1,1-dichloroethane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (12%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H412 (100%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 50 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H333: May be harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire use alcohol foam, water, foam, /carbon dioxide/, dry chemical.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 1,1-Dichloroethane should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion. Sewers designed to preclude the formation of explosive concn of 1,1-dichloroethane vapors are permitted.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U076, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Potential candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence time of seconds. Also a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time of seconds.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 1,1-dichloroethane: Concentration process: Stripping.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethane (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethane (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. See Chemical Dangers. Cool.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. ... Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. 1,1-Dichloroethane must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers, such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine, since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where 1,1-dichloroethane is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Metal containers used in the transfer of 5 gallons or more of 1,1-dichloroethane should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of 1,1-dichloroethane.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

51.88 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

500 [ppm]

3000 [ppm]

100 ppm (400 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (400 mg/m3) See Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

100.0 [ppm]

TWA 100 ppm (400 mg/m3)

3000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

3000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Patty [1963] reported that rats survived 8­hour exposures to 4,000 ppm, but died at 16,000 ppm [Smyth 1956].

3000 ppm

See: 75343

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 100 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

100 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

100 ppm [1990]

412 mg/m

205 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. The substance may have effects on the kidneys and liver.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1-Dichloroethane:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

1,1-dichloroethane appears as a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Slightly soluble in water and slightly denser than water. Flash point below 70 °F. Vapors denser than air. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH] Clear colorless to light yellow liquid; [Acros Organics MSDS]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor.

Colorless, oily liquid

Colorless, neutral, mobile liquid

Aromatic ethereal odor

Chloroform-like odor

Ether-like odor

As of chloroform

Saccharin taste

135.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

57.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-143 °F (NTP, 1992)

-96.93 °C

-96.9 °C

22 °F (NTP, 1992)

-10.0 °C (14.0 °F) - closed cup

2 °F (-17 °C) (closed cup)

14 °C (open cup); -8.33 °C (closed cup)

22 def F /open cup/

-6 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

For more Solubility (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethane (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In water, 5,040 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils.

Soluble in acetone; very soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether

Miscible with oxygenated and chlorinated solvents.

Readily soluble in all liquid chlorinated hydrocarbons and in a large variety of other organic solvents (ethers, alcohols)

In water, 5,100 mg/L, temp not specified

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.6 (poor)

1.174 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.175 at 20 °C/4 °C; 1.1680 at 25 °C/4 °C

Liquid thermal conductivity at 35 °F: 0.804 BTU-in/hr-sq ft-deg F; saturated vapor density 0.07032 lb/cu ft at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.757 @ 20°C

3.44 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.44 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

234 mmHg at 77 °F ; 182 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

1,1-DICHLOROETHANE can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. It is incompatible with strong bases. Contact with strong caustics will cause formation of flammable and toxic gas. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992)

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents

Strong oxidizers, strong caustics.

Reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Reacts violently with strong oxidizers, alkali metals, earth-alkali metals, powdered metals, causing fire and explosion hazard. Contact with strong caustic will produce flammable and toxic acetaldehyde gas. Attacks aluminum, iron. Attacks some plastics (including polyethylene) and coatings.

