Ethylene Oxide

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360Fd: May damage fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P363, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3652) of reports.

H220 (> 99.9%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H230 (18.4%): May react explosively even in the absence of air [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (86%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H301 (20.4%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (61.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (20.1%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H315 (79.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (20.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (79.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (99.3%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (> 99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336 (20.3%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H340 (> 99.9%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (> 99.9%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (19.5%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (78.9%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337, P337+P317, P362+P364, P363, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3652 reports by companies from 45 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3652 reports by companies.

There are 44 notifications provided by 3651 of 3652 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.9% (1 of 117) of reports.

H315 (40.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (40.2%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (40.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H411 (59%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H412 (40.2%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Warning: Ethylene oxide is corrosive to moist tissues. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Ethylene Oxide Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to ethylene oxide may be severe, and include dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and respiratory failure. Lethargy, headache, dizziness, twitching, convulsions, paralysis, and coma may be observed. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiovascular collapse may also occur. Gastrointestinal effects of acute exposure may include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Ethylene oxide may severely irritate or burn mucous membranes and moist skin. Eye contact may result in conjunctivitis (red, inflamed eyes) and erosion of the cornea.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ethylene oxide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ethylene oxide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to ethylene oxide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be IMMEDIATELY flushed with lukewarm water for AT LEAST 15 minutes.

5. If liquid is spilled on the skin, allow ethylene oxide to vaporize before washing THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Ethylene oxide generally acts as its own cathartic; however, if deemed necessary, excretion may be promoted by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Stay away from ends of tanks. Fight fire from maximum distance. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. Isolate for 1 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Evacuate area endangered by gas.

Extinguish with alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical or water spray, fog, or foam. Let burn unless leak can be stopped immediately. (EPA, 1998)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

GAS: Poisonous gases are produced in fire. Do not estinguish the fire unless the flow of gas can be stopped and any remaining gas is out of the line. Specially trained personnel may use fog lines to cool exposures and let the fire burn itself out. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined area may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped. LIQUID: Poisonous gases are produced in fire. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Although soluble in water, solutions will continue to burn until diluted to approximately 22 volumes of water to one volume of ethylene oxide. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined area may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped.

Fire extinguishing agents: water.

Stop flow of gas if possible. Combat fires from behind barrier, with unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzle. Flood discharge area with water. Cool exposed containers and protect men effecting shut off with water.

Carbon dioxide and dry-chemical extinguishers are useful against small fire.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for ETHYLENE OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable; polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Tables 1 and 3 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1040 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all Directions:

-- Rail tank car: 200 m (600 ft)

-- Highway tank truck or trailer: 100 m (300 ft)

-- Multiple small cylinders or single ton cylinder: 30 m (100 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.2 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time:

-- Rail tank car:

- - - Low wind (< 6 mph (<10 km/h)): 1.5 km (1.0 mi)

- - - Moderate wind (6-12 mph (10-20 km/h)): 0.8 km (0.5 mi)

- - - High wind (> 12 mph (>20 km/h)): 0.7 km (0.4 mi)

-- Highway tank truck or trailer:

- - - Low wind (< 6 mph (<10 km/h)): 0.9 km (0.6 mi)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable; polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool.

Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering a confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. It must be stored to avoid contact with even small amounts of acids (such as nitric or sulfuric acids); alkalis (such as sodium bydroxide or potassium hydroxide); cataylic anhydrous chlorides of iron, aluminum or tin; iron or aluminum oxide; or metallic potassium hydroxide); catalytic anhydrous chlorides of iron, aluminum or tin; iron or aluminum oxide; or metallic potassium hydroxide, since it may react by itself, liberating much heat and causing a possible explosion. Ethylene oxide should not contact oxidizers (such as perchlorates, perxoides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) since an explosion could occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, or sunlight. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where ethlyene oxide is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of ethylene oxide should br grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of ethylene oxide . Wherever ethylene oxide is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

Store EtO in tightly closed cylinders or tanks in a cool, shaded, well-ventilated, explosion-proof area.

