Vinylidene chloride

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 556) of reports.

H224 (99.6%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302+H332 (18.9%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (28.1%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (35.4%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (94.4%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372 (26.6%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H412 (24.3%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 556 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 556 reports by companies.

There are 17 notifications provided by 555 of 556 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P318, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P331, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P318, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to source of ignition and flash back. ... Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Remove all ignition sources. Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic vapours of low boiling point adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidfy encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U078, D029 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. ... Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Store only if stabilized. Fireproof. Keep in the dark. Cool. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Air and moisture sensitive. Light sensitive. Store under inert gas. Over time, pressure may increase causing containers to burst.

Vinylidene chloride must be stored in tanks that have nickel, baked phenolic, or glass linings.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. May form peroxides in storage. High concentrations cause a deficiency of oxygen with the risk of unconsciousness or death. Check that oxygen content is at least 19% before entering storage or spill area. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045. ... Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration is not present. Vinylidene chloride must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers, such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates, and strong acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric, since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat. Protect storage containers from physical damage. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where vinylidene chloride is handled, used, stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of vinylidene chloride should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of vinylidene chloride. Wherever vinylidene chloride is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings. Procedures for handling, use, and storage of cylinders should be in compliance with OSHA 1910.101 and 1910.169, as with the recommendations of the Compressed Gas Association.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Do not store in aluminum. Separate from air, light, heat, strong oxidizing materials. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.0 [ppm]

5.0 [ppm]

500 [ppm]

1000 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

none See Appendix G

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers vinylidene chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 5 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

5 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

5 ppm [1992]

8.0 mg/m

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.02 ppm (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.009 mg/kg/day (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: Insufficient data - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 500 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 1,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for 1,1-dichloroethylene:[Table#3733]

DOE Protective Action Criteria (PAC): Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs) for Vinylidene chloride: TEEL-0: 5 ppm; PAC-1: 75 ppm; PAC-2: 500 ppm; PAC-3: 1000 ppm (TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects; PAC-1: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor; PAC-2: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their abilities to take protective action; PAC-3: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects).

National occupational exposure limits for vinylidine chloride[Table#3735]

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Exposure far above the OEL could cause lowering of consciousness.

Vinylidene chloride, stabilized appears as a clear colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Flash point 0 °F. Boiling point 99 °F. Denser (at 10.1 lb / gal) than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. May polymerize exothermically if heated or contaminated. If the polymerization takes place inside a container, the container may rupture violently. Vapors heavier than air.

Colorless liquid or gas (above 89 degrees F) with a mild, sweet, chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH]

VOLATILE COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid or gas (above 89 °F) with a mild, sweet, chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Colorless liquid or gas (above 89 degrees F)

Mild, sweet odor resembling that of chloroform

89.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

31.6 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-188.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

-122.5 °C

Latent heat of fusion: 6.51 kJ/mol at melting point

-188.5 °F

-122.56 °C

14 °F (NTP, 1992)

-19 °C (-2 °F) - closed cup

0 °F (open cup)

-19 °F (-28 °C) - closed cup

-19 °C (Closed cup), -15 °C (Open cup)

-17 °C (Closed cup)

-25 °C c.c.

5 to 10 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 2,420 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

0.63 g/100 g water at 50 °C (solubility at saturation vapor pressure)

In water: 3.5 g/l at 4 °C; 3.0 g/l at 16 °C

Soluble in ethanol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride; very soluble in ethyl ether, chloroform.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.25 (very poor)

1.21 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2129 at 20 °C/4 °C

Liquid density at 0 °C: 1.2517 g/cu m

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.213 @ 20°C

3.25 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.25 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.3

500 mmHg at 68 °F ; 591 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

600.0 [mmHg]

600 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 66.5

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

Peroxidizable monomer, such as VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE, may initiate exothermic polymerization of the bulk material [Bretherick 1979. p. 160, 187]. Mixing vinylidene chloride in equal molar portions in a closed container with any of the following substances caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, or oleum [NFPA 1991]. Its reaction products with ozone are particularly dangerous [Dow Chemical, 1968]. This may extend to other powerful oxidants, as various peroxides are produced.

