Dimethyl Sulfide

H225 (89.5%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H301 (71.9%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (11.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (10%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (10.2%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (12.2%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1875 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264+P265, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264+P265, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

INHALATION: move victim to fresh air at once; enforce rest, and keep warm; get medical attention immediately.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min.; if irritation persists, get medical attention.

SKIN: flush with plenty of water and wash thoroughly; get treatment for any lasting irritation.

INGESTION: if large amounts are swallowed, induce vomiting by tickling the back of the throat with the finger or by giving an emetic such as two tablespoons of common salt in a glass of warm water; get medical attention. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use CO2, dry chemical.

This chemical is a combustible liquid. Poisonous gases including hydrogen sulfide and sulfur oxides are produced in fire. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam extinguishers. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. If it can be done safely, move container from fire area. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car of truck is involved in fire. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Water may be ineffective.

Auto flammability: 205 °C at 1013 hPa

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material, and deposit it in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Waste gases from sewage treatment (720 cu m/min) were scrubbed with a soln containing 9x10-3 mol NaClO/L. Dimethyl sulfide content was reduced from 1.4 to 0.043 ppm.

A waste gas-O3 mixture from sewage treatment containing Dimethyl sulfide at 10 ppm was passed through a bed of NaClO-impregnated activated carbon to give a 96% removal rate.

Cells of Thiobacillus thioparus TK-m were immobilized on cylindrical porous polypropylene pellets (5mm x 5 mm, apparent density 0.3, water retention 215 g/l) which were packed in an acrylic cylinder of 50 mm inner diameter up to the ht of 800 mm. When a sulfur-containing malodorous gas was charged to this packed tower at the superficial velocity of 0.1 m/sec, max loading capacity for a malodorous gas to attain the removal rate of 95% or more was 3.65 mM/l/day for dimethyl sulfide. At this time the inlet concn of the malodorous compound was 7.44 ul/l for dimethyl sulfide. Higher loading resulted in greater removal quantities, and the removal rate was not overly affected by the presence of a large amount of easily decomposable hydrogen sulfide.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

AEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide was initially present in a wastewater/recycled sludge mixture at 150 (ug/kg)/(ug/L); following activated sludge treatment, effluent concns were below the detection limit(7). Radiolabeled-dimethyl sulfide added to the head space over 1 ml of freshwater lake sediment was metabolized to methane and carbon dioxide; 33 and 5% radiolabeled carbon was converted to methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, in 8 hours(2). No degradation of dimethyl sulfide occurred in sterilized (heat killed - 70 °C, 1 hr) samples of sediment(2). Addition of dimethyl sulfide to various anoxic aquatic sediments (e.g. fresh water, estuarine, alkaline/hypersaline) stimulated methane production(3). The yield of methane from dimethyl sulfide typically ranged between 52-63%, although high concns of dimethyl sulfide inhibited methanogenesis in sediment from alkaline lakes(3). Metabolism resulted in appearance of methanethiol as a transient intermediate(3). Dimethyl sulfide was completely biodegraded in anoxic salt marsh sediments within 11 days with the production of methanethiol and methane(4). Biological consumption rates of dimethyl sulfide, in seawater samples collected in the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranged from 1.1 nM/day to 18.0 nM/day, giving turnover times of 0.6 to 4.6 days(5). The conversion efficiency from added dimethyl sulfide to methane of an algal mat and sediments obtained from a hypersaline pond was 11.2%(6).

AEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide, present at 2.5 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 2 days using a freshwater sediment inoculum(1). Dimethyl sulfide, present at 0.43 g/L, showed 100% degradation in 4 days using an acclimated, activated sewage sludge inoculum(2); dimethyl sulfide was found to be oxidized to sulfate. Therefore, dimethyl sulfide is expected to biodegrade repidly under aerobic conditions(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide, present at 3.4 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 8 days using a freshwater sediment inoculum under anoxic conditions(1). Dimethylsulfide, present at 0.3 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 2 days using an anoxic salt marsh sediment as inoculum(2). Therefore, dimethyl sulfide is expected to biodegrade rapidly under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

Photooxidation reduced sulfur cmpd pollution.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Operations involving entry into tanks or closed vessels, and emergency situations, require consideration of potentially oxygen deficient, or "immediately dangerous to life and health" IDLH environments. This may necessitate use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator.

Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Cool.

Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.50 [ppm]

1000 [ppm]

5000 [ppm]

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

10 ppm as TWA

10 ppm [2001]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: 0.5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 1,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 5,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for dimethyl sulfide: [Table#1108]

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin.

Respirator with organic vapor canister; rubber or plastic gloves; goggles or face shield. (USCG, 1999)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn ... Use ... self-contained breathing appartus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode ...

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling.

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Dimethyl sulfide appears as a clear colorless to straw colored liquid with a disagreeable odor. Flash point less than 0 °F. Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air.

Colorless liquid with a very unpleasant odor; [ACGIH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless to pale yellow liquid with unpleasant odour of wild radish, cabbage

A clear colorless to straw colored liquid with a disagreeable odor.

Colorless, volatile liquid

UNPLEASANT ODOR OF WILD RADISH, CABBAGE-LIKE

Characteristic flavor

99 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

37.30 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

37.3-37.5 °C

37.33 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-144 °F (USCG, 1999)

-98.24 °C

-98.3 °C

-36 °F (USCG, 1999)

-48 °C (closed cup)

Soluble in alcohol, ether; soluble in water at concentrations below 300 mM

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether

In water, 2.2X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

22 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

insoluble in water; soluble in ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether

1 ml in 1 ml 95% alcohol (in ethanol)

0.85 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8483 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.85

0.840-0.850

0.8483 @ 20°C

2.14 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.1

502.0 [mmHg]

502 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 53.2

750 [mm Hg] @37 °C

Henry's Law constant = 1.61X10-3 atm cu-m\mol at 25 °C

403 °F (USCG, 1999)

403 °F (206 °C)

Thermal decomposition in sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.

When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides/ and may explode.

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Sulfides, Organic

Highly Flammable

Organosulfides, such as DIMETHYL SULFIDE, are incompatible with acids, diazo and azo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates, aldehydes, alkali metals, nitrides, hydrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reactions with these materials generate heat and in many cases hydrogen gas. Many of these compounds may liberate hydrogen sulfide upon decomposition or reaction with an acid. Dimethyl sulfide rapidly decomposes dibenzoyl peroxide explosively in the absence of solvent, [J. Org. Chem., 1972, 37, 2885]. The sulfide also decomposes xenon difluoride explosively at ambient temps, [J, Chem Soc., 1984, 2827]. Interaction of dimethyl sulfide and oxygen is explosive at 210 °C and above, [Atmos. Environ., 1967, 1, 491-497]. A delayed explosion occurred in a system containing nitric acid, dimethyl sulfide, and 1, 4-dioxane, even with cooling with liquid nitrogen, [Chem. Abs., 1972, 76, 13515].

...Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

Cough. Nausea. Sore throat. Weakness.

Redness. Pain.

Redness.

Weakness.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Dimethyl Sulfide

2 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-4 mg/m^3

2 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

LC50 (rat) = 40,250 ppm/4 hr

LD50 Rat oral 3300 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 3700 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 8000 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit skin > 5000 mg/kg

LC50 Sprague-Dawley rat (male and female) inhalation 40,250 ppm for 4 hr

Tolerance against the rat lung edema response to ozone inhalation was not incr by intraperitoneal injection of dimethyl sulfide.

Dimethyl sulfoxide suppresses conversion of the prodrug sulindac to its bioactive sulfide metabolite (SD). During continuous iv infusions of sulindac (1 mg/kg/hr), plasma concn of SD at steady-state equilibrium were 80% lower when DMSO was infused concomitantly at 0.34 ml/kg/hr; whereas sulindac plasma concn were not significantly affected by DMSO. DMSO was only a weak inhibitor of SD oxidation in vitro and did not affect the rate of SD elimination in vitro. In contrast, dimethyl sulfide a metabolite of DMSO, was a potent inhibitor of SD oxidase in vitro.

Adult male rats were injected with sodium arsenite (4 mg/kg, sc) 10 min prior to injection of dimethyl sulfide. Neither compound caused mortality when given alone (n = 4). Dimethyl sulfide (320 mg S/kg, sc) resulted in no toxic signs or mortality with or without arsenite (n = 4).

