chloroethane

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P273, P280, P318, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H220 (99.8%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H270 (20.7%): May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]

H280 (81.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H314 (20.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H351 (99.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H412 (99.8%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P222, P244, P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P321, P363, P370+P376, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 535 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P337+P317, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. Call a hospital or poison control center IMMEDIATELY even if no symptoms (such as inflammation or irritation) develop. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected area if advised to do so by a physician.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately (liquid)

Skin: Water flush promptly (liquid)

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately (liquid)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

Water fog, carbon dioxide, dry chemical. For large fire it is best to allow material to burn while cooling surrounding equipment. Stop flow of ethyl chloride.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of one-third (1/3) mile radius.

Flashback along vapor trail may occur.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors.

· Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

· In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Waste water treatment: evaporation from water at 25 °C of 1 ppm solution (still air, avg depth 6.5 cm), 50% after 21 min, 90% after 79 min

/SRP: For laboratory spills:/ Absorb the spills with paper towels or the like materials. Place in hood to evaporate.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Ethyl chloride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration of ethyl chloride, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

Ethyl chloride boils @ 12 °C, therefore it is commonly a gas at ambient temp, and will be in pressurized cylinders. Thermal destruction methods may be difficult to apply unless a gas feed to the incinerator can be arranged. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

... CARE OF A MASSIVE EVOLUTION OF VAPOR FOLLOWING A SERIOUS LEAK OR SPILLAGE FROM PLANT AND SAFEGUARDS MUST BE PROVIDED IN THE FORMS OF SILLS, KERBS, AND THE DESIGN OF FLOORS TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF ESCAPING LIQUID.

Remove clothing immediately if wet or contaminated /with ethyl chloride/ to avoid flammability hazard.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ETHYL CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof.

MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMPOSE INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED ...

ETHYL CHLORIDE SHOULD BE ... STORED IN TIGHT CONTAINERS, PREFERABLY HERMETICALLY SEALED ... .

Protect containers against physical damage. Outdoor or detached storage is preferred. For indoor storage, store in a standard flammable liquid storage room. Keep away from ignitable materials or oxidizing agents. Remove any sources of ignition, spark or heat.

Storage temp: ambient

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

300 [ppm]

3300 [ppm]

20000 [ppm]

Handle with caution in the workplace. See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

1000.0 [ppm]

1000 ppm (2600 mg/m³)

TWA 1000 ppm (2600 mg/m3)

3800 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

3800.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that 13,000 ppm for 21 minutes caused no difficulty in walking or balancing but 19,000 ppm caused weak analgesia and slight dizziness after 12 minutes [Davidson 1926].

3800 ppm [Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]

3800 ppm

3800 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 75003

100.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 100 ppm, skin

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

100 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

100 ppm [1992]

268 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3.

Acute Inhalation: 15 ppm (Mouse) (L935)

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Ethyl chloride appears as a clear colorless gas with a pungent odor. Flash point -58 °F. Boiling point 54 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

CBI; Liquid

Colorless gas or liquid (below 54 degrees F) with a pungent, ether-like odor; Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 54 °F) with a pungent, ether-like odor.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 54 °F) with a pungent, ether-like odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

COLORLESS LIQUID

Colorless gas or liquid (below 54 degrees F) ... [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

Ethereal odor

... Pungent, ether-like odor ...

Burning taste

54.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

12.3 °C @ 760 mm Hg

12.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-218 °F (NTP, 1992)

-138.7 °C

-138.4 °C

-58 °F (NTP, 1992)

-58 °F (-50 °C) (Closed cup)

-50 °C c.c.

-58 °F (liquid)

NA (Gas) -58 °F (Liquid)

0.574 g/100 mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.574 g/100 ml in water @ 20 °C

48.3 g/100 ml in alc

0.447 g/100 g water at 0 °C

Solubility: 0.07 g water/100 g ethyl chloride at 0 °C; 103 g acetone/100 g ethyl chloride at 25 °C; 110 g benzene/100 g ethyl chloride at 25 °C; 87 g n-heptane/100 g ethyl chloride at 25 °C; 48 g ethanol/100 g ethyl chloride at 21 °C; 37 g methanol/100 g ethyl chloride at 25 °C; 0.6 G water/100 g ethyl chloride at 20 °C

For more Solubility (Complete) data for ETHYL CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.574

0.906 at 53.96 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9214 @ 0 °C/4 °C

Saturated vapor density= 0.25180 lb/cu ft @ 75 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.918

0.92 (liquid at 32 °F)

0.9239 @ 0°C

0.92 (Liquid at 32 °F)

2.23(relative gas density)

2.22 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.22 (Air= 1.00)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.22

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

ETHYL CHLORIDE is heat sensitive. This compound will hydrolyze in the presence of alkalis and water. It reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. It can also react vigorously with oxidizing materials. The vapor forms highly flammable mixtures with air. A mixture of this compound with potassium is shock-sensitive. Contact with chemically active metals such as Na, K, Ca, powdered Al, Zn and Mg may result in violent reactions. (NTP, 1992)

... CAN REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH OXIDIZING MATERIALS.