Temperature: ambient

Protect containers against physical damage, check for leakage intermittently. Store in distant outdoor tank or container protected from direct sunlight, lined with insulating material, equipped with an adequate refrigeration and water system. Indoor storage should be restricted to small quantities. Place material in a combustible liquid cabinet which is fireproof in conformity with regulations.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for ETHYLENE OXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HEV) hemoglobin adducts = 5000 pmol HEV/g globin. See urine BEI and further details. [TLVs and BEIs]

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR=Not recommended

AEGLs Status: Final

5.0 [ppm]

45 [ppm]

200 [ppm]

<0.1 ppm (<0.18 mg/m³)

5 ppm (9 mg/m³)[10 minutes]

Ca TWA <0.1 ppm (0.18 mg/m3) C 5 ppm (9 mg/m3) [10-min/day] See Appendix A

1.0 [ppm], STEL(OSHA) = 5 ppm

1 ppm [0.5 ppm Action Level]

5 ppm [15 minute excursion limit]

[1910.1047] TWA 1 ppm 5 ppm [15-minute Excursion]

800 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

800.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Reports of effects in humans include: nasal irritation after exposures to 12,500 ppm for 10 sec. Acute studies in animals have shown: death after exposure > 8000 ppm for 10 min.; no apparent injuries after exposure to 4000 ppm for 30 min., 2000 ppm for 60 min., or 500 ppm for 1 hr.

NIOSH considers ethylene oxide to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [800 ppm]

See: 75218

1.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

1 ppm as TWA; (skin); A2 (suspected human carcinogen); BEI issued.

1 ppm [1990]

1.8 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 2

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

Ethylene oxide appears as a clear colorless gas with an ethereal odor with a flash point below 0 °F. Liquid less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. May polymerize exothermically if heated or contaminated. If the polymerization takes place inside a container, the container may rupture violently. Vapors very toxic. Vapors irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Prolonged skin contact may result in delayed burns. Used to make other chemicals, as a fumigant and industrial sterilant.

Liquid; Other Solid; Liquid; Gas Vapor

Colorless gas or liquid (below 51 degrees F) with an ether-like odor; [NIOSH] Vapor density = 1.49 (heavier than air); [HSDB]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless gas or liquid (below 51 °F) with an ether-like odor.

Colorless ... gas at ordinary room temp and pressure; liquid below 12 °C

Colorless gas or liquid (below 51 degrees F) ...

Reminiscent of bruised apples

... Ether-like odor

51.3 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

10.6 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-170.5 °F (EPA, 1998)

-111.7 °C

-112.5 °C

-0.4 to 0 °F (EPA, 1998)

-20 °F (-29 °C) (closed cup)

-18 °C (open cup)

Flammable gas

-20 °F (liquid)

NA (Gas) -20 °F (Liquid)

Miscible (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in benzene, acetone, ethanol, ether

Miscible with... carbon tetrachloride.

Miscible with water

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

0.8222 at 50 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

0.882 at 10 °C/10 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.9

0.82 (liquid at 50 °F)

0.8821 @ 10°C

0.82 (Liquid at 50 °F)

1.49(relative gas density)

1.49 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.5

1095 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

1,310 mm Hg at 25 °C (extrapolated)

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 146

1.46 atm

750 [mm Hg] @10.199999999999999 °C

Highly flammable. Flammable over a wide vapor-air concentration range. Must be diluted on the order of 24 to 1 with water to lose flammability. Soluble in water.

Epoxides

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Explosive

Polymerizable

CSL00175

Ethylene oxide + Trimethylamine

Exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion and fire

Explosive,Flammable

Not Available

User Reported

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

Colorless gas at room temperature (b.p. 11 °C), confirmed carcinogen. Highly flammable, severe explosion hazard when exposed to flame. The autoignition temperature may be as low as 140 °C in presence of rust. Rapid compression of the vapor with air causes explosion. Ethylene oxide vapor may be initiated into explosive decomposition in absence of air [Hess, L. G., et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 1950, 42, p. 1251]. Metal fittings containing magnesium, copper or silver should be avoided, since traces of acetylene in ethylene oxide may produce metal acetylides capable of detonating the vapor [MCA SD-38, 1971]. Violent polymerization occurs on contact with strong bases (alkali hydroxides, ammonia) or acids, amines, metallic potassium, oxides (aluminum oxide, iron oxide, rust), covalent halides (aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, tin(IV) chloride) [Gupta, A. K., J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1949, 68, p. 179]. Violent reaction with m-nitroaniline, magnesium perchlorate, mercaptans, thiols, triethylamine [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 316]. Ethylene oxide and SO2 can react violently in pyridine solution with pressurization if ethylene oxide is in excess (Nolan, 1983, Case History 51).

