acetaldehyde

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H224 (100%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (65.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (14.6%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (14.6%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (99.6%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341 (12.2%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (11.5%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H351 (87.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3049 reports by companies from 49 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, and P337+P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water in large amounts, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Remove vapour with fine water spray.

Accidental release measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

(1) Remove all ignition sources (2) Ventilate area to disperse gas (3) If in gaseous form, stop flow of gas (4) If in liquid form, for small quantities absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (fume hood). allow sufficient time for vapors to completely clear hood ductwork, then burn the paper in a location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Acetaldehyde should not be allowed to enter a confined space such as a sewer, because of possibility of an explosion. Sewers designed to preclude the formation of explosive concentration of acetaldehyde vapors are permitted.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Neutralize with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4).

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U001, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Acetaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Acetaldehyde: Biological Treatment.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks until cleanup has been completed.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cooled. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing material and other reactive hazards. Store bulk quantities in detached tanks provided with refrigeration and inert gas cover.

It is recommended that steel storage tanks of suitable std be used ... Storage vessels should be fitted with temp gauges & automatic water sprays. ... All tanks & equipment must be earthed. Transfer of material by pipeline must be by pressure of nitrogen. ... Drums containing acetaldehyde should never be stored in direct sunlight or other warm areas.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

4946.0 [ppm]

50.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Distinct Odor Awareness (LOA) = 0.56 ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

45 [ppm]

270 [ppm]

840 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix ASee Appendix C (Aldehydes)

200.0 [ppm]

200 ppm (360 mg/m³)

TWA 200 ppm (360 mg/m³) See Appendix G

2000 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

2000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] and ACGIH [1971] that all rats survived a 4-hour exposure to 8,000 ppm, but all rats died from a 16,000 ppm exposure [Smyth 1956]. Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

NIOSH considers acetaldehyde to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

2000 ppm

Ca [2000 ppm]

See: 75070

25.0 [ppm]

Ceiling limit: 25 ppm.

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

25 ppm as STEL; (ceiling value): A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Acetaldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pungent choking odor. Flash point -36 °F. Boiling point 69 °F. Density 6.5 lb / gal. Vapors are heaver than air and irritate the mucous membranes and especially the eyes. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid or gas (above 69 degrees F) with a pungent, fruity odor; [NIOSH]

GAS OR COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

flammable, colourless liquiduid/pungent ethereal odour

Colorless liquid or gas (above 69 °F) with a pungent, fruity odor.

Volatile liquid or gas

Colorless liquid or gas (above 69 degrees F)

Pungent, fruity odor

Pungent, suffocating odor that is somewhat fruity and quite pleasant in dilute concentrations.

Tart taste (fruits containing acetaldehyde before ripening)

70 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

20.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-190.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

-123.4 °C

-123.5 °C

-40 °F (NTP, 1992)

-40 °C (-40 °F) - closed cup

-38.89 °C (Closed cup); -40 °C (Open cup)

-38 °C c.c.

0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with water /1X10+6 mg/L at 25 °C/

Miscible with ethanol, ether, benzene; slightly soluble in chloroform

Acetaldehyde is miscible in all proportions with water and most common organic solvents, eg, acetone, benzene, ethyl alcohol, ethyl ether, gasoline, paraldehyde, toluene, xylenes, turpentine, and acetic acid.

1000.0 mg/mL

Solubility in water: miscible

miscible with water, alcohol, organic solvents

(in ethanol)

Miscible

0.78 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7834 g/cu cm at 18 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.78

0.804-0.811(0 °C/20 °C)

0.784 @ 20°C

1.52 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.52 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.5

400 mmHg at 40.8 °F ; 760 mmHg at 68.4 °F (NTP, 1992)

902.0 [mmHg]

902 mm Hg at 25 °C;758 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 101

Highly flammable. Easily oxidized by air to form unstable peroxides which may explode. Forms explosive mixture with air above 100 °C (30-60% of the vapor in air) owing to formation of peroxyacetic acid [White, A. G. et al., J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1950, 69, p. 206]. Soluble in water.