... REACTS WITH WATER OR STEAM TO PRODUCE TOXIC AND CORROSIVE FUMES ... .

Incompatibilities: Contact with chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, and magnesium may cause fires and explosions.

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc & magnesium; oxidizers; water or steam [Note: Reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid].

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc & magnesium; oxidizers; water or steam [Note: Reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Chloroethane targets the central nervous system and the heart. The lipophilicity of chloroethane suggests it acts upon the lipid layer of cellular membrane or the hydrophobic areas of specific membrane-bound cellular proteins. Euphoria and excitement resulting from the effects of chloroethane on the central nervous system induice catecholamine release. At levels adequate to induce anesthesia, chloroethane sensitizes the heart to the effects of catecholamines. This sensitization, along with asphyxia and hypoxia, can cause arrhythmias, and death. (L935)

Ethyl chloride

Developmental

Musculoskeletal

1 x 10 ^1 mg/m^3

Chloroethane

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of chloroethane. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloroethane. Overall evaluation: Chloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 52: (1991) Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

TR-346: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chloroethane (Ethyl Chloride) (CASRN 75-00-3) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1989 )

10/03/88

Equivocal Evidence

Inadequate Experiment

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2--year inhalation studies, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of chloroethane for male F344/N rats, as indicated by benign and malignant epithelial neoplasms of the skin. For female F344/N rats, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity, as indicated by three uncommon malignant astrocytomas of the brain in the exposed group. The study of male B6C3F1 mice was considered to be an inadequate study of carcinogenicity because of reduced survival in the exposed group. However, there was an increased incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms of the lung. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity for female B6C3F1 mice, as indicated by carcinomas of the uterus. A marginally increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasms was observed in the exposed group.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Chloroethane poisoning may cause liver and kidney damage. Decreased defensive responses against illness, neurological effects following inhalation, effects on the nervous system, and cardiac depression can result from the exposure to this toxin. Moreover, respiratory paralysis and toxic injury to the heart have been reported following anesthesia with chloroethane. (L935)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), ingestion (liquid), skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L935) ; dermal (L935) ; eye contact (L935) ; oral (L935)

Dizziness. Lethargy. Headache. Abdominal cramps.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

incoordination, inebriation; abdominal cramps; cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest; liver, kidney damage

Several sypmtoms can be manifested after inhalation of chloroethane, such as Jerking eye movements, an inability to control muscles in voluntary movements, difficulty in speaking clearly, an inability to perform finger tapping exercises, sluggish lower limb reflexes, seizures, difficulties in walking, disorientation, short-term memory loss, and hallucinations affecting sight and hearing. Moreover, dizziness, headache, feelings of drunkenness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps can occur. Redness, pain, and blurred vision can result from eye exposure. Long time skin exposure to chloroethane can cause frostbite. (L935, L936)

Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Gastrointestinal (Stomach and Intestines, part of the digestive system), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Reproductive (Producing Children)

Liver, kidneys, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

1 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

4 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

ATSDR Draft

5.40e+03

2.30e+04

4.20e+03

1.80e+04

8.30e+03

2.00e+00

2.40e+00

4.00e+00

Volatile

2.12e+03

1.60e+04

6.80e+04

1.30e+04

5.30e+04

2.50e+04

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Ethyl chloride's production and use as a refrigerant, solvent, anesthetic and in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, ethyl chloride will exist in the gas phase in the ambient atmosphere based upon a vapor pressure of 1.01X10+3 mm Hg at 20 °C. Gas-phase ethyl chloride will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 39 days. If released to soil, ethyl chloride is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 24. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.11X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. Ethyl chloride will volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, ethyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 0.9 hours and 3.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 2.5 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis of ethyl chloride is not expected to be an important environmental fate process due to the slow estimated hydrolysis rate. Occupational exposure to ethyl chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethyl chloride is produced or used. General population exposure to ethyl chloride may occur through inhalation of contaminated ambient air. (SRC)

Ethyl chloride does not occur as a natural product(1).

Ethyl chloride can be released to the environment through process and fugitive emissions involved with its production and primary use as a chemical intermediate, through evaporation from solvent, aerosol, and anesthetic uses, and through stack emissions from plastics and refuse combustion(1,SRC). Ethyl chloride has been shown to be formed as a metabolite of the microbial degradation of various chlorinated solvents in soil systems(2,3), and anoxic groundwater microcosms(5). Standard chlorination treatment of landfill leachate can inadvertently yield small amounts of ethyl chloride(4). Wastewater effluents from treatment facilities and direct leaching from landfills can also release ethyl chloride to the environment(SRC).