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sulfur and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasms ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

/CASE REPORTS/ The purpose of this report is to document the presence of dimethyl sulfide in mouth air as the predominant volatile sulfur compound (VSC) in an asthmatic patient who was regularly taking suplatast tosilate. The patient was a 33-year-old woman who complained of bad breath. She had been diagnosed as having asthma and was receiving periodical medical examinations once a month. VSC in her mouth air were measured with a gas chromatograph. Oral physiotherapy was also carried out to remove any oral malodor of which the source was intraoral. With the improvement in oral hygiene and periodontal conditions, the level of VSC was reduced but dimethyl sulfide still remained as the predominant VSC. Dimethyl sulfide metabolized from suplatast tosilate may be a potential cause of halitosis.

/CASE REPORTS/ A man was found dead in a tank where gaseous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was present. The concentrations of DMS in the blood and tissue samples were measured by gas chromatography. Mice were experimentally exposed to various concentrations (5%-55%) of gaseous DMS in a confined space and the course of death and DMS distribution in the bodies were observed to obtain diagnostic criteria for DMS poisoning. As a result it was considered that the cause of death of the victim was consistent with a combination of DMS poisoning and asphyxia due to a hypoxic atmosphere.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 4-y-old boy with nephropathic cystinosis and gastrointestinal dysmotility of unknown etiology was treated with iv cysteamine over a period of 10 mo. Thirty minutes after a dose of 10 mg/kg cysteamine free base, the leukocyte cystine value had fallen from 11.9 to 4.9 nmol of half-cystine/mg of protein. ... Dimethyl sulfide was elevated in the breath and urine of this boy after, but not before, the initiation of iv cysteamine therapy. ...

/BIOMONITORING/ Dimethyl-sulfide concentrations in the exhaled breath of workers occupationally exposed to organic sulfur compounds were assessed. The 14 participants (ten males) were employed at three sulfate pulp mills in southeastern Finland. Expired air samples were collected and analyzed for dimethyl-sulfide and methyl-mercaptan. Industrial hygiene monitoring for hydrogen-sulfide, methyl-mercaptan, dimethyl-sulfide, and dimethyl-disulfide was performed. The data on expired breath dimethyl-sulfide concentrations were compared with the work activities of the subjects. Average hydrogen-sulfide, methyl-mercaptan, dimethyl-sulfide, and dimethyl-disulfide concentrations in the ambient workplace air ranged from below 0.02 to 0.05, below 0.02 to 0.42, 0.11 to 4.61, and below 0.09 to 0.64 cubic centimeters per cubic meter (cc/ cu m), respectively. Expired air dimethyl-sulfide concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.69 cc/cu m. Expired air methyl-mercaptan at concentrations of 0.02 to 0.05 cc/cu m was detected only in workers who worked in areas having high ambient air exposures to methyl-mercaptan, dimethyl-sulfide, and dimethyl-disulfide. Workers employed on batch type digestors exhaled lower concentrations of dimethyl-sulfide than those employed on chop chutes and conveyor belts. The concentrations of dimethyl-sulfide in exhaled air increased with ambient air concentrations of methyl-mercaptan + dimethyl-sulfide + dimethyl-disulfide. The authors conclude that significant concentrations of organic sulfur compounds are present at all times in most production sections of sulfate pulp mills. Measuring dimethyl-sulfide concentrations in exhaled air appears to be a good indicator of these exposures.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Dimethyl sulfide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Adult male rats were injected with sodium arsenite (4 mg/kg, sc) 10 min prior to injection of dimethyl sulfide. Neither compound caused mortality when given alone (n = 4). Dimethyl sulfide (320 mg S/kg, sc) resulted in no toxic signs or mortality with or without arsenite (n = 4).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Oral doses of 500 mg/kg dimethyl sulfide reduced motor activity in the mouse to 1/20th of the spontaneous rate; intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg/kg reduced spontaneous motor activity by 10 times.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Dimethyl sulfide produces little irritation when placed on rabbit skin; a primary irritation score of 0.4 (scale 0 to 8) was obtained. Similarly, minimal to moderate irritation was seen in rabbits following instillation of dimethyl sulfide into the eyes with all signs of response cleared up by 4 days post application.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Slightly irritating to rabbit when applied full strength to intact or abraded skin for 24 hr under occlusion.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Dimethyl sulfide (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Daphnia pulex (Crustacea); Concentration: 150 mg/L for 24 hr (20 °C) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 14300 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