Aldehydes

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

ACETALDEHYDE undergoes a vigorously exothermic condensation reaction in contact with strong acids, bases or traces of metals. Can react vigorously with oxidizing reagents such as dinitrogen pentaoxide, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, silver nitrate, etc. Contamination often leads either to reaction with the contaminant or polymerization, both with the evolution of heat. Can react violently with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, phosphorus, isocyanates, concentrated sulfuric acid, and aliphatic amines. Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(II) chlorate or perchlorate form sensitive, explosive products [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 5]. An oxygenation reaction of acetaldehyde in the presence of cobalt acetate at -20 °C exploded violently when stirred. The event was ascribed to peroxyacetate formation [Phillips B. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, p. 5982].

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, nitric acid, peroxides, bases, sodium hydroxide, amines, ammonia, oxygen. Warning: Acetaldehyde is oxidized rapidly and exothermically by air, to acetic acid, acid anhydrides, alcohols, halogens, ketones, phenol, hydrogen sulfide gas, hydrogen peroxide.

Reacts with oxidizing materials, halogens, amines, strong alkalies, and acids.

Oxygenation of acetaldehyde in presence of cobalt acetate at -20 °C caused precipitation of 1-hydroxyethyl peroxyacetate (acetaldheyde hemi-peracetate), which exploded violently on stirring. Ozone or uv light also catalyzes the autoxidation.

Strong oxidizers, acids, bases, alcohols, ammonia & amines, phenols, ketones, HCN, H2S [Note: Prolonged contact with air may cause formation of peroxides that may explode and burst containers; easily undergoes polymerization].

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, acids, bases, alcohols, ammonia & amines, phenols, ketones, HCN, H₂S [Note: Prolonged contact with air may cause formation of peroxides that may explode and burst containers; easily undergoes polymerization.]

Acetaldehyde

B: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)

6 samples; 10 -20 ppm Peroxide; 1-8 yrs

An acetaldehyde storage tank detonated after oxygen leaked in. See Bretherick's.

MCA Case History No. 117

Armstamyan, A. M. et al., Chem. Abs., 1984, 101, 194603

Phillips, B. et al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 5982

Bloomfield, G. F. et al., J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1935, 54, 129T

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acetaldehyde is a colorless volatile liquid with a pungent suffocating odor. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved use. Acetaldehyde used as an intermediate in the production of cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate resins, acetate esters, synthetic pyridine derivatives, and terephthalic acid. Other uses include: in the silvering of mirrors; in leather tanning, as a denaturant for alcohol; in fuel mixtures; as a hardener for gelatin fibers; in glue and casein products; as a preservative for fish and fruit; in the paper industry; as a synthetic flavoring agent; and in the manufacture of cosmetics. Acetaldehyde has been identified as being commonly used in hydraulic fracturing fluids. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acetaldehyde is a metabolic intermediate in humans. It has been identified in food, beverages and cigarette smoke. By far, the main source of exposure to acetaldehyde in the general population is through metabolism of ethanol. Workers may be exposed in some manufacturing industries and during alcohol fermentation. Several isoenzymic forms of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) have been identified in the human liver and other tissues. There is polymorphism for mitochondrial ALDH. Subjects that are homozygous or heterozygous for a point mutation in the mitochondrial ADLH corresponding gene have low activity of this enzyme, metabolize acetaldehyde slowly and are intolerant of ethanol alcohol. There is some metabolism of acetaldehyde in human renal tubules; the liver is the most important metabolic site. Limited studies involving human volunteers have shown that acetaldehyde was mildly irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract following short term exposures. Intravenous infusion of 5% acetaldehyde at a rate of 20.6- 82.4 mg/min for up to 36 min into normal human subjects caused an increase in heart rate, ventilation and dead space, and a decrease in alveolar carbon dioxide levels. These symptoms are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those seen after ethanol intake in subjects previously treated with disulfiram (Antabuse), a known inhibitor of ALDH. Large doses may cause death by respiratory paralysis. Symptoms of chronic intoxication resemble those of chronic alcoholism. Acetaldehyde has been implicated as the putatively toxic metabolite in the induction of ethanol alcohol associated liver damage, facial flushing and developmental effects. Human lymphocytes (from known alcoholics) were exposed to acetaldehyde concn of 0.02 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/mL. Results indicate that chromosomal aberrations occurred at both concentrations. Acetaldehyde-DNA adducts have been observed in granulocytes and lymphocytes of human alcohol abusers. ANIMAL STUDIES: In repeated dose studies, both the oral and inhalation routes, toxic effects at relatively low concentrations were limited to the sites of initial contact. In a study where rats were administered acetaldehyde in their drinking water effects were limited to slight focal hyperkeratosis of the forestomach. Respiratory effects were noted in hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde by inhalation, degenerative changes were observed in the trachea. Degenerative changes in respiratory epithelium and larynx were noted at higher concentrations. Following inhalation by rats, acetaldehyde is distributed to the blood, liver, kidney, spleen, heart and other tissues. Low levels were detected in embryos after maternal ip injection of acetaldehyde (mouse) and following maternal exposure to ethanol (mouse and rat). Parenteral exposure of pregnant rats and mice to acetaldehyde induced fetal malformations. Acetaldehyde is genotoxic in vitro, inducing gene mutations, clastogenic effects and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in mammalian cells in the absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Negative results were noted with Salmonella. Following ip injection, acetaldehyde induced SCEs in the bone marrow of Chinese hamsters and mice. This chemical administered ip did not increase the frequency of micronuclei in early mouse spermatids. Increased incidences of tumors have been noted in inhalation studies on rats and hamsters exposed to acetaldehyde. In rats, there were dose related increases in nasal adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. In hamsters, increases in nasal and laryngeal carcinomas were non-significant. Distribution of acetaldehyde to brain interstitial fluid, but not to brain cells has been demonstrated following ip injection of ethanol. Acetaldehyde is taken up by red blood cells following consumption in baboons. Following oral administration, virtually no unchanged acetaldehyde is excreted in the urine. The major pathway for the metabolism of acetaldehyde is by oxidation to acetate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acetaldehyde (0.1% or 1.0% for 2 hr) induced mutations in genes that affect the egg-laying system of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Acetaldehyde can form adducts with DNA, causing damage such as cross-links. (A354)