Forms explosive mixture with air. Dangerously reactive; may rearrange chemically and/or polymerize violently with evolution of heat, when in contact with highly active catalytic surfaces such as anhydrous chlorides or iron, tin and aluminum, pure oxides of iron and aluminum, and alkali metal hydroxides. Even small amounts of strong acids, alkalis, oxidizers can cause a reaction. Avoid contact with copper. Protect container from physical damage, sun and heat. Attacks some plastics, rubber or coatings.

Metal fittings containing copper, silver, mercury, or magnesium should not be used in ethylene oxide service, since traces of acetylene could produce explosive acetylides capable of detonating ethylene oxide vapor.

INCOMPATIBILITIES: BECAUSE OF HIGH CHEMICAL REACTIVITY ... IT REACTS WITH MANY PHARMACEUTICAL SUBSTANCES & WITH VITAMINS, AMINO ACIDS, & OTHER FOOD CONSTITUENTS. ...

Accidental contamination of a large ethylene oxide feed-cylinder by reaction liquor containing trimethylamine caused the cylinder to explode 18 hr later. Contamination was possible because of a faulty pressure gauge and suck-back of froth above the liquid level.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ETHYLENE OXIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong acids, alkalis & oxidizers; chlorides of iron, aluminum & tin; oxides of iron & aluminum; water

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION: Ethylene oxide is a colorless, high reactive gas at room temperature and pressure. It used in the manufacture of ethylene glycol and surfactants. It used in the manufacture of surfactants. Ethylene oxide is also used as a sterilant for health care materials and other heat-sensitive products. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Ethylene oxide is rapidly taken up via the lungs, distributed, and metabolized to ethylene glycol and to glutathione conjugates. Ethylene oxide can be absorbed though the skin from the gas phase or from aqueous solutions and is uniformly distributed throughout the body. Ethylene oxide is an alkylating agent and forms protein and DNA adducts. Hemoglobin adducts have been used for biomonitoring. Based on studies primarily in occupationally exposed populations, ethylene oxide is an ocular, respiratory, and dermal irritant and a sensitizing agent. Neurological effects (primarily sensorimotor polyneuropathy) have been observed in workers exposed to relatively high concentrations. The route of likely greatest exposure and focus of the human health is inhalation from air. There is some evidence of an association between exposure to ethylene oxide and the development of haematological cancers in epidemiological studies of occupationally exposed populations, limitations of the data preclude definitive conclusions. There is consistent evidence that ethylene oxide has induced clastogenic changes in exposed workers. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: The acute inhalation toxicity of ethylene oxide in rodents and dogs is low. In inhalation studies, ethylene oxide has induced a wide range of tumours (e.g., leukaemia, lymohoma, brain, lung). Ethylene oxide induces gene mutations at all phylogenetic levels tested in vitro and in vivo. It also induces germ cell mutations and clastogenic effects in experimental animals. In experimental animals, ethylene oxide is fetotoxic in the presence and absence of maternal toxicity at concentrations higher than those associated with cancer and other non-cancer (i.e., neurological) effects; it is teratogenic only at very high concentrations (above about 1600 mg/m3). Evidence from epidemiological studies of reproductive effects (primarily spontaneous abortions) of ethylene oxide in humans is limited. In experimental animals, among non-neoplastic effects, reproductive effects occur at lowest concentration (>90 mg/m3). These include reductions in litter size, increased post-implantation losses, alterations in sperm morphology, and changes in sperm count and motility. Available data on the non-neoplastic effects of repeated exposure to ethylene oxide in studies are limited, with past focus being primarily on the carcinogenicity of the compound. Reported effects in studies in animals were restricted primarily to those on the hematological and nervous systems.

