Vinyl Chloride

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P318, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (2 of 785) of reports.

H220 (99.7%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (69.9%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H341 (13.4%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (99.7%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H412 (13.2%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P273, P280, P318, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 785 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 785 reports by companies.

There are 18 notifications provided by 783 of 785 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P222, P260, P264, P270, P280, P318, P319, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. If symptoms such as inflammation or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician or go to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide, water spray. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishers. ... Do not extinguish fire unless the flow of gas can be stopped and any remaining gas is out of the line. Specially trained personnel may use fog lines to cool exposures and let the fire burn itself out. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If cylinders are exposed to excessive heat from fire or flame contact, withdraw immediately to a secure location. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water as fog. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. ... Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/

Fire may restart after it has been extinguished. ... Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Remove vapour cloud with fine water spray. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Leaks should be stopped as soon as possible. All sources of ignition must be eliminated. Vinyl chloride vapor can travel to an ignition source and flash back causing a flash fire. Because of the explosive hazard, fire at a leak must not be extinguished unless the leak is simultaneously closed. In the event of a spillage, liquid should be contained and discharges to streams or sewer system prevented. People performing the clean-up should have full protective equipment and positive-pressure breathing apparatus.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Ventilate area of leak to disperse the gas. Stop the flow of gas if it can be done safely. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep this chemical out of confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.

Land Spill: Construct barriers to contain spill. Absorb small amounts of spill with natural or synthetic sorbents, shovel into containers with covers.

Water Spill: Contain contaminated water with dams or natural barriers.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U043 and D043, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A pit or tank must never be entered without adhering to the following safety procedures: never alone, always with a lifeline, and always with a positive pressure supply of fresh air.

Engineering controls are the most effective way of reducing exposure. The best protection is to enclose operations and provide local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release.

Evacuation: ... If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from : see Chemical Dangers. Cool. Store only if stabilized. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Separated from oxidizing materials.

Vinyl chloride should be stored in cool well-ventilated areas, out of direct sunlight. It is usually stored under pressure and handled as a liquid. It must be kept away from sparks, flames and other ignition sources.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/

Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Vinyl chloride must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates), since violent reactions occur. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where vinyl chloride is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons of vinyl chloride should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of vinyl chloride. Wherever vinyl chloride is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings. Procedures for the handling, use, and storage of cylinders should be in compliance with OSHA 1910.101 and 1910.169, as with the recommendations of the Compressed Gas Association. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Containers of vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled either: VINYL CHLORIDE: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE GAS UNDER PRESSURE: CANCER SUSPECT AGENT or ... with the additional legend CANCER-SUSPECT AGENT applied near the label or placard.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) range= 38,000 ppm to 293,000 ppm * = >10% LEL For values denoted as * safety considerations against hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account.

AEGLs Status: Final

250 [ppm]

1200 [ppm]

4800 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

1.0 [ppm], STEL(OSHA) = 5 ppm (avg. not exceeding any 15 min)

1 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]

5 ppm [15 minutes]

[1910.1017] TWA 1 ppm C 5 ppm [15-minute]

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers vinyl chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

1.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

1 ppm as TWA; A1 (confirmed human carcinogen).

2.6 mg/m

carcinogen category: 1

Acute Inhalation: 0.5 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.03 ppm (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.003 mg/kg/day (L134)

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Vinyl chloride appears as a colorless gas with a sweet odor. Easily ignited. Shipped as a liquefied gas under own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid may cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Leaks may be liquid or vapor. Vapors are heavier than air. May asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Suspected carcinogen. Used to make plastics, adhesives, and other chemicals.

Gas Vapor; Liquid

Colorless gas or liquid (below 7 degrees F) with a pleasant odor at high concentrations; Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 7 °F) with a pleasant odor at high concentrations.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 7 °F) with a pleasant odor at high concentrations. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas or liquid (below 77 degrees F) [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas]

Ethereal odor

Mild, sweet odor

Pleasant odor at high concentrations

7 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

-13.8 °C

-13.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-245 °F (NTP, 1992)

-153.84 °C

-110 °F (NTP, 1992)

Gas (-108.4 °F (-78 °C)) - open cup.

-78 °C (-112 °F) - closed cup

-78 °C c.c.