Strong oxidizers, strong caustics

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,1-Dichloroethane is a colorless, oily liquid. It is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of vinyl chloride and of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. It is also a grain fumigant and has limited use as a solvent for plastics, oils, fats, paint, and varnishes. 1,1-Dichloroethane is used in the manufacture of high vacuum rubber and silicone grease. The chemical can also be used as a coupling agent in antiknock gasoline, for metal degreasing, organic synthesis, and ore floatation. It was formerly used as an anesthetic but it is of no importance in this field today. HUMAN STUDIES: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include liver and kidney damage, skin and eye irritation, dermatitis, skin burns, unconsciousness, CNS depression, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, faintness, irritation of the respiratory tract, salivation, sneezing, coughing, dizziness, lacrimation, reddening of the conjunctiva, cyanosis, and circulatory failure. ANIMAL STUDIES: No toxic effects were observed in rabbits dermally exposed to an upper limit dose of 2 mL 1,1-dichloroethane/kg bw for 24 hr during a 14-day observation period. In a study of acute toxicity to adult male rats, there was significant mortality at a concentration of 8.0 g/kg. Intraperitoneal doses of 1000 mg/kg produced no renal necrosis in mice but some evidence of tubular swelling was reported. Urinary protein was increased after injection of 2000 mg/kg and urinary glucose increased after 4000 mg/kg. Rats survived an 8 hr inhalation exposure to 4000 ppm but were killed at 16,000 ppm. Anesthetic effects in mice that inhaled 8,000-10,000 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane for 2 hours were observed, with a minimal lethal dose of 17,300 ppm. Single intraperitoneal injections of 150, 300, 500, and 750 mg 1,1-dichloroethane/kg bw to guinea pigs failed to elicit a change in serum ornithine carbamoyl transferase activity and produced no histological changes in the liver. Pregnant female rats were exposed on days 6 to 15 of gestation to 3800 or 6000 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane vapors, 7 hr/day. No effect occurred in either the dams or fetuses except for slight but statistically significant decreases in food consumption and weight gain by the dams and delayed ossification in the fetuses. No teratological effects were related to exposures. Liver weights of a group of nonpregnant rats were increased by similar exposure, but no histological changes were apparent grossly or microscopically. Chronic 1,1-dichloroethane exposure led to increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas and hemangiosarcomas in female rats and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and benign uterine polyps in mice. 1,1-Dichloroethane has a genotoxic potential as measured by the bone marrow chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei formation tests in mice. Test for cytogenetic effects in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells indicated that 1,1-dichloroethane induced sister-chromatid exchanges, but did not cause an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations either with or without metabolic activation. It was not mutagenic in Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dichloroethane is most commonly used in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (1,2-dichloroethane). HUMAN STUDIES: Laboratory investigations were carried out on 280 workers exposed to vinyl chloride and dichloroethane. Some hematological indices and liver function were examined. A case of vinyl chloride disease was reported in which the combined effect of vinyl chloride and dichloroethane was apparent. The acute and subacute toxicity of dichloroethane increased when it was administered under conditions of high temperature. ANIMAL STUDIES: There are no data available.

The limited information available about 1,1-dichloroethane suggests that it may be nephrotoxic, fetotoxic, and possibly carcinogenic. 1,1-Dichloroethane has been observed to enhance cell transformation and results suggest that 1,1-dichloroethane or a metabolite can bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA. It had been reported that 1,1-dichloroethane binds to nucleic acids and proteins in vivo and in vitro. This binding is also mediated by the liver cytochrome-P-450 system. Phenobarbital enhances the extent of covalent macromolecular binding. Hence, metabolites of 1,1-dichloroethane bind to the DNA, RNA, and tissue proteins. (L403)

1,1-Dichloroethane

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Based on PPRTV

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (rats and mice) as shown by an increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas and hemangiosarcomas in female rats and an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and benign uterine polyps in mice. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

TR-066: Bioassay of 1,1-Dichloroethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 75-34-3) (1978 )

01/18/78

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

There were dose-related marginal increases in mammary adenocarcinomas and in hemangiosarcomas among female rats and there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of endometrial stromal polyps among dosed female mice as compared to controls. These findings are indicative of the possible carcinogenic potential of the test compound. However, it must be recognized that under the conditions of this bioassay there was no conclusive evidence for the carcinogenicity of 1,1-dichloroethane in Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice.

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

1,1-dichloroethane can cause kidney disease after long-term, high-level exposure in the air. It is also known to cause liver damage, as well as central nervous system depression. 1,1-Dichloroethane can cause dermatitis on prolonged dermal exposure. (L403, T65)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L404) ; oral (L404) ; dermal (L404) ; eye contact (L404)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Lethargy. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Roughness.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation. Further see Inhalation.

irritation skin; central nervous system depression; liver, kidney, lung damage

Burning sensation, cough, drowsiness, headache, nausea, dullness, salivation, sneezing, and vomiting can follow inhnalation or ingestion of 1,1-dichloroethane. Eye exposure can lead to redness and pain of the contact surface. Dermal exposure can lead to roughness and dry skin. has very little effect on the skin. Especially, persons with existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. (L404, T64)

Neurological (Nervous System), Renal

Skin, liver, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

2 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

2 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

See the IRIS entry for 1,1-Dichloroethane

HEAST Archive

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 13,000 ppm/4hr

LD50: 750 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T69)