Acetaldehyde

Respiratory

9 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Acetaldehyde is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde. Overall evaluation: Acetaldehyde is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on increased incidence of nasal tumors in male and female rats and laryngeal tumors in male and female hamsters after inhalation exposure. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /based on former classification system/

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 36: (1985) Allyl Compounds, Aldehydes, Epoxides and Peroxides

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume 100E: (2012) Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (L135)

Acetaldehyde is a probable carcinogen. (L1307)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Redness. Pain.

Diarrhoea. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; eye, skin burns; dermatitis; conjunctivitis; cough; central nervous system depression; delayed pulmonary edema; In Animals: kidney, reproductive, teratogenic effects; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Skin contact with acetaldehyde causes irritation. (L1307)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, kidneys, central nervous system, reproductive system

[in animals: nasal cancer]

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

The FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake is 0.0-2.5 mg/kg body weight. The level of use as a food additive (flavorings) is 1-300 ppm.

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 13,300 ppm/4H

LD50: 661 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 212 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 3540 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (T14)

LD50: 640 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (T22)

LD50: 96 mg/kg (Intratracheal, Hamster) (T14)

LD50: 500 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (L1325)

LC50: 1500 ppm over 4 hours (Inhalation, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 1930 mg/kg

LD50 Rat sc 640 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse sc 560 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) diet >5000 ppm for 8 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) diet 808 (495.64-1091) ppm for 8 days

LC100; Species: Aphid 0.25% acetaldehyde for 2 hr (fumigation flask)

LC100; Species: Aphid 1.5-2.0% acetaldehyde for 2-3 hr (in air-tight jars)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Acetaldehyde (0.1% or 1.0% for 2 hr) induced mutations in genes that affect the egg-laying system of Caenorhabditis elegans ... .

