1,1-difluoroethane

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.7% (5 of 678) of reports.

H220 (95%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (77.9%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 678 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 5 of 678 reports by companies.

There are 20 notifications provided by 673 of 678 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 1 of 1 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P203, P210, P222, P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P319, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

INHALATION: remove to fresh air; use artificial respiration if necessary.

EYES: get medical attention if liquid has entered eyes.

SKIN: soak in lukewarm water (for frostbite). (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use carbon dioxide, powder, water spray. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinquish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantitites of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors.

· Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

· In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove vapour with fine water spray. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources ... Remove vapor with fine water spray. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding). Use non-sparking handtools.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

10000 [ppm]

15000 [ppm]

25000 [ppm]

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: 10,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 15,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 25,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Global Warming Potential (GWP): Chemical: HFC-152a; GWP: 124 (100-Year Time Horizon)

Emergency Response Planning Guidlines (ERPGs) for 1,1-difluoroethane:[Table#5260]

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 1000 ppm. Last Revised: 2005.

On loss of containment this substance can cause suffocation by lowering the oxygen content of the air in confined areas.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system. This may result in cardiac disorders. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.

Residues of 1,1-difluoroethane are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Aerosol propellant. Limit: For aerosol pesticide formulations used for insect control in food- and feed-handling establishments and animals.

Residues of 1,1-dichloroethane are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: Aerosol propellant. Limit: For aerosol pesticide formulations used for insect control in food- and feed-handling establishments and animals.

Individual breathing devices with air supply; neoprene gloves; protective clothing; eye protection (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding). Use non-sparking handtools.

Use ventilation.

Cold-insulating gloves.

1,1-Difluoroethane is colorless, odorless gas shipped as a liquefied gas under its vapor pressure. Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. It is easily ignited. Its vapors are heavier than air and a flame can travel back to the source of leak very easily. This leak can be either a liquid or vapor leak. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Gas Vapor; CBI

Highly flammable, odorless gas shipped as a liquid under pressure; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS ODOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.

Colorless gas

Odorless

52.3 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-24.05 °C

-24.7 °C

-26.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-179 °F (USCG, 1999)

-118.6 °C

< -50 °C (open cup)

Flammable gas

In water, 3.2X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.02 (very poor)

0.95 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.896 c/cu cm at 25 °C, >1 atm

Ratio of specific heats of vapor (gas): 1.141; saturated vp: 83.520 psi at 75 °F; saturated vapor density: 0.96110 lb/cu ft at 75 °F; ideal gas heat capacity: 0.245 Btu/lb at 75 °F

Density (for liquid): 0.91 g/cm³

0.896 @25 °C

2.3 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.3

Vapor pressure: 0.750 mm Hg at -115.2 °C; 7.50 mm Hg at -94.6 °C; 75.0 mm Hg at -66.1 °C; 750 mm Hg at -24.3 °C

4,550 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 516

4550 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 0.75

Henry's Law constant = 2.03X10-2 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

0.263 cP at 50 °F

-7,950 Btu/lb = -4,420 cal/g = -185X10+5 J/kg

19.08 kJ/mol ar 25 °C

11.25 dynes/cm = 0.01125 N/m at 20 °C (liquid)

Index of refraction: 1.3011 at -72 °C

Global Warming Potential (GWP): Chemical: HFC-152a; GWP: 124 (100-Year Time Horizon)

Dipole moment = 2.27 debye

Enthalpy of Formation: 75.0 kJ/mol at 298.15 K

Critical molar volume: 178 cu cm/mol

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Highly flammable.

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as 1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE, are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Low molecular weight haloalkanes are highly flammable and can react with some metals to form dangerous products. Materials in this group are incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they are incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. The reaction of aluminum with various halogenated hydrocarbons produces a self-sustaining reaction with sufficient heat to melt aluminum pieces, examples of other halogenated hydrocarbons are fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane. The vigor of the reaction appears to be dependent on the combined degree of fluorination and the vapor pressure [Chem. Eng. News 39(27):44(1961)].

Incompatible materials: Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Powdered metals, Powdered metal salts

Reacts with amines, reducing agents, strong oxidants, and epoxides.