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, copper, aluminum, and its alloys, peroxides, strong bases, oxygen.

At ambient temperature, perchloryl fluoride is unreactive with 1,1-dichloroethylene, but reaction is explosive at 100-300 °C, or if the mixture is ignited.

Condensation of trichlorotrifluoroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene at 180 °C under pressure to give 1,1,2-trichloro-2,3,3-triflurorocyclobutane was effected smoothly several times in a 1 L autoclave. Scaling up to a 3 L preparation led to uncontrolled polymerization which distorted the larger autoclave.

A coating of vinylidine chloride polymer on the inside of a 2-inch pipe exploded when the pipe touched a fitting on a tank car.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Aluminum, sunlight, air, copper, heat [Note: Polymerization may occur if exposed to oxidizers, chlorosulfonic acid, nitric acid, or oleum. Inhibitors such as the monomethyl ether of hydroquinone are added to prevent polymerization.]

Vinylidene chloride

A: Compounds that form explosive levels of peroxides without concentration

C: Compounds that autopolymerize due to peroxide formation if inhibitors are depleated or not present

Several cases of peroxide accumulation during storage and subsequent detonation upon handling and disposal are described. See Bretherick's.

Reinhardt, R. C., Chem. Eng. News, 1947, 25, 2136

Harmon, 1974, iv, 2.21

Warren, H. S. et al., Chem. Abs., 1978, 89, 219959

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) is a colorless liquid. It is used as a captive intermediate in the production of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b), in the production of chloroacetyl chloride, and in the production of homo-, co-, and terpolymers (latex and resin). The polymers are used in a variety of consumer products, including food packaging, textiles, and outdoor furniture. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, throat, dizziness, headache, nausea, dyspnea, liver and kidney dysfunction, pneumonitis. Acute exposure to high concentrations of 1,1-DCE in air results in CNS depression. Repeated exposures to low concentrations are associated with liver and renal dysfunction. Contact with the eye causes conjunctivitis and transient corneal injury. Skin contact with 1,1-DCE causes irritation, which may be due partly to the presence of an inhibitor, hydroquinone monomethyl ether. In one epidemiological study of 138 workers exposed to 1,1-DCE in the United States, no excess of cancer was found, but follow-up was incomplete, and nearly 40% of the workers had less than 15 years' latency since first exposure. In a study in the Federal Republic of Germany of 629 workers exposed to 1,1-DCE, seven deaths from cancer (five bronchial carcinomas) were reported. This number was not in excess of the expected value. Two cases of bronchial carcinoma were found in workers, both of whom were 37 years old, whereas 0.07 were expected for persons aged 35 to 39 years. Three reports suggest an association between exposure to dichloroethylenes and birth defects. However, all of these situations involved exposure to multiple contaminants, so a cause-and-effect relationship between the reported birth defects and exposure to 1,1-DCE cannot be established. Hepatotoxicity has been observed in humans after repeated exposure to 1,1-DCE, presumably by the inhalation route. ANIMAL STUDIES: One study shows no evidence that 1,1-DCE causes skin sensitization. Following high-dose exposure by the oral or inhalation route, the target organs in experimental animals are the liver, the kidney, and the Clara cells of the lung. Following low-dose, long-term exposure, the liver is the major target organ in rats following oral or inhalation exposure, but the kidney is the major target organ in mice following inhalation exposure. Bioassays for cancer by the oral route of exposure have been conducted in rats, mice, and trout. Although these bioassays have protocol limitations, none provides any significant evidence that 1,1-DCE is a carcinogen by the oral route of exposure. Bioassays for cancer by the inhalation route of exposure have been conducted in rats, mice, and hamsters. One bioassay in male mice showed an increase in the incidence of kidney adenocarcinomas at one exposure level. There is evidence that the induction of kidney adenocarcinomas is a sex- and species-specific response related to the expression of CYP2E1 in the kidney of male mice. 1,1-DCE causes gene mutations in microorganisms in the presence of metabolic activation. Most tests with mammalian cells in vitro or in vivo show no evidence of genotoxicity. No reproductive or developmental toxicity was observed at an oral exposure that caused minimal toxicity in the liver of the dams. An increased incidence of total cardiac malformations of 12-13% was recorded in pups from rats imbibing water containing either 0.15 ppm or 110 ppm 1,1-DCE over a period of 2 months prior to and subsequently the whole pregnancy period (controls had a 3% incidence of similar cardiac anomalie). An increased incidence of cardiac terata was also reported when utilizing method of continuous infusion of the chemical directly into the gravid rat uterus via implanted osmotic pumps. 1,1-DCE was a cardiac teratogen in the chick embryo, cardiac anomalies included atrial and ventricular septal defects, malformations of all valves, and great vessel abnormalities. There is evidence of fetal toxicity (delayed ossification) following inhalation exposure in the absence of maternal toxicity. The toxicity of 1,1-DCE is associated with cytochrome P450-catalyzed metabolism of 1,1-DCE to reactive intermediates that bind covalently to cellular macromolecules. The extent of binding is inversely related to loss of GSH, so that severity of tissue damage parallel the decline in GSH. Thus, the responses to 1,1-DCE at low doses with little depletion of GSH are expected to be very different from the responses at high doses causing substantial GSH depletion. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: An 18-month carcinogenicity study of 1,1-DCE in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (8 weeks old) at 4 mg/kg body weight per day was conducted. 1,1-DCE was incorporated in the feed. Tissues examined for neoplasms included liver, kidney, spleen, gill, gonads, thymus, thyroid, heart, stomach, pyloric caeca, duodenum, rectum, pancreas, and swimbladder. 1,1-DCE produced no neoplasms at the exposure levels used and no increase in liver weight. There was no evidence of any other chronic toxic effects.