1.10e+01

4.90e+01

1.30e+00

5.60e+00

2.60e+00

5.20e-04

9.00e-03

Volatile

1.07e+05

2.50e+02

1.00e+03

2.80e+01

1.20e+02

5.60e+01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Acetaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate and many other chemicals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Direct emissions of acetaldehyde occur during urban and industrial activities, mainly as a by-product of combustion. Other direct sources of atmospheric acetaldehyde include biomass and biofuel burning, automobile exhaust and emissions from power plants using fossil fuels, wood or trash. Its use as an ingredient in hydraulic fracturing fluids will result in its direct release to the environment. Acetaldehyde occurs in tobacco smoke. The largest source of atmospheric acetaldehyde is thought to be photochemical degradation of volatile organic compounds such as alkenes and alkanes. In addition to photochemical production, acetaldehyde is emitted directly to the atmosphere by terrestrial plants. Acetaldehyde is found in plants since it is an intermediate product of respiration. Acetaldehyde is produced in surface waters from photodegradation of colored dissolved organic matter and subsequently emitted to the atmosphere. Acetaldehyde is an intermediate product in the decomposition of sugars in the body and occurs in trace quantities in blood. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 758 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates acetaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 26 hours. Vapor-phase acetaldehyde will also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 days. Monitoring data have shown that acetaldehyde is removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. The direct photolysis half-life in the atmosphere has reported values of 8.4 hours and 16 hours. The direct photolysis half-life at 55 deg N latitude has been calculated as 34 hours in summer and 296 hours in winter. If released to soil, acetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Acetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 80% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. Photodegradation on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight may occur. If released into water, acetaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. In a seawater die-away test, acetaldehyde concentrations declined to approximately 25% of initial values in 1 hr, whereas no decline in concentration was observed in sterile controls. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 5.3 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Photodegradation may occur in water exposed to sunlight. Occupational exposure to acetaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acetaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air and tobacco smoke, ingestion of food, beverages and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing acetaldehyde. (SRC)

Acetaldehyde is a natural product of combustion and photo-oxidation of hydrocarbons commonly found in the atmosphere(1). The largest source of atmospheric acetaldehyde is thought to be photochemical degradation of volatile organic compounds such as alkenes and alkanes(2). In addition to photochemical production, acetaldehyde is emitted directly to the atmosphere by terrestrial plants, as a result of fermentation reactions leading to ethanol production in leaves and roots(2). Global computer modeling indicates that biogenic emissions are the dominant direct terrestrial source of atmospheric acetaldehyde, but are small relative to secondary photochemical production(2). Acetaldehyde is produced in surface waters from photodegradation of colored dissolved organic matter and subsequently emitted to the atmosphere(2). Acetaldehyde is an intermediate product in the decomposition of sugars in the body and hence occurs in trace quantities in blood(3). Acetaldehyde is found in plants since it is an intermediate product of respiration in higher plants(3). Acetaldehyde is found in all ripe fruits that have tart tastes before ripening(3). Forest fires, volcanos, animal wastes, and insects are sources of acetaldehyde(4). Acetaldehyde has been detected in the emissions of quaking aspen, cotton wood, Gambel oak, Douglas fir, Engelmann spruce, Rocky Mountain Juniper, Pinyon pine, and ponderosa pine trees from Cibola National forest in Socorro, NM(5).

Acetaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate resins, acetate esters, pentaerythritol, synthetic pyridine derivatives, terephthalic acid, and peracetic acid(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as an ingredient in hydraulic fracturing fluids(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Direct emissions of acetaldehyde occur during urban and industrial activities, mainly as a by-product of combustion(3). Other direct sources of atmospheric acetaldehyde include biomass and biofuel burning(3), automobile exhaust(4) and emissions from power plants using fossil fuels, wood or trash(5,6). Acetaldehyde is found in pulp mill effluent(7) and tobacco smoke(8). It is present in small amounts in all alcoholic beverages, e.g., beer, wine, and spirits and in plant juices and essential oils, and roasted coffee(9).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acetaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Acetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 758 mm Hg at 20 °C(4). An 80% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Acetaldhyde was oxidized in a silty clay loam soil but no rates were given(6). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(8); therefore, photolysis may be an important fate process of soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 11 hours and 5.3 days respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.34(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test(7), 80% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. In a die-away test in seawater, acetaldehyde concentrations declined to approximately 25% of initial values in 1 hr, whereas no decline in concentration was observed in sterile controls(8). Acetaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(9) and is susceptible to photodegradation by sunlight in water(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 758 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 26 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.50X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The direct photolysis half-life in the atmosphere has reported values of 8.4 hours(5) and 16 hours(6). The direct photolysis half-life at 55 deg N latitude has been calculated as 34 hours in summer and 296 hours in winter(7). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetaldehyde with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 2.62X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(8). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(9). Monitoring data have shown that acetaldehyde is removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(10).