LD50: 14.1 g/kg (Oral, Rat) (T70)

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (guppies); Concentration: 202 ppm for 7 days /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae) 15000 cells/mL; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C; Concentration: 42920 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population growth rate

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The responses of 27 organic compounds, mainly chloromethanes, -ethanes, -ethenes, and -phenols, were investigated by exposing rainbow trout fingerlings to low microgram-per-liter concentrations in a darkened flow-through system for up to 1 hr. Responses by the fish were followed continuously by observing ventilation rates (frequency and amplitude), swimming patterns, and general activity using the low-voltage electric fields generated by the fishes' activity. The lowest level of response was found for trichloroethylene at 5 ug/L. Dichloromethane, 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,3-dichloropropene, and allyl acetate were responded to at concentrations of 10 ug/L, carbon tetrachloride at 15 ug/L, and 4-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol at levels of 30 ug/L. Unsubstituted phenol was not responded to at levels of up to 50 ug/L.

/PLANTS/ Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed reactors with hydroponic solutions and were exposed to a chlorinated solvent for a period of two weeks. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.4 mM for perchloroethylene to 0 to 8.4 mM for 1,1-dichloroethane. Effects were assessed by gravimetrically monitoring transpiration and measuring change in cutting mass. The zero-growth concentrations of the chemicals tested were 0.3 mM perchloroethylene, 0.9 mM trichloroethylene, 0.9 mM 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 2.0 mM 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2.3 mM 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 4.8 mM trans-dichloroethylene, 5.6 mM 1,1-dichloroethylene, 6.0 mM cis-dichloroethylene, and 10.7 mM 1,1-dichloroethane. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity effects of dichloromethane and dichloroethane on Chlorella vulgaris at the physiological and molecular level. Data showed that the cell number, chlorophyll a, and total protein content gradually decreased with increasing dichloromethane and dichloroethane concentrations over a 96-hr exposure. Lower doses of two organic solvents had stimulatory effects on catalase and superoxide dismutase activity. Malondialdehyde showed a concentration-dependent increase in response to dichloromethane and dichloroethane exposure. Electron microscopy also showed that there were some chloroplast abnormalities in response to different concentrations of dichloromethane and dichloroethane exposure. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay demonstrated that dichloromethane and dichloroethane reduced the transcript abundance of psaB, whereas that of psbC changed depending on the toxicant after 24 hr of exposure. Dichloromethane and dichloroethane affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes, disrupted the chloroplast ultrastructure, and reduced transcription of photosynthesis-related genes in C. vulgaris, leading to metabolic disruption and cell death.

3.60e+00

1.60e+01

1.80e+00

7.70e+00

2.80e+00

7.50e+01

7.80e-04

5.70e-03

2.00e-01

Volatile

1.69e+03

3.60e+02

1.60e+03

1.80e+02

7.70e+02

2.80e+02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

1,1-Dichloroethane's production and primary use as a feedstock for the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and minor uses as a solvent or in extractions may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1,1-Dichloroethane may occur in the environment as a biodegradation product of 1,1,1-trichloroethane or other chlorinated compounds. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 227 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1-dichloroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1-dichloroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 59 days. 1,1-Dichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1-dichloroethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon Koc values of 30 and 9.2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.62X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1-Dichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane under sulfate-reducing conditions was approximately 115 days using well monitoring data from a landfill with a contamination history, indicating that biodegradation is a slow environmental fate process in soil and water. The biodegradation half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane under anaerobic conditions has been reported to be >30-60 days. If released into water, 1,1-dichloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process given a hydrolysis half-life of 61.3 years at 25 °C and pH 7. Occupational exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-dichloroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,1-dichloroethane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of contaminated drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing 1,1-dichloroethane. (SRC)

There are no known natural sources of 1,1-dichloroethane(1,2). However, it has been reported that 1,1,1-trichloroethane is rapidly biodegraded in anaerobic methanogenic environments, such as those found in landfills, to form 1,1-dichloroethane as the major product(2).

Dichloroethane isomers have been reported in fumaroles and lava gas samples from four volcanoes (Kuju, Satsuma, Iwojima, Mt. Etna)(1).