NA (Gas)

Slightly soluble (NTP, 1992)

In water, 8.8X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 2700 mg/L

Soluble in ethanol; very soluble in ethyl ether

Soluble in carbon tetrachloride and benzene

Soluble in hydrocarbons, oil, chlorinated solvents, and most common organic solvents.

Solubility in water, g/l at 25 °C: 1.1 (poor)

(77 °F): 0.1%

0.969 at 8.6 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9106 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density (vapour at 15 °C): 8 g/l

Relative density (water = 1): 0.9 (liquid)

0.969 at 8.6 °F

0.9106 @ 20°C

2.21(relative gas density)

2.21 (NIOSH, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.15 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.2

3877.5 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

2980 mm Hg at 25 °C

Highly flammable. Forms polymeric peroxides that are explosive [Bretherick 1979. p. 164].

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

VINYL CHLORIDE is peroxidizable. Forms explosive polymeric peroxides in contact with air (in the presence of any of a variety of catalysts) [Bretherick 1979. p. 164]. Long storage in contact with air increases the concentration of the polyperoxides to hazardous levels [MCA Case History 1551. 1969]. The peroxides may initiate exothermic polymerization of the remaining material [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980.p. 958; Bretherick 1979. p. 160]. Light-sensitive. Many oxidizing agents apparently initiate polymerization (oxides of nitrogen, O2, etc.). May react with very hot water or steam to produce toxic fumes.

On treatment with strong alkalis at high temperatures it loses hydrogen chloride.

Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Can explode on contact with oxides of nitrogen.

Copper, oxidizers, aluminum, peroxides, iron, steel. [Note: polymerizes in air, sunlight, or heat unless stabilized by inhibitors such as phenol. Attacks iron and steel in presence of moisture.]

Incompatibilities: Copper, oxidizers, aluminum, peroxides, iron, steel. Polymerizes in air, sunlight, heat, and on contact with a catalyst, strong oxidizers, and metals, such as aluminum and copper, unless stabilized by inhibitors, such as phenol. Attacks iron and steel in the presence of moisture.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Copper, oxidizers, aluminum, peroxides, iron, steel [Note: Polymerizes in air, sunlight, or heat unless stabilized by inhibitors such as phenol. Attacks iron & steel in presence of moisture.]

Vinyl chloride (Chloroethylene)

C: Compounds that autopolymerize due to peroxide formation if inhibitors are depleated or not present

Several industry incidents can be traced to explosive polymerization. See Bretherick's.

National Fire Protection Association; Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. 14TH Edition, Quincy, MA 2010, p. 491-206

https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+75-01-4

Harmon, 1974, 2.20, 4.74–4.77

Scali, C. et al., Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Loss Prev. Safety

Prom. Proc. Ind., 1350–1358, Basle, SSCI, 1980

Anon., Eur. Chem. News, 1993, 60(1589), 26

Tartari, V., Proc. 34th Ital. Chem. Congr. Safety Chem. Proc., 51–60, Milan, 1983