AEROBIC: Acetaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 80% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(1). Acetaldehyde was also easily biodegraded by biological sewage treatment(2). Other laboratory screening tests confirm the biodegradability of acetaldehyde by acclimated sludge and sewage(3-7) with theoretical BODs of 28% in 24 hr(3), 100% in 5 hr(4), 40.5% in 5 days(8), and 70% in 5 days(5). Acetaldehyde was oxidized in a silty clay loam but no rates were given(9). In a die-away test in seawater, acetaldehyde concentrations declined to approximately 25% of initial values in 1 hr, whereas no decline in concentration was observed in sterile controls(10).

ANAEROBIC: Acetaldehdye degrades by anaerobic biological treatment(1-4) with 97% utilization being reported in a system with a 20-day hydraulic retention time(2) and 67% being removed in an anaerobic lagoon(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has a recommended measured value of 1.50X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 26 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Acetaldehyde absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The direct photolysis half-life in the atmosphere has reported values of 8.4 hours(4) and 16 hours(5). The direct photolysis half-life at 55 deg N latitude has been calculated as 34 hours in summer and 296 hours in winter(6). One of the main products of the photooxidation of acetaldehyde in polluted air is peroxyacetyl nitrate(7). In addition to hydroxyl radicals, acetaldehyde reacts with other atmospheric photo-oxidants such as nitrate radicals(8,9). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetaldehyde with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 2.62X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(10). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(11). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetaldehyde with ozone has been measured as <5.99X10-21 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(3); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of >5 years at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Acetaldehyde is both produced and consumed under photochemical smog conditions(12,13). Acetaldehyde is photochemically produced in unsterilized and sterilized seawater, presumably from natural dissolved organic matter, upon irradiation with midday sunlight for 4-8 hr(14). Acetaldehyde concentrations in seawater placed outside showed clear diurnal variations(14); concentrations reached a maximum during the late afternoon and quickly decreased to predawn levels after sunset(14). Photodegradation of acetaldehyde in water may be due direct photolysis rather than photooxidation(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 7.3X10+8 L/mol-sec(15); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 110 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(16). Acetaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(17).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for acetaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.34(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of acetaldehyde can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that acetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for acetaldehyde is 6.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 11 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.3 days(SRC). Acetaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 902 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: In a 10 city survey representing different sources and types of contamination of raw water supply, acetaldehyde was detected in 5 (Miami, FL, Seattle, WA, Ottuma, IA, Philadelphia, PA, Cincinnati, OH) of 10 supplies(1-2); the concentration of acetaldehyde in the water supplies of Philadelphia and Seattle were 0.1 ppb(1-2). Acetaldehyde was detected but not quantified in the drinking water of New Orleans, LA(3), Cincinnati, OH, Miami, FL, Ottuma, IA(4), and Durham, NC(2). Median concentrations of acetaldehyde in drinking water from 35 US treatment plants were 2.7, 2.6, and 1.8 ppb in Summer 1988, Fall 1988, and Winter 1989, respectively(5). Acetaldehyde was detected in drinking water samples from the Sea of Galilee, Israel water treatment plants in July of 2000 and not detected Dec 1998, May, September and Nov of 1999(6). Acetaldehyde was detected in drinking water following pre-ozonation of raw water(7); levels fell somewhat following main ozonation(7); total carbonyl levels were 32.8 ug/L with acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, glyoxal and methyl glyoxal accounting for 65% of the total carbonyls(7).

SURFACE WATER: Acetaldehyde was detected but not quantified in the Mississippi River at New Orleans, LA(1). The concentration of acetaldehyde in surface seawater off the southwest coast of Florida was 19 nM at mid afternoon (maximum concentration) and 2 nM at 6 AM(2). Acetaldehyde was commonly present in lake surface waters collected in Poland(3); total aldehydes in the lake waters ranged from 55 to 670 ug/L(3).