1,1-Dichloroethene toxicity is caused by its reactive metabolites, which include epoxides, acyl chlorides, and halogenated aldehydes generated via oxidation by cytochrome P-450 2E1. These metabolites, especially 2,2-dichloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroacetyl chloride, damage the liver by binding to cellular macromolecules. They also form glutathione S conjugates by the action of glutathione S-transferases located in the hepatic cytosol and microsomes. These are delivered to the kidney, where renal processing by beta-lyase and cysteine conjugate S-oxidase lead to nephrotoxic products. The metabolites are also known to damage the bronchiolar Clara cells in the lung. (L185)

1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE)

5 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

1,1-Dichloroethylene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of vinylidene chloride. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of vinylidene chloride. Overall evaluation: Vinylidene chloride is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /To be changed to Group 2B (Possibly carcinogenic to humans) in a volume still in progress/

Under the 1986 cancer guidelines (U.S. EPA, 1986), 1,1-DCE is assigned to Group C, possible human carcinogen. Under the draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), EPA concludes 1,1-DCE exhibits suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity but not sufficient evidence to assess human carcinogenic potential following inhalation exposure in studies in rodents. Male mice developed kidney tumors at one exposure in a lifetime bioassay, a finding tempered by the absence of similar results in female mice or male or female rats and by the enzymatic differences (i.e., CYP2E1) between male mice and female mice, male and female rats, and human kidney cells. Limited evidence of genotoxicity has been reported in bacterial systems with metabolic activation. The data for 1,1-DCE are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential by the oral route, based on the absence of statistically or biologically significant tumors in limited bioassays in rats and mice balanced against the suggestive evidence in male mice in a single bioassay by inhalation and the limited evidence of genotoxicity. The human epidemiological results on the carcinogenicity of 1,1-DCE are too limited to draw useful conclusions. EPA concludes that the results of kidney tumors in one sex and one exposure in a single species of rodents are too limited to support an exposure-response assessment.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Vinylidene chloride

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 39: (1986) Some Chemicals Used in Plastics and Elastomers

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Volume 119: (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents