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Vinyl chloride is a colorless gas or liquid (below 77 degrees F). It is used in the plastics industry to manufacture polyvinyl chloride, and in organic syntheses. It has been used as refrigerant and spray can propellant. HUMAN STUDIES: Vinyl chloride causes angiosarcoma of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Past occupational exposure to several hundred ppm of vinyl chloride for periods ranging from one month to 3 years has been associated with development of "vinyl chloride disease". Vinyl chloride disease is characterized by acroosteolysis, a condition characterized by lytic lesions of bones (primarily of fingers), scleroderma of the connective tissue in the fingers with dermal thickening, and a Raynaud-like condition with reversible arteriole constriction causing numbness, pallor and cyanosis of the fingers. The attribution of acroosteolysis to vinyl chloride exposure is based almost entirely on case reports and has been estimated to affect <3% of workers involved in the polymerization of vinyl chloride. In patients with chronic occupational exposure, neurological disturbances include sensory-motor polyneuropathy, trigeminal sensory neuropathy, slight pyramidal signs and cerebellar and extrapyramidal motor disorders. Psychiatric disturbances included neurasthenic or depressive syndromes. Sleeplessness and loss of sexual functions were frequently encountered. Pathological EEG alterations were found in a high proportion of patients. A chronic hepatic disorder of porphyrin metabolism was found in 36 workers with vinyl chloride-induced hepatic injury following long-time industrial exposure. Pathologic porphyrinuria, especially secondary coproporphyrinuria with transition to subclinical chronic hepatic porphyria, is a consistent pathobiochemical parameter for the recognition of vinyl chloride hepatic lesions. The major immunological abnormalities reported in vinyl chloride disease patients include hyperimmunoglobulinemia with a polyclonal increase in IgG, cryoglobulinemia, cryofibrinogenemia, and in vivo activation of complement. Vinyl chloride is an occupational carcinogen which caused micronuclei in human cells. There was significant increase in chromosomal abnormalities in cultured peripheral lymphocytes from 57 male workers when compared with controls. Sister chromatid exchange was the more sensitive endpoint for indicating a biological response. ANIMAL STUDIES: Brief (30 minutes) exposures to concentrations of vinyl chloride ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 ppm have been shown to be fatal in rats, guinea pigs and mice. Symptoms of intoxication in rats and mice include muscular incoordination and twitching, CNS depression and respiratory failure. Intense salivation and lacrimation have been noted in rats, guinea pigs and rabbits exposed acutely to high concentrations (375-700 mg/L) of vinyl chloride gas. When placed on skin or in eyes, liquid vinyl chloride may freeze tissue and produce a chemical burn as it evaporates, causing damage to the underlying tissue. Profound CNS depression was reported in guinea-pigs exposed to vinyl chloride at 65,000 mg/cu m for 90 min. Ataxia was observed at this dose level after 5 min of exposure. The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride was also observed in dogs and mice. Investigators reported deep CNS depression in rats and mice exposed to 260,000 mg/cu m for 30 min. The CNS depressant effect was preceded by increased motor activity after 5 min of exposure, twitching of extremities (after 10 min), ataxia (after 15 min) and tremor (after 15 min). Rats exposed to 130,000 mg/cu m for 60 min showed ataxia preceded by hyperactivity but no /CNS depressant/ effect. Forty rabbits were exposed for 4 hours/day on 5 days/week for 12 months to air containing (10,000 ppm) vinyl chloride. Between 9 and 15 months exposure, 12 skin acanthomas and 6 lung adenocarcinomas were seen. No similar tumors occurred in 20 controls after 15 months observation. Rats were exposed to 10,000 ppm vinyl chloride in air for 4 hours/day on 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting at the age of 13 weeks (120 rats per group) or 1 day (43 and 46 rats). Animals were observed for 135 weeks. One hepatoma was reported in the older rats in newborn rats, 10 angiosarcomas and 15 hepatomas were found. No liver tumors were reported in 249 controls. Vinyl chloride was administered for 7 hr/day on days 6-18 of gestation in mice, rats, and rabbits. It was concluded that although maternal toxicity observed, vinyl chloride alone did not cause significant embryonal or fetal toxicity and was not teratogenic in any of the species at concentrations tested. Vinyl chloride produced a significant increase in the frequency of recessive lethal mutations in male Drosophila melangaster. Mutagenic activity of vinyl chloride was reported in yeast (S. pombe and S. cerevisiae) in the presence of metabolic activation. Vinyl chloride was mutagenic to S. pombe in the "host mediated" assay when mice were treated with an oral dose of 700 mg/kg of vinyl chloride. Using Salmonella tester strains, direct mutagenicity of vinyl chloride was reported at 20% (v/v) in air (200,000 ppm) in the absence of metabolic activation. Mutagenic response was increased by metabolic activation. However, 20% vinyl chloride (v/v in air) was inactive in systems employing S. typhimurium strains TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In Daphnia magna exposure, results indicated impacts of vinyl chloride on the regulation of genes related to glutathione-S-transferase (GST), juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), and the vitelline outer layer membrane protein (VMO1).