Ethylene oxide is an alkylating agent. The addition of alkyl groups to proteins, DNA, and RNA by binding to the sulfhydryl and hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups, prevents normal cellular metabolism and ultimately kills cells. It is likely that the carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide in laboratory animals arises primarily as a result of its direct alkylation of DNA and RNA. In vivo exposure to ethylene oxide induced mutations (5- to 5.6-fold) at the Hprt locus in splenic T-lymphocytes in rats and mice.

Ethylene oxide

Reproductive

A2; Suspected human carcinogen.

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of ethylene oxide. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the following supporting evidence. Ethylene oxide is a directly acting alkylating agent that: (1) induces a sensitive, persistent dose-related increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in peripheral lymphocytes and micronuclei in bone marrow cells of exposed workers; (2) has been associated with malignancies of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system in both humans and experimental animals; (3) induces a dose related increase in the frequency of hemoglobin adducts in exposed humans and dose related increases in the numbers of adducts in DNA and hemoglobin in exposed rodents; (4) induces gene mutations and heritable translocations in germ cells of exposed rodents; and (5) is a powerful mutagen and clastogen at all phylogenetic levels. Overall evaluation: Ethylene oxide is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

Ethylene Oxide: known to be a human carcinogen.

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 60: (1994) Some Industrial Chemicals

Volume 97: (2008) 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide)

Volume 100F: (2012) Chemical Agents and Related Occupations

NB Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data

Ethylene Oxide

TR-326: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ethylene Oxide (CASRN 75-21-8) in B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1987 )

08/19/86

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity for B6C3F1 mice as indicated by dose-related increased incidences of benign or malignant neoplasms of the lung and benign neoplasms of the harderian gland in both male and female B6C3F1 mice following exposure to ethylene oxide vapors at 50 and 100 ppm. In female mice, ethylene oxide caused additional malignant neoplasms of the uterus, mammary gland, and hematopoietic system (lymphoma).

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

At high doses (>200 ppm) ethylene oxide irritates mucous membranes of the nose and throat; higher concentrations cause damage to the trachea and bronchi, progressing into the partial collapse of the lungs. High concentrations can cause pulmonary edema and damage the cardiovascular system. Because the odor threshold for ethylene oxide varies between 250 and 700 ppm, the gas will already be at toxic concentrations when it can be smelled. Ethylene oxide is carcinogenic, mutagenic and an irritant. With chronic low doses, an increased incidence of brain tumors and mononuclear cell leukemia was found in rats that had inhaled ethylene oxide at concentrations of 10, 33, or 100 mL/m3 over a period of two years. Studies of workers exposed to ethylene oxide in ethylene oxide factories or hospital sterilizing rooms have shown an increased

incidence of leukemia, stomach cancer, cancer of the pancreas and Hodgkin's disease.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.

inhalation, ingestion, (liquid), skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation, Dermal

Cough. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Frostbite. Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; peculiar taste; headache; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cyanosis, pulmonary edema; drowsiness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), incoordination; EKG abnormal; eye, skin burns (liquid or high vapor concentration); liquid: frostbite; reproductive effects; ; In Animals: convulsions; liver, kidney damage [potential occupational carcinogen]

The major effects seen in workers exposed to ethylene oxide at low levels for several months or years are irritation of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes and problems in the functioning of the brain and nerves. Acute exposure leads to central nervous system effects. Headache, nausea and vomiting are often evident. Peripheral neuropathy, impaired hand-eye coordination and memory loss have been reported in more recent case studies of chronically-exposed workers at estimated average exposure levels as low as 3 ppm. Ethylene oxide easily penetrates through the clothing and footwear, causing skin irritation and dermatitis with the formation of blisters, fever and leukocytosis. High concentrations can cause pulmonary edema and damage the cardiovascular system.