Vinylidene Chloride

TR-582: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Vinylidene Chloride (CASRN 75-35-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (2015 )

10/29/13

Clear Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of this 2-year inhalation study, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity (see summary of the peer review panel comments and the public discussion on this Technical Report in Appendix M) of vinylidene chloride in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of malignant mesothelioma. Increased incidences of renal tubule carcinoma and respiratory epithelium adenoma in the nose of male rats were also considered to be related to vinylidene chloride exposure. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of vinylidene chloride in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of C-cell adenoma or carcinoma in the thyroid gland and systemic mononuclear cell leukemia. Occurrences of malignant mesothelioma may have been related to vinylidene chloride exposure. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of vinylidene chloride in male B6C3F1/N mice based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenoma and carcinoma. Increased incidences of hepatocholangiocarcinoma may have been related to vinylidene chloride exposure. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of vinylidene chloride in female B6C3F1/N mice based on increased incidences of systemic hemangioma or hemangiosarcoma (combined). Hepatocholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in the liver of female mice were also considered to be related to vinylidene chloride exposure. Increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinoma in the lungs and carcinoma of the small intestine may have been related to treatment.

Exposure to vinylidene chloride caused increases in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions in the nose of rats and mice, the liver of rats, the lung of male rats, and the kidney of male mice.

TR-228: Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Vinylidene Chloride (CASRN 75-35-4) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Study) (1982 )

02/18/81

No Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, vinylidene chloride administered by gavage was not carcinogenic for F344/N rats or B6C3F1/N mice of either sex. However, since the use of a maximum tolerated dose in this study has not been clearly demonstrated and since previously reported studies have shown that carcinogenicity is associated with inhalation exposure to vinylidene chloride, this study should not be taken as proof that the chemical is not a carcinogen.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

1,1-Dichloroethene mainly affects the central nervous system. It may lead to sedation, inebriation, convulsions, spasms, and unconsciousness. 1,1-Dichloroethene may also damage the livers, kidneys, and lungs. (L185, L186)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, throat; dizziness, headache, nausea, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); liver, kidney disturbance; pneumonitis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

1,1-Dichloroethene mainly affects the central nervous system and may lead to sedation, inebriation, convulsions, spasms, and unconsciousness. It also irritates the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin upon contact. (L185)

Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) topical (artificial soil) >1000 mg/kg for 28 days

LC50; Species: Mysidopsis bahia (Mysid shrimp); Conditions: static bioassay using seawater; Concentration: >798 mg/L for 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr; 224 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (Inland silverside); Conditions: static bioassay in synthetic seawater, 23 °C, mild aeration; Concentration: 250 ppm for 96 hr

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (Green alga); Concentration: >798,000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis; cell count /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... An 18-month carcinogenicity study of 1,1-DCE in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (8 weeks old) at 4 mg/kg body weight per day /was conducted/. 1,1-DCE was incorporated in the feed. Tissues examined for neoplasms included liver, kidney, spleen, gill, gonads, thymus, thyroid, heart, stomach, pyloric caeca, duodenum, rectum, pancreas, and swimbladder. 1,1-DCE produced no neoplasms at the exposure levels used and no increase in liver weight. There was no evidence of any other chronic toxic effects.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... The toxicity of 1,1-DCE to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) /was measured/ in a study conducted according to OECD guidelines. After exposure in an artificial soil mixture, a 28-day LC50 value of >1000 mg/kg dry soil was established. Exposure to 1,1-DCE in the range of 100 to 1000 mg/kg soil resulted in a significant weight reduction of tested worms.

/PLANTS/ The hybrid diploid clone 4430- of the plant Tradescantia is heterozygous for a flower color locus. Its blue phenotype is the product of the dominant blue allele, and its pink phenotype is controlled by a recessive pink allele unmasked by mutation or deletion of the blue allele. Somatic cell mutants in the filamentous stamen hair are scored to measure mutagenic effect. The plant is used for tests conducted in the field and laboratory alike, and it is uniquely suited for the detection of gaseous mutagens.