RAIN/FOG/SNOW: Analysis of rain, mist and dew samples, collected in Petten, The Netherlands during 1987 and 1988, showed acetaldehyde levels of 5 to 185 ug/L for rain (N= 8), 15 and 200 ug/L for dew and 30 ug/L for mist(1). The range of concentrations of acetaldehyde in ice fog (Fairbanks, AK), rain (5 sites-California), clouds (California), mist (2 sites-California), and fog (4 sites-California) were 0.007-0.13 ppm, 0-0.11 ppm (2 of 6 sites positive), 0-0.59 ppm, 0.10-0.11 ppm, and 0-0.17 ppm, respectively(2). Cloud and rain water samples were collected in the Spring of 1991 in the Vosges mountains, France and analyzed for acetaldehyde; the mean concentration of acetaldehyde was 17 ug/L (range, not detected (detection limit unspecified) to 58 ug/L) and 12 ug/L (range, 8 to 17 ug/L) for cloud and rain water samples, respectively(3). The mean and range of concentrations of acetaldehyde in precipitation over Hanover, Germany were 12.0 and 1.5-20.5 ppb, respectively(4). Acetaldehyde was detected in interstitial air of snow at the arctic atmosphere boundary, in samples taken Feb 16 and April 22, 2000 at <50 and 100-300 parts/trillion, respectively(5).

The concentration of acetaldehye from gasoline engine exhaust was 0.8-4.9 ppm(1); the concentration in diesel exhaust was 3.2 ppm(1). Acetaldehyde was identified, not quantified, in rush hour traffic air samples taken at the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Bridge toll plaza 4/23/2001, 5-7 pm, 4/24/2001, 6-10 am, and 3-7 pm(2). Acetaldehyde emissions from a two-stroke, 9.9 horse power, Evinrude engine were 0.03-0.14 g/kW-hour, and from a four-stroke, 9.9 horse power, Honda engine were 0.004-0.01 g/kW-hour(3). Acetaldehyde was found in highway tunnels in Tuscarora; light duty trucks emitted 0.643 mg/km traveled or 9.488 mg/L fuel used, heavy duty trucks emitted 3.951 mg/km traveled or 12.445 mg/L fuel used(4). Acetaldehyde concentrations from automobile exhaust were 78-1240 ppbv in models from 1971, 1975, 1977 and 1982(5). Acetaldehyde emissions from a two stroke engine (chainsaw) using aliphatic gasoline, regular gasoline, and ethanol were 0.22-0.41, 0.20-0.31, and 7.5-12 g/kWh, respectively(6). Using the same two stroke engine, emissions of acetaldehyde from aliphatic gasoline mixed with ethanol at 15, 50, and 85% were 1.2-2.0, 3.7-5.9, and 6.7-10 g/kWh, respectively, and regular gasoline mixed with ethanol at 15, 50, and 85% were 1.2-1.8, 3.7-6.4, and 6.2-10 g/kWh, respectively(6). Acetaldehyde was measured in the emissions of gasoline powered motor vehicles at a rate of 3940 ug/km and 301,000 ug/km for catalyst equipped engines and non-catalyst equipped engines(7). Acetaldehyde emissions from an automobile running on Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel were 19.1 mg/km and the same automobile running on European program emissions fuel were also 15.5 mg/km(8). Acetaldehyde emission factors from 1999, 2001 and 2006 light-duty gasoline engines were 11, 9 and 7.3 mg/kg, respectively(9); the acetaldehyde emission factor from a 2006 diesel engine was 46 mg/kg(9).

Acetaldhyde was detected in the effluent from chemical plants into Mobile River (Alabama) and Pacolet and Enoree River (South Carolina)(1). Effluent from sewage treatment plants contained acetaldehye(1), although it has not been determined whether the acetaldehyde was in the influent or formed as a product of microbial degradation(2). Acetaldehyde concentrations of 12.2-61.5 ppb were detected in emissions from Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong(3).