1,1-Dichloroethane's production and primary use as a feedstock for the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and minor uses as a solvent or in extractions(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1,1-Dichloroethane may occur in the environment as a biodegradation product of 1,1,1-trichloroethane or other chlorinated compounds(2). Emissions to the atmosphere comprise >98% of all releases of 1,1-dichloroethane to the environment according to 2012 figures reported by the EPA Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Program(2).

One source of chloroethanes in the environment may be from "EDC-tars." EDC-tars (ie ethylene dichloride tars) are by-products of vinyl chloride synthesis. The total by-products are about 4% of the vinyl chloride synthesis. In 1974 this amounted to 800 million pounds of EDC-tar. /Chloroethanes/

Aquatic and Atmospheric Fate: Chloroethanes are expected to be present in industrial air and water emissions. They volatilize rapidly from surface water and persist in urban atmospheres. Hydrolysis and biodegradation are expected to be slow. /Chloroethanes/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 30(2) and 9.2(3) indicate that 1,1-dichloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-dichloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 5.62X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,1-Dichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 227 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). The half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane under sulfate-reducing conditions was approximately 115 days using well monitoring data from a landfill with a contamination history(6), indicating that biodegradation is a slow environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 30(2) and 9.2(3) indicate that 1,1-dichloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.62X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.79(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane under sulfate-reducing conditions was approximately 115 days using well monitoring data from a landfill with a contamination history(9), indicating that biodegradation is a slow environmental fate process in water(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process(SRC) given a hydrolysis half-life of 61.3 years at 25 °C and pH 7(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-dichloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 227 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1-dichloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 59 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.74X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1,1-Dichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons are generally considered to be resistant to biodegradation(1). Using an aerobic static-screening-flask test method with a municipal waste water sewage inoculum, 5 and 10 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane incubated for 7 days resulted in 50 and 29% degradation, and 19 and 4% evaporation, respectively(2). No degradation was detected when 1,1-dichloroethane was incubated for 8-16 weeks with uncontaminated samples of subsurface material taken from positions immediately above and below the water table at Pickett, OK and Fort Polk, LA(3). Using well monitoring data from a landfill with a contamination history, the half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane under sulfate-reducing conditions at 10 °C was approximated to be 115 days(4). A soil microcosm study simulating gas composition in landfill soil covers found that 1,1-dichloroethane was degraded, but at a rate much slower than 1,2-dichloroethane(5).

ANAEROBIC: The biodegradation half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane under anaerobic conditions has been reported to be >30-60 days(1).

AEROBIC: Dichloroethane, present at 50 mg/L, was 25% biodegraded in 26 days in the manometric respirometry test; inoculum was not acclimated prior to test(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dichloroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined to be 2.74X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 59 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). 1,1-Dichloroethane in a bulb with air had a half-life of 17 weeks when left outdoors(3); hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide were formed in the degradation(3). Based on aqueous hydrolysis studies conducted over a range of temperatures and pH values (pH 3-12), the hydrolysis half-life of 1,1-dichloroethane at 25 °C and pH 7 was determined to be 61.3 years(4); the neutral hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C was 2.15X10-8/min and the base-catalyzed hydrolysis rate constant at 25 °C was 7.20X10-14/min(4). 1,1-Dichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated in fish for 1,1-dichloroethane(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.79(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). All of the chloroethanes have an elimination half-life of < 2 days as measured by whole body levels in exposed bluegills(4).

The measured Koc of 1,1-dichloroethane in soil has been reported to be 30(1,2). Sorption studies using sea sediment taken from the Belgian Continental Shelf of the North Sea in October 1993 determined a Koc of 9.2(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that 1,1-dichloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil. 1,1-Dichloroethane was readily leached from material representative of waste at land disposal sites(5) and was found in leachate from a simulated landfill lysimeter used to study the codisposal of metal plating sludge and municipal waste(6).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-dichloroethane is 5.62X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 24 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1-dichloroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). 1,1-Dichloroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1,1-Dichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 227 mm Hg(3). Values of the evaporation rate constant of 1,1-dichlorethane from water to the oxygen reaeration rate constant have been reported as 0.55(4), 0.62(5), and 0.71(6).

