WAS NOTED.

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to ... thallium /and thallium/ compounds at potentially hazardous levels: Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the eyes, nervous system, lung, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and body hair should be stressed. Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed in humans exposed to thallium, a urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination/ on centrifuged sediment. Periodic Medical Examination: These medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. /Thallium and thallium compounds/

SIX CASES OF THALLIUM POISONING WHICH OCCURRED DURING JUNE-OCTOBER, 1976 IN A SINGLE DISTRICT WERE REPORTED. THE CASES WERE DIVIDED INTO 2 GROUPS, ONE IN JUNE & THE OTHER IN OCTOBER. THE FIRST GROUP CONSISTED OF 3 CASES, A FOUR-YR-OLD BOY, ANOTHER FOUR-YR-OLD BOY & HIS THREE-YR-OLD SISTER. THE FIRST CASE WAS SUSPECTED TO BE ENCEPHALITIS, THE SECOND WAS SUSPECTED TO BE A BRAIN TUMOR (DIED AFTER OPERATION) & THE THIRD CASE WAS HOSPITALIZED FOR LOSS OF HAIR & ATAXIA, WHICH REVEALED THAT THE INTOXICATION WAS DUE TO THALLIUM. THE SECOND GROUP CONSISTED OF 3 CASES: A FIVE-YR-OLD BOY, A FIVE-YR-OLD GIRL, HER THREE-YR-OLD SISTER, & A 4TH CASE WHICH PRESUMABLY INVOLVED DIABETIC COMA, BUT THE CHILDS URINE CONTAINED 3.84 PPM OF THALLIUM. IN BOYS, ACUTE & SUBACUTE GI SYMPTOMS & CNS SYMPTOMS WERE CONSPICUOUSLY OBSERVED WITH SEVERE COURSE, & IN GIRLS, CHRONIC LOSS OF HAIR & ATAXIA WERE THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS WITH A RELATIVELY FAVORABLE COURSE. ACCORDING TO EXAMINATION, ABNORMALITY OF URINE & EEG WERE INDICATED SUGGESTING A STRONG ATTACK ON KIDNEY & BRAIN. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION REVEALED THAT THALLIUM SULFATE SOLUTION (3%) HAD BEEN USED IN HOMES IN THE DISTRICT AS A RODENTICIDE.

Gastrointestinal manifestations include severe paroxysmal abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, stomatitis, salivation, and weight loss. Neurological manifestations during the first days of illness may include paresthesias, headache, cranial nerve damage (ptosis, strabismus, optic atrophy), myoclonic or choreiform movements, convulsions, delirium, and coma. The occurrence of high fever is probably the result of brain injury; it indicates a bad prognosis. Vascular collapse and death may occur in 24-48 hours, but the course is usually more prolonged. Death may be caused by respiratory paralysis, pneumonia, or circulatory disturbances. Peripheral neuropathy, particularly in the legs, is common with severe pain, paresthesias, muscle weakness, tremor, ataxia, and atrophy.

Thallium sulfate affects almost every tissue in the body, as may be seen from the description of accidental poisoning. The most serious effect is on the nervous system, but there are notable effects on the cardiovascular system, the kidney, the gastrointestinal system, and the hair and nails.

Observations have been performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient having ingested 200 mg thallium sulfate, in order to evaluate the ability of the compound to produce cytogenetic damage in vivo in humans. Results demonstrated that neither the yield of structural chromosome aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges were significantly modified. The drastic increase of binucleated cells with micronuclei indicates that thallium sulfate has in common with many metallic compounds the ability to interfere with chromosome distribution.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Between 1935 and 1955, 778 persons were reported to have been poisoned by thallium containing insecticides, rodenticides, and therapeutic chemicals, resulting in 46 fatalities.

Observations have been performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient having ingested 200 mg thallium sulfate, in order to evaluate the ability of the compound to produce cytogenetic damage in vivo in humans. The results demonstrate that neither the yield of structural chromosome aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges were significantly modified. The drastic increase of binucleated cells with micronuclei indicates that thallium sulfate has in common with many metallic compounds the ability to interfere with chromosome distribution.

Thallium is a skin sensitizer and cumulative poison which is toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. /Soluble thallium compounds/

/Mallards and Pheasants/ Signs of intoxication: Polydipsia, regurgitation, ataxia, imbalance, high carriage, slowness, goose-stepping ataxia, myasthenia, asthenia, hypoactivity, hopping and falling, wind-drop, immobility, and loss of righting reflex. Signs appeared as soon as 15 min and mortalities usually occurred between 1 and 7 days after treatment. Remission took up to 20 days. ... Gross necropsies of mallard and pheasant mortalities revealed consistent incidence of extreme visceral uration (especially of the Glisson's capsule and the pericardium), pericardium adhering to the heart, hyperemia and purpura of the gastrointestinal tract, coronary band petechiation, and small spleens.

... Chicks receiving 0.5 to 2.0 mg of thallium sulfate via the yolk sac on the 4th day of incubation developed an achondroplastic-like condition. ... Administered the sulfate form intraperitoneally in amounts up to 10 mg per kg to pregnant rats during critical times of development. Some fetal weight reduction and a slight increase in hydronephrosis was reported.