Acetaldehyde was emitted from six new vehicle interiors at an average of 44 ug/hour in new vehicles, 30 ug/hr in 20 day old vehicles and 29 ug/hour in 40 day old vehicles(1). Acetaldehyde was measured in the gases of medium class 1998 model automobile fire with a concentration of 0.53 g/kg with a total concentration of 63 g(2). Acetaldehyde was released as fireplace emissions at 301 and 450 mg/kg of fuel burnt for soft and hard wood, respectively(3). Acetaldehyde was found in emissions from a wood stove using hardwood at 360 mg/kg and using synthetic fuel at 45 mg/kg(3). Acetaldehyde was detected in coffee-roasting operations (range, 14-22 mg/cu m), from a lithographic plate coater (range, 0.5-4.1 mg/cu m), from an automobile-spray booth (range, 2.5-3.4 mg/cu m), from plants manufacturing acrylic acid (concentrations unspecified), and from a fat-rendering plant (range, 3.4-6.8 mg/cu m)(4). The emission of acetaldehyde from a new carpet was measured in a large-scale environmental chamber; the specific mass emission of acetaldehyde from a textured loop, 100% nylon-6, solution dyed carpet over a 168 hour period was 2.52 mg/sq m(5). The emission rate of acetaldehyde during the operation of dry-process photocopiers ranged from below the detection limit to 1,600 ug/hr per copier(6). Acetaldehyde may reach 20-40% of volatiles given off of water based adhesives for textile wall coverings and in floor cleaning products(7). Acetaldehyde is emitted from PVC coated cork tile(8).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The annual average concentration of acetaldehyde between July 1982-May 1983 at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY was 2.9 ppbv(1); seasonal mean levels of acetaldehyde are 1, 8.4, 3.5, and 3.2 ppb in Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall, respectively(1). At the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, the concentration of acetaldehyde was 2-39 ppbv(2). At the UCLA campus, Los Angeles, CA during light to moderate smog, the concentration of acetaldehyde was 0-32 ppb(3). At Claremont, CA during severe smog, the concentration of acetaldehyde (day or night time) was 3-35 ppb; the concentration in air particulate matter was 2-406 ng/cu m(3). In a 1985 study in Claremont, CA for over five days in Sept, acetaldehyde concentrations were 1.0-9.0 ppb with a median concentration of 4.0 ppb(4); highest values were observed in the afternoons(4). A one year study at six locations in southern California found 24-hr ambient levels reaching 13 ppb and location average values of 2.9-4.8 ppb(5). At Tuscon, AZ, the mean concentration of acetaldehyde was 23 ppb(6). The mean concentration of acetaldehyde at five US cities were: Pittsburgh, 1.4 ppb; Chicago, 2.1 ppb; Downey, CA, 8.5 ppb; Houston, 2.2 ppb; Denver, 1.0 ppb(7). Ambient levels of acetaldehyde from 24 samples were collected every day at 6 Southern California locations between Sept 2, 1988 and Sept 25, 1989; average concentrations in Anaheim, Azusa, Burbank, Hawthorne, Upland, and W. Los Angeles were 3.5 ppb (max, 7.8 ppb), 3.1 ppb (max, 7.7 ppb), 4.8 ppb (max, 10.0 ppb), 2.9 ppb (max, 9.4 ppb), 3.9 ppb (max, 13.2 ppb), and 3.8 ppb (max, 9.3 ppb), respectively(8). The mean concentration of acetaldehyde in outdoor suburban air from central NJ in Jun 21 to Aug 5, 1992 was 2.64 ppb with a range of 0.99 to 12.66 ppb(9). Acetaldehyde was detected in Los Angeles (UCLA campus, Monterey Park, Newberry Park, La Habra) at 0.23-1.58 ppbv in samples taken Oct 1984(10). Acetaldehyde was detected in 36 winter and 36 summer, 1999, New York City samples at 2.78 and 4.15 ug/cu m, respectively(11). Acetaldehyde was detected at 0.08-6.70, 0.08-7.60, 0.08-6.90, and 0.08-7.40 ug/cu m at a fire station, Lathrop Ave, President St., and the waterworks in Savannah, GA in samples taken Dec 1995 to Nov 1996(12). Acetaldehyde was detected in 13 of 13 samples taken across the US (3 in LA, 4 in TX, 5 in VT, 1 in NJ) from Sept 1996 to Aug 1997 at 1->10 ppb(13). Acetaldehyde was detected in all 2479 samples in urban/suburban and rural/remote locations throughout MN at concentrations of 1.14-8.76 ug/cu m(14). In 584 samples from 21 sites across CA, taken 1989 to 1990, acetaldehyde was found at concentrations of 0.11-13 ppb(15).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U001, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Acetaldehyde is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for Acetaldehyde: Biological Treatment.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACETALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1089 129P

UN 1089; Acetaldehyde.

IMO 3; Acetaldehyde

49 072 10; Acetaldehyde

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

Symbol: F+, Xn; R: 12-36/37-40; S: (2)-16-33-36/37

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I