GROUNDWATER: 1,1-Dichloroethane was detected in the Potomac-Raritan Magothy aquifer system along the Delaware River in SW New Jersey; 6.6% of 315 wells tested positive(1). It was not detected (detection limit 1 ppb) in monitoring wells underlying the Amphenol metal plating plant in Broadview, IL(2). 1,1-Dichloroethane was found in groundwater underlying 7 of 13 municipal Minnesota landfills with suspected groundwater contamination at a concentration of 0.5-1900 ppb but not in 7 others with no suspected contamination (detection limit not specified)(3). Samples of groundwater around Miami Drum Disposal site, Biscayne Aquifer - water supply for Dade County, FL contained concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 14 ppb with the higher concentration at 13-31 meter depth and lower concentration at 3 meters(4). Nine US shallow groundwater samples showed that 5.3% of 208 urban wells sampled contained 1,1-dichloroethane with a maximum concentration of 2.2 ug/L, reporting limit of 0.2 ug/L(5). Results of a 1996 study showed that 1,1-dichloroethane was detected in groundwater from the Glassboro region of Southern New Jersey at a detection frequency of 5%, and at a concentration greater than 0.1 ug/L(6). Groundwater samples near the Orange County Florida landfill in 1989-1993 contained 1,1-dichloroethane concentrations of 0.07-10.84 ug/L(7). In a survey of groundwater conducted by the US federal agencies in 9 states, a maximum concentration of 11,330 ug/L was reported; 18 % of samples were positive(8). Groundwater samples (well water) collected from industrial sites in Taiwan in 1999 contained 1,1-dichloroethane levels of 900-1000 ug/L(9).

DRINKING WATER: 1,1-Dichloroethane was not detected in drinking water of Love Canal residents(1). In a US Groundwater Supply Survey of 954 supplies derived from groundwater chosen both randomly and on the basis that they may contain VOC's, 41 samples tested positive for 1,1-dichloroethane with a 0.6 ppb median concentration of positives and a 4.2 ppb maximum(2). Bank-filtered tap water from the Rhine River in the Netherlands contained a maximum 1,1-dichloroethane concentration of 500 parts per trillion(3). The compound was detected in 30 Canadian treatment plants, all serving large centers of population, at a <1 ppb concentration, with 2 and 3% detection frequency in raw and treated water, respectively, during Aug-Sept 1979(4); <1 ppb concentration, with 0 and 2% detection frequency in raw and treated water, respectively, during Nov-Dec 1979(4). Studies in the UK reported 1,1-dichloroethane was detected in 1 of 14 water supplies tested(5); the sample source was a river/lowland reservoir(5). According to US federal studies, 21.4% of monitored drinking water wells contained 1,1-dichloroethane(6). In Iowa, where 127 wells from 58 public water supplies were analyzed, 5 wells from four different public water supplies contained residues of 1-24 ppb 1,1-dichloroethane(7). A polluted drinking water well in Maine contained a 1,1-dichloroethane concentration of 7 ppb(8). It was detected, not quantified, in 11 of 1000 Wisconsin wells(9). Drinking water in New Jersey contained 105-142 ng/L(10). A US Geological Survey of 954 community water systems (1999-2000) detected 1,1-dichloroethane in 11 of 956 samples (detection limit of 0.036 ug/L)(11). 1,1-Dichloroethane was detected in 2.3% of 130 groundwater well samples collected during 2008 and 2009 from five alluvial plains in East China at a maximum concentration of 0.6 ug/L(12). A California analysis of 13,347 California groundwater sources of drinking water found 1,1-dichloroethane in 68 samples with concentrations ranging from 0.51 to 30 ppb(13); 1,1-dichloroethane was not found in any of the 754 surface water sources of drinking water sampled(13). In a US Geological Survey assessment of the quality of source water from public supply wells in the United States from 1993 to 2007, 1,1-dichloroethane was detected in 7.7% of 832 samples, and 1.4% of the samples contained greater than or equal to 0.2 ug/L(13); the maximum concentration of 1,1-dichloroethane detected was 4.878 ug/L(13).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U076, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Potential candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also a potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence time of seconds. Also a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time of seconds.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for 1,1-dichloroethane: Concentration process: Stripping.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethane (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2362; 1,1-Dichloroethane

IMO 3; 1,1-Dichloroethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. 1,1-Dichloroethane is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. 1,1-Dichloroethane is included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Liquid

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: F, Xn; R: 11-22-36/37-52/53; S: (2)-16-23-61

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II