/FIELD STUDIES/ This study of the origin and fate of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) in a particular and complex lagoon ecosystem such as that of the Venice lagoon focuses on the temporal evolutions of DMS concentrations in surface water together with those of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), carbon disulphide (CS2), nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, silicate), sulphate, chlorophyll a, chlorinity, water temperature and phytoplankton (composition and density). Measurements were made from 3 March 1997 to 23 July 1998 at three stations in the central part of the Venice lagoon. The temporal trends of DMS concentration showed an absolute maximum concentration in winter (65 nmol S/l, 19/2/1998, Stn. 1; 119 nmol S/l, 19/2/1998, Stn. 2; 29 nmol S/l, 17/2/1998, Stn. 3) and two relative maxima in the spring-summer period. The spring-summer secondary maxima of DMS concentration were related to the maxima of DMSP and chlorophyll a concentrations and consequently to phytoplanktonic abundance while the winter DMS maximum showed no relation to DMSP or to chlorophyll a suggesting that the production and the fate of DMS could be different for the two periods. According to previous studies the CS2 concentration increased in the spring, achieved its maximum in summer, decreased in autumn and fell to its minimum in winter.

LC50; Species: Daphnia pulex (Crustacea); Concentration: 150 mg/L for 24 hr (20 °C) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 14300 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

/FIELD STUDIES/ This study of the origin and fate of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) in a particular and complex lagoon ecosystem such as that of the Venice lagoon focuses on the temporal evolutions of DMS concentrations in surface water together with those of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), carbon disulphide (CS2), nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, silicate), sulphate, chlorophyll a, chlorinity, water temperature and phytoplankton (composition and density). Measurements were made from 3 March 1997 to 23 July 1998 at three stations in the central part of the Venice lagoon. The temporal trends of DMS concentration showed an absolute maximum concentration in winter (65 nmol S/l, 19/2/1998, Stn. 1; 119 nmol S/l, 19/2/1998, Stn. 2; 29 nmol S/l, 17/2/1998, Stn. 3) and two relative maxima in the spring-summer period. The spring-summer secondary maxima of DMS concentration were related to the maxima of DMSP and chlorophyll a concentrations and consequently to phytoplanktonic abundance while the winter DMS maximum showed no relation to DMSP or to chlorophyll a suggesting that the production and the fate of DMS could be different for the two periods. According to previous studies the CS2 concentration increased in the spring, achieved its maximum in summer, decreased in autumn and fell to its minimum in winter.

6.20e-01

2.60e+00

2.10e-01

8.80e-01

4.20e-01

5.00e+00

1.00e-04

2.00e-02

2.00e-04

Volatile

5.35e+03

1.90e+00

7.80e+00

6.30e-01

1.30e+00

Dimethyl sulfides's production and use as solvent, raw material in chemical manufacturing processes, gas odorant, and formation as a by-product in numerous industrial processes will result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It's widespread production from biogenic sources such as marine algae, terrestrial plants, and component of unprocessed natural gas will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 502 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dimethyl sulfide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethyl sulfide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 days. Dimethyl sulfide does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, dimethyl sulfide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 6.3. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Dimethyl sulfide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Dimethyl sulfide has shown 100% degradation over 2 days in an aerobic test using freshwater sediment, and therefore it is expected to biodegrade. If released into water, dimethyl sulfide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 3 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to dimethyl sulfide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where dimethyl sulfide is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dimethyl sulfide via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound in seawater and contaminated wastewater. (SRC)

Dimethyl sulfide is produced by marine bacteria, marine algae and phytoplanton in oceans via the degradation pathway of dimethylsulfoniopropionate, an osmoregulator(1). It also occurs as a volatile metabolic by-product from terrestrial plants(2) and from the microbial degradation of sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine(3). 52-88 billion kg of dimethyl sulfide are released from biogenic sources on an annual global basis; approximately 85-94% of this production arises in marine environments(4). The emission of biogenic dimethyl sulfide from surface waters represents a major flux of reduced sulfur compounds into the atmosphere(5). Dimethyl sulfide has been found as a component of unprocessed natural gas(6). It occurs as a volatile component of various foods such as dried legumes(7), meat(8), cheese(9) and beer(10).