Ethyl chloride's production and use as a refrigerant, solvent and in organic synthesis(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Ethyl chloride can be released to the environment through stack emissions from plastics and refuse combustion(3). Ethyl chloride has been shown to be formed as a metabolite of the microbial degradation of various chlorinated solvents in soil systems(4,5), and anoxic groundwater microcosms(4). Standard chlorination treatment of landfill leachate can inadvertently yield small amounts of ethyl chloride(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 24(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethyl chloride is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethyl chloride from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.11X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(3). Volatilization of ethyl chloride from dry soil surfaces is expected(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.01X10+3 mm Hg(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 24(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that ethyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 0.9 hours and 3.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 2.5(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.43(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethyl chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 1.01X10+3 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase ethyl chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 39 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.11X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: Ethyl chloride, present at 1.84 and 4.19 mg/l, reached 1% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 2 mg/l and the closed bottle test(1).

ANAEROBIC: Chlorinated ethanes and methanes were found to release 50-70% of the organically bound chlorine when incubated under anaerobic laboratory conditions(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethyl chloride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.11X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 39 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Ethyl chloride does not absorb UV light above 290 nm indicating that direct photolysis will not occur in the troposphere(3,4). Oxidation of ethyl chloride in water via singlet oxygen or peroxy radicals is too slow to be environmentally important(4). Hydrolysis of ethyl chloride is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based upon an estimated hydrolysis half-life of 38 days(5). Ethyl chloride is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm).

Food chain concn potential: none

An estimated BCF of 2.5 was calculated for ethyl chloride(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.43(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for ethyl chloride can be estimated to be 24(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that ethyl chloride is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for ethyl chloride is 1.11X10-02 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethyl chloride is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 0.9 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.2 days(SRC). Ethyl chloride's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of ethyl chloride from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.01X10+03 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Ethyl chloride was qualitatively identified in drinking water from Miami, FL, Philadelphia, PA and Cincinnati, OH(1).

GROUNDWATER: Ethyl chloride was detected in less than 10% of 30 samples collected from the shallow groundwater zone of the Denver metropolitan area in 1993; the maximum concentration detected was 2.3 ug/l(1). Ethyl chloride was detected in groundwater in Wisconsin at a level of 90 ug/l 80 m downgradient from a contamination source of chlorinated solvents; the presence of the ethyl chloride was attributed to breakdown of other chlorinated compounds(2). Ethyl chloride levels of 4.3-136 ppb were identified in groundwater beneath the Miami Drum waste site in FL(3).

SURFACE WATER: An analysis of the USEPA STORET Data Base has reported positive detection of ethyl chloride in 6.0% of 994 ambient water observation stations at a median concn below 10 ppb(1).

An ethyl chloride concn of 1.5 ppb was detected in the final wastewater effluent from a Los Angeles County treatment facility in 1981(1). An analysis of the USEPA STORET Data Base has reported positive detection of ethyl chloride in 2.6% of 1323 effluent observation stations at a median concn below 10 ppb(2). Raw wastewaters from 9 organic chemical manufacturing facilities contained a mean ethyl chloride concn of 240 ppb(3). Ethyl chloride was qualitatively detected in leachates and associated groundwaters from various municipal landfills in Minnesota(4). Ethyl chloride has been identified as a gas emitted from landfill simulators(5).

Ethyl chloride was qualitatively identified in the soil/sediment/water matrix of the Love Canal near Niagara Falls, NY in 1980(1). An analysis of the USEPA STORET Data Base has reported positive detection of ethyl chloride in 0.3% of 354 sediment observation stations(2). Mean ethyl chloride levels of 0.2 ppb (wet wt) were detected in sediment taken from one location of Lake Pontchartrain in LA in 1980(3).

Atmospheric levels of ethyl chloride in the rural air of Pullman, WA were below 5 parts per trillion during monitoring between Dec 1974 and Feb 1975(1). Mean ambient air concentrations of 227, 46, 41, and 87 parts per trillion ethyl chloride were detected in Houston,TX, St. Louis,MO, Denver,CO and Riverside,CA respectively, in 1980(2).

Mean ethyl chloride levels of 7.6 ppb (wet wt) were detected in oysters taken from one location of Lake Pontchartrain in LA in 1980(1).

Monochloroethane was ... found in samples of human milk collected from women residing in several United States urban areas.

Inhalation of gas, slight percutaneous absorption, ingestion, eye and skin contact.

Data concerning workplace exposure to chloroethane are limited; however, an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) survey of one tetraethyl lead manufacturer determined that, on the average, workers were exposed to 0.425 mg/cu m with a maximum of 1.143 mg/cu m.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Ethyl chloride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration of ethyl chloride, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

Ethyl chloride boils @ 12 °C, therefore it is commonly a gas at ambient temp, and will be in pressurized cylinders. Thermal destruction methods may be difficult to apply unless a gas feed to the incinerator can be arranged. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ETHYL CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1037; Ethyl chloride

IMO 2.1; Ethyl Chloride

49 081 62; Ethyl Chloride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Gas

Special insulated cylinder. Special fittings.

Symbol: F+, Xn; R: 12-40-52/53; S: (2)-9-16-33-36/37-61

UN Hazard Class: 2.1