Cancer, Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Endocrine (Glands and Hormones), Hematological (Blood Forming), Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, central nervous system, blood, kidneys, reproductive system

[peritoneal cancer, leukemia]

Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50; Species: Artemia sp. (Brine shrimp); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 350000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Artemia sp. (Brine shrimp); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 490000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 260000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 137000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 83000-179000 ug/L) /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ETHYLENE OXIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.00e-03

2.50e-02

3.40e-04

4.10e-03

6.70e-04

7.00e+02

3.10e-01

3.00e-03

3.00e-02

Volatile

1.21e+05

2.00e-01

2.50e+00

3.40e-02

4.10e-01

6.70e-02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Ethylene oxide's production and use as a chemical intermediate and medical and foodstuff sterilizing agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an agricultural fumigant will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1,310 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates ethylene oxide will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase ethylene oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 57 days. Ethylene oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, ethylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon a Koc of 2.2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.48X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Since ethylene oxide hydrolyzes to ethylene glycol which is readily biodegraded, the importance of biodegradation of ethylene oxide in aquatic environments is not able to be accurately assessed. If released into water, ethylene oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis half-lives of 12-14 days for pH's between 5-7 in fresh water and 9-11 days in salt water indicate that hydrolysis may be an important environmental fate process. Occupational exposure to ethylene oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethylene oxide is produced or used. (SRC)

Ethylene oxide's production and use as a chemical intermediate and medical and foodstuff sterilizing agent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as an agricultural fumigant(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 2.2(2), indicates that ethylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethylene oxide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.48X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3). Ethylene oxide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.31X10+3 mm Hg(4). Since ethylene oxide hydrolyzes to ethylene glycol which is readily biodegraded, the importance of biodegradation of ethylene oxide in the environment is not able to be accurately assessed(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 2.2(2), indicates that ethylene oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.48X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.30(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Since ethylene oxide hydrolyzes to ethylene glycol which is readily biodegraded, the importance of biodegradation of ethylene oxide in the environment is not able to be accurately assessed(4).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethylene oxide, which has a vapor pressure of 1.13X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase ethylene oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 57 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.6X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Ethylene oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). In a smog chamber experiment, 20% of the ethylene oxide degraded in 5.3 hr(5).

AEROBIC: In a dilution bottle test, ethylene oxide 3-5% degradation was observed after 5 days and 52% degradation was observed after 20 days(1,2). In a river die-away test, half-life measurements for ethylene oxide in sterile and natural river water were not appreciably different, owing to the hydrolytic degradation of ethylene oxide being more rapid than biodegradation in aqueous media(4). Since ethylene oxide hydrolyzes to ethylene glycol which is readily biodegraded, the importance of biodegradation of ethylene oxide in aquatic environments is not able to be accurately assessed(2). Ethylene oxide biodegradation rate constants measured at a full-scale wastewater treatment plant were 0.38 and 0.59 ug/min-g biomass(3).

AEROBIC: Several bacteria were observed to transform ethene to ethylene oxide but cannot degrade the latter(1). Mycobacterium E20 and M. E44 acclimated to ethene converted ethylene oxide into acetyl-coenzyme A by an uncharacterized enzyme complex(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethylene oxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 7.6X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 57 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.7X10-2 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to a half-life of 13 years at pH 7(2). Ethylene oxide hydrolyzes slowly in fresh and salt water to give ethylene glycol and ethylene chlorohydrin(3). The half-life for this reaction is 12-14 days for pH's between 5-7 in fresh water(3-5) and 9-11 days in salt water(3). The ratio of chlorohydrin to glycol formed was found to be 0.11 and 0.23 in 1% and 3% sodium chloride solutions respectively(3). The hydrolysis rate is increased considerably in acidic or basic solutions(4). Ethylene oxide does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Earlier smog chamber experiments with both natural and artificial illumination are consistent with a slowly degrading compound(8). In one smog chamber experiment, 20% of the ethylene oxide degraded in 5.3 hr(7).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for ethylene oxide(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.30(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Koc of ethylene oxide was reported to be 2.20(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that ethylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for ethylene oxide is 1.48X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethylene oxide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). Ethylene oxide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.31X10+3 mm Hg(3). Although no data on the volatilization of ethylene oxide from soil could be found, a study of the dissipation of ethylene oxide from fumigated commodities gave half-life values of 4 hr to 17.5 days(4).