Plants containing dimethyl sulfide: Allium sativum (garlic), Camellia sinensis (tea), Lavandula x intermedia (Dutch lavender)

/Dimethyl sulfide is/ found in American peppermint oil, oil of Algerian geranium, butter, orange and grapefruit juice, currant berries, asparagus, kohlrabi, cabbage, carrot, celery, onion, garlic, peas, potato, rutabaga, sauerkraut, tomato, Scotch spearmint oil, parsley, wheat bread, many cheeses, yogurt, milk, cream, buttermilk, raw and cooked egg, fish, chicken, cooked beef, mutton, pork liver, hop oil, beer, cognac rum, grape wines, sherry, tea, roasted filberts and peanuts, oats, soybean, olive, beans, mushroom, starfruit, trassi, Bantu beer, macadamia nut, mango, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, rice, sake, buckwheat, sweet corn, malt, wort, dried bonito, krill, shrimp, oysters, truffle, okra, crab, clam, and scallops.

Dimethyl sulfides's production and use as solvent(1), raw material in chemical manufacturing processes(2), gas odorant(1), and formation as a by-product in numerous industrial processes(3) will result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.3(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 22,000 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimethyl sulfide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dimethyl sulfide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Dimethyl sulfide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 502 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). 100% degradation over 2 days in an aerobic test using a freshwater sediment inoculum(6) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.3(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 22,000 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dimethyl sulfide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a measured Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from a water solubility of 22,000 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 100% degradation over 2 days in an aerobic test using a freshwater sediment inoculum(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dimethyl sulfide, which has a vapor pressure of 502 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dimethyl sulfide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(3); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 3 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.82X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Dimethyl sulfide does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Role of organic sulfides in the atmosphere and emission rate of biogenic organic sulfides relative to that of hydrogen sulfide is not well understood. Absolute values of rate constants were detn for the reaction of ground-state oxygen atoms, O(3P), with dimethyl sulfide by using a phase shift technique in which O atoms were generated by Hg-sensitized decomposition of nitrous oxide and monitored by the chemiluminescence from their reaction with nitric oxide. Between 298 and K, the rate constants were represented by the following equation: k= (2.28 +/- 0.11)-12 exp((-2075 +/- 268)/T).

AEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide was initially present in a wastewater/recycled sludge mixture at 150 (ug/kg)/(ug/L); following activated sludge treatment, effluent concns were below the detection limit(7). Radiolabeled-dimethyl sulfide added to the head space over 1 ml of freshwater lake sediment was metabolized to methane and carbon dioxide; 33 and 5% radiolabeled carbon was converted to methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, in 8 hours(2). No degradation of dimethyl sulfide occurred in sterilized (heat killed - 70 °C, 1 hr) samples of sediment(2). Addition of dimethyl sulfide to various anoxic aquatic sediments (e.g. fresh water, estuarine, alkaline/hypersaline) stimulated methane production(3). The yield of methane from dimethyl sulfide typically ranged between 52-63%, although high concns of dimethyl sulfide inhibited methanogenesis in sediment from alkaline lakes(3). Metabolism resulted in appearance of methanethiol as a transient intermediate(3). Dimethyl sulfide was completely biodegraded in anoxic salt marsh sediments within 11 days with the production of methanethiol and methane(4). Biological consumption rates of dimethyl sulfide, in seawater samples collected in the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranged from 1.1 nM/day to 18.0 nM/day, giving turnover times of 0.6 to 4.6 days(5). The conversion efficiency from added dimethyl sulfide to methane of an algal mat and sediments obtained from a hypersaline pond was 11.2%(6).

AEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide, present at 2.5 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 2 days using a freshwater sediment inoculum(1). Dimethyl sulfide, present at 0.43 g/L, showed 100% degradation in 4 days using an acclimated, activated sewage sludge inoculum(2); dimethyl sulfide was found to be oxidized to sulfate. Therefore, dimethyl sulfide is expected to biodegrade repidly under aerobic conditions(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide, present at 3.4 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 8 days using a freshwater sediment inoculum under anoxic conditions(1). Dimethylsulfide, present at 0.3 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 2 days using an anoxic salt marsh sediment as inoculum(2). Therefore, dimethyl sulfide is expected to biodegrade rapidly under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

PURE CULTURE: Dimethyl sulfide was degraded under aerobic conditions by acclimatized activated sludge and by a mixed culture of Thiobacillus thioparus TK-1 and Pseudomonas sp. AK-2. During growth, all dimethyl sulfide-sulfur was oxidized stochiometrically to sulfate, but no methanol was detected in pure cultures of TK-1(1). It was speculated that dimethyl sulfide was oxidized to carbon dioxide via formaldehyde(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dimethyl sulfide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 4.82X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of dimethyl sulfide with photochemically-produced nitrate radicals has been measured as 1.07X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). The major fate pathways of dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere is reaction with hydroxyl radicals by day, and reaction with nitrate radicals by night(3). This atmospheric oxidation results in the formation of vapor-phase dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfate aerosols(4). In seawater, dimethyl sulfide is oxidized by photochemically-produced nitrate radical, with rate constants of 0.17 to 0.35 reciprocal hours(5). Dimethyl sulfide is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). Dimethyl sulfide is not expected to undergo direct photolysis in the environment since it does not absorb UV light above 290 nm(7). However, dimethyl sulfide has been shown to photo-oxygenate in the presence of naturally occurring humic acid in seawater(8). The photooxidation half-life of dimethyl sulfide has been estimated to be 8 hours based on data obtained from exposing samples of seawater containing dimethyl sulfide to sunlight(8).

Using outdoor smog chambers, it was determined that in a dimethyl sulfide-air system, about 60% of the dimethyl sulfide loss is due to photolysis and about 40% is due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals(1). As NOx concns were increased, the hydroxyl radical reaction becomes more important and loss due to photolysis was only 10% of the total degradation(1). Removal processes of dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere are expected to be dominated by hydroxyl radical reaction in the day and nitrate addition at night(1). The photochemical degradation of dimethyl sulfide in the atmosphere results in the production of sulfur dioxide and methane sulfonic acid as well as minor products such as DMSO, dimethyl sulfone, and sulfuric acid(2). Based on model calculations, the lifetime of dimethyl sulfide in the mixed layer of maritime air was determined as 0.9 days; a sea to air flux of 2 to 3 umol/sq m/day was also reported(3). A sea to air flux about a factor of 3 to 4 higher has been reported in tropical and subtropical oceans(4).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated in fish for dimethyl sulfide(SRC), using a water solubility of 22,000 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of dimethyl sulfide is estimated as 6.3(SRC), using a water solubility of 22,000 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that dimethyl sulfide is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Air-dried, unsterilized moist, and sterilized moist soils exposed to air initially containing 500 ppm dimethyl sulfide adsorbed an avg of 32, 308, and 10 ug dimethyl sulfide/g soil, respectively, in 15 days(1). Time required for complete sorption of dimethyl sulfide by moist soil from air initially containing 100 ppm dimethyl sulfide: soil 1 (Weller) - 1st exposure 150 min, 2nd exposure 100 min, 3rd exposure 95 min; soil 2 (Harps) - 1st exposure 45 min, 2nd exposure 24 min, 3rd exposure 19 min(1). These data suggest that moist soils have a greater tendency to adsorb dimethyl sulfide than dry soils, and that microbial activity in moist soils may be responsible for greater adsorption(1). When natural gas containing 0.5 pounds of dimethyl sulfide per million cubic feet of gas was passed through a bed of pulverized, dry, montmorillonite clay, dimethyl sulfide exhibited a fast breakthrough (2 hours) and a fast build-up rate in effluent gas (85% of influent concn 4 hours after breakthrough), suggesting that dimethyl sulfide does not adsorb to dry soils(2).