Vinyl chloride poisoning exhibits many of the characteristics of autoimmune diseases. This is believed to be the result of a reactive vinyl chloride intermediate metabolite binding to an immunoglobulin, altering the protein and initiating an immune response. The metabolites of vinyl chloride, especially choloroethylene oxide, are mutagenic and act by covalently binding to DNA. This produces cyclic etheno-adducts, which cause base-pair transitions during transcription and DNA crosslinks. Metabolites also may cause oxidative stress and affecting tumor supressor genes, as vinyl chloride has been known to produce specific mutations in the p53 and Ki-ras genes. Vinyl chloride metabolites are also believed to exert toxic effects in the liver by covalently binding to liver proteins, resulting in cellular toxicity. (L3, A65)

Vinyl chloride

3 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

Chloroethylene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Listed as vinyl chloride

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride causes angiosarcoma of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen.

On the basis of sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in human epidemiology studies, vinyl chloride is considered to best fit the weight-of-evidence characterization Category A, according to current EPA Risk Assessment Guidelines (USEPA, 1986).

Vinyl chloride is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 97: (2008) 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide)

Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Exposure to vinyl chloride results in liver damage, nerve damage, and immune reactions, as well as depression of the central nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias. Long term exposure may result in damage to the sperm and testes of males. Vinyl chloride is also a known carcinogen. (L3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Oral (L3) ; inhalation (L3) ; dermal (L3)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Unconsciousness. Blurred vision. Numbness. Tingling sensation.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding; enlarged liver; pallor or cyanosis of extremities; liquid: frostbite; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Symptoms of acute vinyl chloride exposure include headache, nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness, possibly resulting in loss of conciousness, coma or cardiac arrhythmias at higher levels. Chronic exposure can lead to lung and kidney irritation, inhibition of bloodclotting, numbness and pain in the fingers, memory loss, and sleep disurbances. (L3)

Cancer, Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

Liver, central nervous system, blood, respiratory system, lymphatic system

[liver cancer]

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

The ten day health advisory for vinyl chloride for a 10 kg child that consumes one liter of water/day is 2.6 mg/day or 0.26 mg/kg/day.

IRIS Current

ATSDR Final

LC50 (rat) = 180,000/15m

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a ubiquitous contaminant classified as a human carcinogen. Vinyl chloride (VC) is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride and can also be a degradation product of TCE. Very few data exist on the toxicity of TCE and VC in aquatic organisms particularly at environmentally relevant concentrations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sub-lethal effects (10 day exposure; 0.1; 1; 10 ug/L) of TCE and VC in Daphnia magna at the gene, cellular, and life-history levels. Results indicated impacts of VC on the regulation of genes related to glutathione-S-transferase (GST), juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), and the vitelline outer layer membrane protein (VMO1). On the cellular level, exposure to 0.1, 1, and 10 ug/L of VC significantly increased the activity of JHE in D. magna and TCE increased the activity of chitinase (at 1 and 10 ug/L). Results for life-history parameters indicated a possible tendency of TCE to affect the number of molts at the individual level in D. magna (p=0.051). Measurement of VG-like proteins using the alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) assay did not show differences between TCE treated organisms and controls. However, semi-quantitative measurement using gradient gel electrophoresis (213-218 kDa) indicated significant decrease in VG-like protein levels following exposure to TCE at all three concentrations. Overall, results indicate effects of TCE and VC on genes and proteins related to metabolism, reproduction, and growth in D. magna.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Few data on the responses of freshwater and marine organisms to chloroethene ... reported complete mortality of Northern pike (Esox lucius) after a 10 day exposure at 388 ppm chloroethene.

5.90e-02

1.70e+00

1.70e-01

2.80e+00

1.90e-02

2.00e+00

6.90e-04

7.20e-01

3.00e-03

5.11e-02

Volatile

3.92e+03

5.90e+00

1.70e+02

1.70e+01

2.80e+02

1.90e+00

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to ground water contamination.