ACHONDROPLASIA WAS INDUCED IN THE EMBRYONIC CHICK BY ADMIN OF 0.6 MG THALLIUM SULFATE INTO THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE AT 7 DAYS OF INCUBATION. EMBRYOS WERE STUDIED AT 2-DAY INTERVALS TO 18 DAYS OF INCUBATION. GROWTH OF THE LONG BONES WAS REDUCED, & AREAS OF NECROTIC CARTILAGE FORMED IN THE TREATED EMBRYOS. THE NECROTIC CHONDROCYTES ACCUMULATED COLLAGEN, CALCIUM, & LIPID & CONTAINED LESS THAN NORMAL AMOUNTS OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE. TOTAL ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE WAS REDUCED IN LONG BONES FROM TREATED EMBRYOS BECAUSE OF DEFECTIVE SYNTHESIS &/OR RELEASE WITHIN THE CARTILAGINOUS FRACTION. THE THALLIUM-INDUCED ACHONDROPLASIA APPARENTLY RESULTED FROM THIS INHIBITION OF ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE.

WHEN YEAST CELLS WERE GROWN IN NUTRIENT BROTH TO WHICH THALLIUM SULFATE HAD BEEN ADDED, THE CRISTATE MITOCHONDRIA OF MANY OF THE CELLS WERE DARKENED BY THE FORMATION OF BLACK, HEXAGONAL THALLIUM OXIDE CRYSTALS IN 24 HR. TWO DAYS LATER, THE DARKENED MITOCHONDRIA HAD LOST THEIR COLOR, BUT THE AFFECTED CELLS CONTAINED 1-5 LARGE, HEXAGONAL PLATES OF CRYSTALLINE THALLIUM OXIDE BETWEEN THE CELL WALL & THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Parenteral injection of 2.0 mg/kg/day thallium sulfate in pregnant rats was associated with delays in development as evidenced by reduced fetal body weights, delayed skeletal ossification, and an increased incidence of fetal hydronephrosis.

When rats were fed 0.7 mg/kg/day thallium sulfate for 60 days, increased numbers of abnormal sperm, reduced sperm motility, sertoli cell vacuolization, and distortion in the seminiferous epithelium were observed.

The effect of dithallium sulfate (thallium, 20 mg/kg body weight) on renal function was investigated in 10- and 20-day old rats. Nephrotoxic effects were evaluated by the determination of glomerular filtration rate, urinary volume, electrolyte and protein excretion, as well as by morphological investigations. In contrast to adult rats there were no morphological destructions in 10- and 20-day old rats. Changes in renal function seemed to be less expressed in 10- and 20-day old rats than in adult rats. The smaller nephrotoxicity in 10-day rats may be caused by lower thallium concentration in renal tissue, whereas in 20-day old rats decreased nephrotoxicity cannot be explained in this way. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in rat renal tissues was found to be involved in the mechanisms of thallium enrichment in renal tissue, being an indirect determinant of thallium nephrotoxicity.

LD50 Mallard oral, males 3 mo age 36.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 28.3-47.5 mg/kg)

LD50 Golden eagles oral 1 mo of age 60.0-120 mg/kg

LD50 Pheasant oral male, 3-4 mo age 23.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 17.1-32.9 mg/kg)

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) male oral 36.7 mg/kg

LD50 Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle) oral 60.0-120 mg/kg

LD50 Mallard oral, males 3 mo age 36.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 28.3-47.5 mg/kg)

LD50 Golden eagles oral 1 mo of age 60.0-120 mg/kg

LD50 Pheasant oral male, 3-4 mo age 23.7 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 17.1-32.9 mg/kg)

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard) male oral 36.7 mg/kg

LD50 Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle) oral 60.0-120 mg/kg

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasant) oral 23.7 mg/kg

1.60e+00

2.30e+01

4.00e-01

2.00e+00

Volatile

4.70e+00

7.00e+01

1.20e+00

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

IN JAPAN, THALLIUM SULFATE HAS BEEN SPRAYED OVER FOREST AREAS TO KILL RATS AND OTHER PESTS, BUT HAS NOT BEEN FOUND IN SAMPLES OF WATER TAKEN OVER A PERIOD OF ONE MONTH AFTER SPRAYING.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P115, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Thallium sulfate is a poor candidate for incineration.

Chemical Treatability of Thallium Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unkown; Results of Study: GAC treatment after time precipitate yielded 84% reduction; /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: 54% reduction with lime. /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Pilot Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Synthetic wastewater; Results of Study: 30% reduction with ferric chloride, 31% reduction with aluminum (3 coagulants used: 220 ppm of alum @ pH= 6.4. 40 ppm of ferric chloride @ pH= 6.2, 415 ppm of lime @ pH= 11.5; Chemical coagulation was followed by dual media filtration.) /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Thallium(1) sulfate is a poor candidate for incineration.

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Thallium sulfate, solid/

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. /Thallium sulfate, solid/

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at lease 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Thallium sulfate, solid/

/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Thallium sulfate, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for THALLIUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1707; Thallium sulfate, solid; Thallium cmpd, nos, liquid or solid (pesticide)

IMO 6.1; Thallium sulfate, solid; Thallium cmpd, nos, liquid or solid (pesticide)

49 232 97; Thallium sulfate, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 28-38-48/25-51/53; S: (1/2)-13-36/37-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II