The Henry's Law constant for dimethyl sulfide has been measured as 1.61X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that dimethyl sulfide is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). Dimethyl sulfides's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of dimethyl sulfide from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 502 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Analyzed for, but not found in 1174 community wells and 617 private wells in Wisconsin, detection limit 1.0 ug/L(1).

SURFACE WATER: Approximately 62 ug/L found in a shallow (1.5 m deep), eutrophic freshwater pond(1). July 1975-Dec 1976, detected in 1 out of 204 water samples collected from 14 heavily industrialized river basins located across the continental US, detection limit not reported(2). Dimethyl sulfide was detected at a concentration of 1 ug/L in the Saginaw River (Bay City), sampled in 1976(3). Dimethyl sulfide was detected in unspecified freshwater samples at 62 to 70 ug/L(4). Dimethyl sulfide was detected in 9 of 13 meromictic Antarctic lakes and basins in 1991 at concns from 2 to 124 ug/L; the presence of this compound was correlated with sites having a bottom density of greater than or equal to 1.07 kg/L(5).

SURFACE WATER: Dimethyl sulfide distribution was studied by gas chromatographic analysis in water samples from Lakes Superior, Erie and Ontario and the lake-to-air transfer rates out of these lakes was calculated. The average concentrations in the surface waters were 5.2 ng/L for Lake Superior, 16 ng/L (June) and 7.3 ng/l (August) for Lake Erie and 27 ng/L (June) and 13 ng/L (August) for Lake Ontario. The profiles in the water column and the seasonal variations suggest that dimethyl sulfide production in these lakes stems primarily from the microbial decomposition of dead algal cells. However, only a small fraction (<5%) of the sulfur used in planktonic protein synthesis is converted to dimethyl sulfide. The emissions of DMS /dimethyl sulfide/ to the atmosphere were calculated to be 107, 49, 69 tons/yr, respectively in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Ontario.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

AEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide was initially present in a wastewater/recycled sludge mixture at 150 (ug/kg)/(ug/L); following activated sludge treatment, effluent concns were below the detection limit(7). Radiolabeled-dimethyl sulfide added to the head space over 1 ml of freshwater lake sediment was metabolized to methane and carbon dioxide; 33 and 5% radiolabeled carbon was converted to methane and carbon dioxide, respectively, in 8 hours(2). No degradation of dimethyl sulfide occurred in sterilized (heat killed - 70 °C, 1 hr) samples of sediment(2). Addition of dimethyl sulfide to various anoxic aquatic sediments (e.g. fresh water, estuarine, alkaline/hypersaline) stimulated methane production(3). The yield of methane from dimethyl sulfide typically ranged between 52-63%, although high concns of dimethyl sulfide inhibited methanogenesis in sediment from alkaline lakes(3). Metabolism resulted in appearance of methanethiol as a transient intermediate(3). Dimethyl sulfide was completely biodegraded in anoxic salt marsh sediments within 11 days with the production of methanethiol and methane(4). Biological consumption rates of dimethyl sulfide, in seawater samples collected in the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranged from 1.1 nM/day to 18.0 nM/day, giving turnover times of 0.6 to 4.6 days(5). The conversion efficiency from added dimethyl sulfide to methane of an algal mat and sediments obtained from a hypersaline pond was 11.2%(6).

AEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide, present at 2.5 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 2 days using a freshwater sediment inoculum(1). Dimethyl sulfide, present at 0.43 g/L, showed 100% degradation in 4 days using an acclimated, activated sewage sludge inoculum(2); dimethyl sulfide was found to be oxidized to sulfate. Therefore, dimethyl sulfide is expected to biodegrade repidly under aerobic conditions(SRC).

ANAEROBIC: Dimethyl sulfide, present at 3.4 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 8 days using a freshwater sediment inoculum under anoxic conditions(1). Dimethylsulfide, present at 0.3 mg/L, showed 100% degradation in 2 days using an anoxic salt marsh sediment as inoculum(2). Therefore, dimethyl sulfide is expected to biodegrade rapidly under anaerobic conditions(SRC).

Photooxidation reduced sulfur cmpd pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Dimethyl sulfide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1164; Dimethyl sulfide; Methyl sulfide

IMO 3.1; Dimethyl sulfide; Methyl sulfide

49 081 51; Dimethyl sulfide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II