Vinyl chloride's production and use in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other chlorinated compounds may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It is reported to be in tobacco smoke. Vinyl chloride is also an anaerobic biodegradation product of higher chlorinated compounds such as tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2980 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates vinyl chloride will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase vinyl chloride will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 2.3 and 46 days, respectively. Vinyl chloride, exposed to light >290 nm for 17 hours was photo-degraded 15.3%. If released to soil, vinyl chloride is expected to have high mobility based upon a Koc of 57. Volatilization of vinyl chloride from soil has reported half-lives of 0.2-0.5 days at soil depths of 1 and 10 cm, respectively. Vinyl chloride may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Vinyl chloride had a biodegradation rate of 1.456 ug/g soil/hr in soil. Vinyl chloride was degraded approximately 20-50% and 55-100% in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively, under anaerobic conditions in laboratory scale soil experiments. If released into water, vinyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. The biodegradation half-life of vinyl chloride in aerobic and anaerobic waters was reported as 28 and 110 days, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant of 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively. A BCF of <10, measured in fish, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Vinyl chloride is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment based on reported hydrolysis half-lives of >9.91 to >107 years. Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where vinyl chloride is produced or used. Exposure of the general public to vinyl chloride is expected to be very low. (SRC)

Vinyl chloride monomer is not known to occur in nature(1).

Vinyl chloride's production and use in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other chlorinated compounds(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The compound occurrs in tobacco smoke(2). Vinyl chloride is also an anaerobic biodegradation product of higher chlorinated compounds such as tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene(3,4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 57(2), indicates that vinyl chloride is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of vinyl chloride from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole(3). The volatilization half-life of vinyl chloride was estimated as 0.2 days when incorporated in a soil at a depth of 1 cm and 0.5 days at a depth of 10 cm(4). Vinyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2980 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Vinyl chloride had a biodegradation rate of 1.456 ug/g soil/hr in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane(6). Vinyl chloride was degraded approximately 50% and 100% in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively, in the presence of sand by methanogenic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions in laboratory scale experiments(7). In the absence of sand 20% and 55% degradation occurred in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively(7). [

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 57(2), indicates that vinyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). Vinyl chloride is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment based on reported hydrolysis half-lives of >9.91 years (pH = 7, 25 °C) and >107 years (pH = 7, 10 °C)(5). Vinyl chloride is not likely to photo-degrade in water(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of <10 measured in fish(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The biodegradation half-life of vinyl chloride in aerobic and anaerobic waters was reported as 28 and 110 days, respectively(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), vinyl chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 2980 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase vinyl chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone(SRC); the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 2.3 and 46 days(SRC), calculated from respective rate constants of 6.96X10-12(3) and 2.51X10-19(4) cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, respectively. The photolysis half-life of vinyl chloride in air was reported as >3.8 days(5). Vinyl chloride, exposed to light >290 nm for 17 hours was photo-degraded 15.3%(6).

AEROBIC: Limited existing data indicate that vinyl chloride is resistant to biodegradation in aerobic systems(1-2). The biodegradation of vinyl chloride by activated sludge was 21.5%(3). Vinyl chloride, present at 2.04 and 10.2 mg/L, reached 16 and 3% of its Theoretical BOD, respectively, in 28 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 1 drop/L in the Japanese MITI test(4). Aerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride was measured in sediment at two sites in Denmark; >99% was removed in 204 and 274 days(5). The biodegradation half-life of vinyl chloride in aerobic waters was reported as 28 days(6). Vinyl chloride had a biodegradation rate of 1.456 ug/g soil/hr in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane(7).

ANAEROBIC: Studies have shown that anaerobic bacteria can reduce tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene to vinyl chloride via reductive dechlorination(1-2). The resultant vinyl chloride is further reduced to ethene, but the dechlorination of vinyl chloride to ethene is very slow and as a result an accumulation of vinyl chloride is noticed(1). Vinyl chloride was approximately 50% and 100% degraded in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively, in the presence of sand by methanogenic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions in laboratory scale experiments(3). In the absence of sand 20% and 55% degradation occurred in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively(3). Estimated first-order anaerobic biodegradation rate constants of vinyl chloride were reported to range from 0.0062 to 0.00096/day(4), corresponding to half-lives in the range of 112 to 722 days(SRC). The biodegradation half-life of vinyl chloride in anaerobic waters was reported as 110 days(5). Vinyl chloride, present at 330 ug/L, was completely biodegraded in 84 and 204 days using a chloroethene-contaminated sediment/groundwater (Copenhagen, Denmark, workshop for locomotive engines) inoculum amended with methane and oxygen, respectively(6). Using a chloroethene-contaminated sediment/groundwater (Frederikssund Denmark, industrial area), vinyl chloride was completely biodegraded in 57 days(6).