Ethylene oxide was detected, not quantified in an effluent sample in Brandenburg, KY in Feb 1974, from an unspecified chemical production facility(1,2). It is estimated that in ethylene oxide production, between 0.25 and 47.5 kg of ethylene oxide is emitted to the air for each kg produced(3).

Ethylene oxide may be present in vent gas and fugitive emissions from its production and use as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of ethylene glycol, ethoxylates, glycol ethers and ethanolamines(1). It may also be present in aqueous effluent associated with its production and use as a chemical intermediate and as fugitive emissions from its use as a fumigant and sterilant of food, cosmetics and hospital supplies(1,3-4) in auto and diesel exhaust/combustion product of hydrocarbon fuels(1,2), and tobacco smoke(1). While its use as a fumigant and sterilant constitute only 2%, emissions from these uses are proportionately higher than other applications and result in greater exposure(3,4).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Ethylene oxide was targeted but not detected at 25 sites throughout Minnesota tested over an 8 year span from 1991-1998(1).

According to a 1970-76 FDA Monitoring Program, ethylene oxide was detected, not quantified in 1 out of 2,372 samples of eggs in 1975(1).

According to a 1970-1976 FDA Food Monitoring Program, ethylene oxide was detected, not quantified in 1 out of 3,262 samples of fish (1975) and not found in 443 samples of shellfish for this period(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 270,683 workers (120.086 of these were female) were potentially exposed to ethylene oxide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to ethylene oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethylene oxide is produced or used(SRC).

OSHA estimates that approximately 80,000 and 144,000 workers were directly and indirectly exposed to ethylene oxide in ethylene oxide production, chemical synthesis by ethoxylation, health care facilities (sterilization), medical products (sterilization) and miscellaneous manufacturers (e.g., spice sterilization)(1). The number of workers exposed directly (indirectly) in the various industries were: production and synthesis 3676; sterilization - health care facilities 62,370 (25,000); sterilization - medical products manufacture 14,000 (116,900); sterilization - spice manufacturers 160(1). Typical exposures were usually high during short periods in which sterilizer doors are opened, typically 5-10 ppm for 20 minutes(1). Some typical survey results are: Medical products manufactures 0.1.1-2.0 ppm 8 hr TWA; Hospital sterilizer chamber operators 2.5 ppm TWA; 121 use sites in Southern California <5 ppm (TWA) in 114/121 sites; 2 hospitals 3-6 ppm and <5 ppm resp; survey of 27 hospitals TWA exposures less than or equal to 1, <4 and >10 ppm in 9/27, 16/27 and 5/27, respectively(1). Union Carbide production plant in Texas City 5-33 ppm and 7.25 and 10.25 ppm avg in 2 control rooms and 0-56 ppm, 11.6 ppm avg throughout plant(2). In-depth survey of 2 Union Carbide production facilities in West Virginia: 2 of 48 and 4 of 41 samples positive, TWA exposure of positive samples 1.5-82 ppm(4,5). Production and maintenance workers in the 1960's avg exposure levels: 0.6-60 ppm(3).

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U115, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Concentrated waste containing no peroxides-discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxides-perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Evaporation & open burning: A) Place on ground in an open area. Evaporate or burn by igniting from a safe distance. B) Dissolve in benzene, petroleum ether or higher alcohol such as butanol. Dispose by burning the soln. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer review: Ethylene oxide boils @ 11 °C, therefore burning in an incinerator can cause difficulties unless a gas feed can be arranged. It is soluble in water or alcohol and these soln can be burned. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ETHYLENE OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Ethylene oxide [Table#602]

/GUIDE 119P: GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 119P: GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 119P: GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ETHYLENE OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1040 119P

UN 1040; Ethylene oxide

IMO 2.3; Ethylene oxide

49 201 08; Ethylene oxide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Gas Flammable Gas

Symbol: F+, T; R: 45-46-12-23-36/37/38; S: 53-45; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 2.1