/PLANTS/ Effects of a series of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) were assessed in laboratory experiments. Poplar cuttings were grown in sealed reactors with hydroponic solutions and were exposed to a chlorinated solvent for a period of two weeks. Exposure concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.4 mM for perchloroethylene to 0 to 8.4 mM for 1,1-dichloroethane. Effects were assessed by gravimetrically monitoring transpiration and measuring change in cutting mass. The zero-growth concentrations of the chemicals tested were 0.3 mM perchloroethylene, 0.9 mM trichloroethylene, 0.9 mM 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 2.0 mM 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2.3 mM 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 4.8 mM trans-dichloroethylene, 5.6 mM 1,1-dichloroethylene, 6.0 mM cis-dichloroethylene, and 10.7 mM 1,1-dichloroethane. Adverse effects were found to increase with increasing number of chlorine atoms within a homologous series of ethenes or ethanes. Ethenes were more toxic than similarly chlorinated ethanes.

4.80e+00

2.00e+01

4.10e+00

1.70e+01

8.20e+00

7.00e+00

2.90e-03

2.50e-03

5.00e-02

3.96e-03

Volatile

1.19e+03

1.40e+01

6.00e+01

1.20e+01

5.20e+01

2.50e+01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

1,1-Dichloroethylene's production and use in polymers and organic synthesis and as an intermediate in the production of vinylidene polymer plastics, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 600 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1-dichloroethylene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1-dichloroethylene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.5 and 27 days, respectively. When adsorbed on silica gel, 1,1-dichloroethylene undergoes photolysis; approximately 72% of it degrades on exposure to 170 hours of sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1-dichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility based upon Koc values of 64-65. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0261 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1-Dichloroethylene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 1,1-Dichloroethylene had a biodegradation rate of 0.050 ug/g soil/hr in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane. Under simulated landfill anaerobic conditions, 1,1-dichloroethylene degraded in 1-3 weeks. If released into water, 1,1-dichloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. In anaerobic microcosms designed to simulate a groundwater environment, 50% of the 1,1-dichloroethylene disappeared in 5-6 months. However, 1,1-dichloroethylene had a biodegradation half-life of 1.25 years in ground water from a former manufacturing facility in New Jersey. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively. BCFs of <13, measured in fish, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. A hydrolysis half-life of 6-9 months has been observed for 1,1-dichloroethylene at pH 4.5 to 8.5. Occupational exposure to 1,1-dichloroethylene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-dichloroethylene is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,1-dichloroethylene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing 1,1-dichloroethylene. (SRC)

1,1-Dichloroethylene is not known to occur as a natural product(1).

1,1-Dichloroethylene's production and use in polymers and organic synthesis(1) and as an intermediate in the production of vinylidene polymer plastics, such as Saran products(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 64-65(2-3), indicate that 1,1-dichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-dichloroethylene from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0261 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,1-Dichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 600 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). 1,1-Dichloroethylene had a biodegradation rate of 0.050 ug/g soil/hr in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane(6). Under simulated landfill anaerobic conditions, 1,1-dichloroethylene degraded in 1-3 weeks(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 64-65(2-3), indicate that 1,1-dichloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0261 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). A hydrolysis half-life of 6-9 months has been observed for 1,1-dichloroethylene at pH 4.5 to 8.5(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCFs of <13 measured in carp(8), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. In anaerobic microcosms designed to simulate a groundwater environment, 50% of the 1,1-dichloroethylene disappeared in 5-6 months(9). However, 1,1-dichloroethylene had a biodegradation half-life of 1.25 years in ground water from a former manufacturing facility in New Jersey(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-dichloroethylene, which has a vapor pressure of 600 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1-dichloroethylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl and nitrate radicals, and ozone(SRC); the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 1.5 days, 27 days and 7.9 years(SRC), calculated from respective rate constants of 1.09X10-11(3), 1.23X10-15(4) and 3.98X10-21(5) cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C. Under photochemical smog situations with nitrogen dioxide present, 1,1-dichloroethylene decomposes rapidly (half-life <2 hr)(6).