ANAEROBIC: 1,2-Dichloroethylene (cis- and trans-isomers) and vinyl chloride (VC) were the predominant persistent daughter compounds, resulting from simultaneous dechloroelimination and hydrogenolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) at a freshwater tidal wetland at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. These chlorinated daughter products temporarily accumulated, but complete removal was observed within 34 days. Anaerobic mineralization of vinyl chloride to carbon dioxide or to carbon dioxide and methane has been observed in laboratory experiments under iron-reducing, sulfate-reducing, humic acid-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Both methanogens and the dehalorespiring bacteria were implicated in vinyl chloride degradation reactions. Higher vinyl chloride degradation was associated with an increase in the proportion of Methanosarcinaceae (utilize acetate to generate methane)(1).

Table: Production and degradation % using Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD sediment. [Table#582]

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of vinyl chloride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 6.96X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of vinyl chloride with ozone has been reported as 2.51X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 46 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). The photolysis half-life of vinyl chloride in air was reported as >3.8 days(4). Vinyl chloride, exposed to light >290 nm for 17 hours was photo-degraded 15.3%(5). Vinyl chloride is not likely to photo-degrade in water(4). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on hydrolysis half-lives of >9.91 years (pH = 7, 25 °C) and >107 years (pH = 7, 10 °C)(4).

The BCF value of vinyl chloride in golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) fish was reported as <10(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The BCF value of vinyl chloride in green algae (Chlorella fusca) was reported as 40(1).

The Koc of vinyl chloride has been reported to be 57(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that vinyl chloride is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for vinyl chloride is reported as 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that vinyl chloride is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). Vinyl chloride's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Vinyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2980 mm Hg(3).The volatilization half-life of vinyl chloride was measured as 0.2 days when incorporated in a soil at a depth of 1 cm and 0.5 days at a depth of 10 cm(4).

GROUNDWATER: In a 1982 US National Ground Water Supply Survey, vinyl chloride was detected in 1 of 466 samples at 1.1 ppb (detection limit 1 ppb)(1). Vinyl chloride was detected in 2 of 13 US cities groundwater supplies at concentrations of 2.2 to 9.4 ppb(2-3). Vinyl chloride was detected in 7% of all wells tested in a 9 state US survey at a maximum concentration of 380 ppb(4). In a National water-quality assessment program run on ground water samples from across the country, vinyl chloride was detected in 4 of the 566 samples studied at 0.26-0.91 ug/L(5). Vinyl chloride was identified, not quantified, in 4 of 1060 wells in New Jersey(6). Vinyl chloride was detected in groundwater near a manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, NY at concentrations of <0.0005 to 1 mg/L(7). Vinyl chloride was detected in groundwater at the Plattsburgh Air Force Base, NY at 4-1520 ug/L(8). Vinyl chloride was detected at 0.11 ug/L at the source, and not detected upgrade and downgrade of the source in vadose zone samples collected at the Department of Energy's Savannah river site in South Carolina(9). Vinyl chloride was detected at a maximum concentration of 130,000 ppb in the groundwater at the Cordova Chemical Site in North Muskegon, MI(10). Vinyl chloride was detected at a maximum concentration of 35 ug/L in groundwater from Denver, CO(11). Vinyl chloride was found in groundwater samples near a former chemical manufacturing facility in Richmond, CA at 0.005-69 umoles; samples were collected Feb 2001(12).

GROUNDWATER: Groundwater samples from 9 of 12 unspecified wells had vinyl chloride concentrations of 0.11 to 89 mg/L; samples were collected July and December 1999(1). Vinyl chloride was detected in 11% of 214 groundwater samples from 30 industrial sites in samples collected in 1999 in Taiwan(2). Vinyl chloride was detected in groundwater wells in Bitterfeld, East Germany in the upper and lower tertiary aquifer levels at 1-2800 and 1-5400 ug/L, respectively(3). After a train derailment in Manitoba on Mar 10, 1980, in which large amounts of vinyl chloride was spilled in the snow, a maximum of 10 ppm occurred in groundwater which decreased to below 0.02 ppm by 10 weeks after the spill(4). Concentrations in an anaerobic aquifer beneath a workshop for locomotive engines in Copenhagen, Denmark were <0.1-27 ug/L(5). Samples in an anaerobic aquifer beneath an industrial area in Frederikssund, Denmark contained vinyl chloride ranging from <0.3 to 31,000 ug/L; sampling was conducted in 1997 and 2000(5). Vinyl chloride was detected in groundwater samples collected (sampling dates not reported) from 37 wells at a closed dry-cleaning facility site that operated from mid-1940's to 1987 at <0.05-52.6 umol/L(6). Vinyl chloride was detected at a maximum of 1093 ug/L in groundwater samples from Italy as reported in 47 studies published 1997 to 2013(7).

DRINKING WATER: In the National Organic Monitoring Survey (1976-77) 2 of 113 samples contained detectable levels (>0.1 ppb) with an average of 0.14 ppb(1). In 31 of 133 US cities using finished surface water, vinyl chloride was detected at concentrations of 0.1-9.8 ppb(2). A national screening program for US water supplies showed that 7 of 142 samples contained vinyl chloride at a maximum concentration of 76 ppb(3). A contaminated drinking water well located in New York contained 50 ppb vinyl chloride(4). In a 2006 national drinking water survey, conducted by the US Geological Service, vinyl chloride was detected in 1 of 1208 (0.083%) drinking well water samples from data collected 1985 to 2002(5). Drinking water from PVC pipes contained 1.4 ppb vinyl chloride in a recent installation, while a 9 yr old system had 0.03-0.06 ppb(6). The concentration of vinyl chloride in various brands of bottled water was 0.6 ppb or less(7). Vinyl chloride was not detected in 21 public drinking fountains in samples collected Dec 1994 and again in May 1995 in the city of Torino, Italy(8).

SURFACE WATER: Vinyl chloride was detected in surface water from US cities at 0.2-5.1 ppb(1). Vinyl chloride was detected at a maximum concentration of 9.8 ppb (1981) in a 9 state US survey(2-3). In a National water-quality assessment program run on surface water samples from across the country, vinyl chloride was detected in 2 of the 372 samples studied at 0.45 and 1.4 ug/L(4). Vinyl chloride was identified, not quantified, in 21 of 606 surface water samples from New Jersey(5). Vinyl chloride was detected in 3 of 28 samples from rivers and estuaries in Osaka, Japan at an average concentration of 0.64 ug/L(6). Samples taken from Taishogawa and Hiranogawa rivers in Osaka, Japan had reported vinyl chloride concentrations of 0.64-55.6 ug/L in 83 of 106 samples, samples were collected 1995 to 1997, highest concentration was reported from the upper part of Taishogawa River in July 1997(7).

Vinyl chloride was detected in gas samples from municipal landfill sites in Canada at concentrations of 3508 and 7470 ppb(1). Vinyl chloride was detected in landfill gas in Ontario, Canada at 0.0023-0.0412 ug/cu m(2). The estimated amount of vinyl chloride emitted from 2 wastewater treatment plants in Los Angeles, CA were 14 kg/year and 3 kg/year(3). The only industry with appreciable waste water effluents of vinyl chloride is the organic chemicals manufacturing and plastic industry where mean levels were 750 ppb(4). Waste water from 12 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plants in 7 US areas had vinyl chloride concentrations of 0.05-20 ppm with typical levels being 2-3 ppm (5). Vinyl chloride was detected in landfill leachate at 8-3000 g/L and landfill gas at 0-83.2 mg/cu m(6).

SEDIMENT: Eutrophic river sediment samples were investigated in the Zenne River near Brussels, Belgium. Contaminated (tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane) groundwater flows into the river on the right side(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U043 and D043, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 116P GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Silane (UN2203) will ignite spontaneously in air. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

/GUIDE 116P GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be toxic if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

/GUIDE 116P GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

/GUIDE 116P GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1086 116P

1086 116P(inhibited)

UN 1086; Vinyl chloride, stabilized

IMO 2.1; Vinyl chloride, stabilized

49 057 92; Vinyl chloride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Vinyl chloride, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Vinyl chloride, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/

Flammable Gas

Symbol: F+, T; R: 45-12; S: 53-45; Note: D

UN Hazard Class: 2.1