AEROBIC: 1,1-Dichloroethylene, present at 9.7 mg/L, reached 0% of its Theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 2 mg/L and the Closed Bottle Test(1). In another study, 45-78% of the chemical was lost in 7 days when incubated with a wastewater inoculum; however, a sizeable fraction of the loss was due to volatilization(2). In a municipal wastewater plant, 97% of 1,1-dichloroethylene was reported to be removed(3). 1,1-Dichloroethylene at a concentration of 160 ug/L was degraded using continuous mixed, batch-fed reactors at a 20-day operating solids retention time(4). 1,1-Dichloroethylene had a biodegradation half-life of 1.25 yrs in ground water from a former manufacturing facility in New Jersey(5). 1,1-Dichloroethylene had a biodegradation rate of 0.050 ug/g soil/hour in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane(6).

ANAEROBIC: Using microcosms designed to simulate the anaerobic conditions in groundwater, 50% of the 1,1-dichloroethylene disappeared in 5-6 months(1). Under simulated anaerobic landfill conditions, degradation occurred in 1-3 weeks(2). 1,1-Dichloroethylene underwent reductive dechlorination to vinyl chloride(1-2). In another anaerobic biodegradation study that used materials from an aquifer that receive municipal landfill leachate and is known to support methanogenesis, 1,1-dichloroethylene disappeared in 40 weeks(3). However, no significant degradation occurred for 16 weeks(3). An effluent concentration of 2 ug/L was measured using continuous mixed, batch-fed reactors at a 53-day operating solids retention time with 1,1-dichloroethylene influent at a concentration of 120 ug/L(4). 1,1-Dichloroethylene had a anaerobic rate coefficient of 0.0040-0.0086/day(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dichloroethylene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.09X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dichloroethylene with ozone is 3.98X10-21 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.9 years at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-dichloroethylene with photochemically-produced nitrate radicals has been measured as 1.23X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 27 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(5).

Under photochemical smog situations with nitrogen dioxide present, 1,1-dichloroethylene decomposes rapidly (half-life <2 hr)(1). Products which are formed in the photooxidation of 1,1-dichloroethylene in the presence of nitrogen oxides include chloroacetyl chloride, phosgene, formaldehyde, formic acid, hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and nitric acid(1-2). When adsorbed on silica gel, 1,1-dichloroethylene undergoes photolysis; approximately 72% of it degraded when exposed to 170 hrs of sunlight(3). In water, the photooxidation of 1,1-dichloroethylene is negligible(4). A hydrolysis half-life of 6-9 months has been observed for 1,1-dichloroethylene at pH 4.5 to 8.5(5). Another study showed a hydrolysis half-life of 182 days(6). These values differ markedly from the estimated hydrolytic half-life of 2 years at pH 7(7). The extrapolated environmental base-catalyzed hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 7 for 1,1-dichloroethylene was 1.2X10+8 years(8).

BCFs of <13 and 2.5-6.4 were reported using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed to 0.05 and 0.5 mg/L of 1,1-dichloroethylene, respectively, over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Koc for 1,1-dichloroethylene has been measured as 64(1) and 65(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 1,1-dichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility in soil. A Koc of 293 was measured in sewage solids(4).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-dichloroethylene is reported as 0.0261 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1-dichloroethylene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). 1,1-Dichloroethylene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1-dichloroethylene from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon a vapor pressure of 600 mm Hg(3).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U078, D029 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. ... Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

/GUIDE 130P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1-Dichloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1303 130P

1303 130P(inhibited)

UN 1303; Vinylidene chloride, stabilized

IMO 3; Vinylidene chloride, stabilized

49 072 80; Vinylidene chloride, inhibited

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Vinylidene chloride, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Vinylidene chloride, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Vinylidene chloride, stabilized/

Flammable Liquid

Airtight. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: F+, Xn; R: 12-20-40; S: (2)-7-16-29-36/37-46; Note: D

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I