Reaction with the lighter divalent metals may give much more reactive materials analogous to Grignard reagents. /Haloalkanes/

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,1-Difluoroethane (HFC-152a) is a colorless, odorless gas. The primary uses for HFC-152a are as an aerosol propellant and a foam expansion agent. Other potential uses include refrigeration blends and catalyst regeneration. Intermediate to vinyl fluoride. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Several volunteers were exposed to 500,000 ppm of HFC 152a for several min. Analgesia and an impending loss of consciousness were reported. Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system , resulting in cardiac disorders. Abuse of fluorinated hydrocarbons is on the rise, especially among the adolescent population. Inhaling aerosolized computer-cleaning spray composed of HFC-152a led to marked upper and lower lip facial swelling consistent with angioedema. The patient also had a prolonged QT interval, mild inspiratory stridor, but no urticaria. In other case, acute myocardial injury and global hypokinesis along with rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and fulminant hepatitis developed after 2 days of nearly continuous huffing. A serious but rarely reported complication of halogenated hydrocarbon inhalation abuse is severe mucosal frostbite. HFC-152a showed evidence of weak clastogenicity in an in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration test. ANIMAL STUDIES: HFC-152a has low acute inhalation toxicity. The repeat dose studies show some potential for irritation. HFC-152a has the potential to produce cardiac sensitization in dogs challenged simultaneously with high exposure concentrations and high doses of exogenous epinephrine. HFC-152a had anesthetic properties at a 100,000 ppm exposure level during a 2-week repeated dose inhalation study in rats. No adverse effects were observed in rats following a 3-month inhalation exposure to 25,000 ppm HFC-152a. In a developmental study, female rats were exposed via inhalation up to 50,000 ppm during days 6 to 15 of pregnancy for 6 hours per day. No compound related maternal and developmental effects were observed at any of the concentrations tested. No histopathological or weight effects on reproductive organs were observed in male and female rats exposed up to 25,000 ppm HFC-152a for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 3, 12 or 24 months. . In a 2-year bioassay, HFC-152a was not carcinogenic to rats at inhalation exposure levels up to 25,000 ppm. HFC-152a was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli strains. An in vivo rat Micronucleus Test did not show any evidence of chromosome damage or bone marrow cell toxicity when administered by whole body inhalation.

1,1-Difluoroethane

4 x 10 ^1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness. Suffocation.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

See Skin.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

IRIS Current

LC50 (mice) = 977,000 mg/m3/2H

LC50 Mouse inhalation 369,000 ppm/ 2 hr

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Emergency and supportive measures: Remove the individual from the contaminated environment. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and arrhythmias if they occur. Avoid epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines that may precipitate ventricular arrhythmias. Tachyarrhythmias caused by increased myocardial sensitivity may be treated with propranolol ... , or esmolol ... . Monitor the ECG for 4-6 hours. /Freons and Halons/

Decontamination: Inhalation: Remove victim from exposure and give supplemental oxygen if available. Ingestion: Do not give charcoal or induce vomiting because freons are rapidly absorbed and there is risk of abrupt onset of CNS depression. Consider gastric lavage (or simply aspirate liquid from stomach) if the ingestion was very large and recent (<30-45 minutes). The efficacy of activated charcoal is unknown. /Freons and Halons/

A young female suffered burns to her hand after the ignition of gas from a compressed air duster. After debridement and dressing, the patient continued to have pain out of proportion to injury that was refractory to intravenous morphine. The material safety data sheet revealed that the chemical used was 1,1-difluoroethane. High temperatures can cause decompensation to form hydrofluoric acid. Calcium gluconate gel was applied topically to the patient's burns, which caused prompt and complete relief of her pain...

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Healthy volunteers were exposed to 0, 200 or 1000 ppm 1,1-difluoroethane for 2 hr at light exercise in an exposure chamber. ... Symptom ratings and changes in inflammatory markers revealed no exposure-related effects.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Several volunteers were exposed to 500,000 ppm of HFC 152a for several min. Good analgesia and an impending loss of consciousness were reported.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system, resulting in cardiac disorders [SRP: CARDIAC SENSITIZATION]. Exposure at high levels may result in unconsciousness.

/CASE REPORTS/ Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of mature, lamellar bone within soft tissues other than the periosteum. There are three recognized etiologies of HO: traumatic, neurogenic, and genetic. Presently, there are no definitively documented causal factors of HO. The following factors are presumed to place a patient at higher risk: 60 years of age or older, male, previous HO, hypertrophic osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, prior hip surgery, and surgical risk factors. A 33-year-old male, involved in a motor vehicle crash, sustained an irreducible acetabulum fracture/dislocation, displaced proximal humerus fracture, and an impacted pilon fracture. During the time of injury, he was intoxicated from inhaling the aerosol propellant used in "dust spray" cans (1,1-difluoroethane, C2H4F2). Radiographs identified rapid pathologic bone formation about the proximal humeral metaphysis, proximal femur, elbow, and soft tissue several months following the initial injury. The patient did not have any genetic disorders that could have attributed to the bone formation but had some risk factors (male, fracture with dislocation). Surgically, the recommended precautions were followed to decrease the chance of HO. Although the patient did not have neurogenic injuries, the difluoroethane in dusting spray can cause damage to the central nervous system. Signals may have been mixed causing the patient's body to produce bone instead of tissue to strengthen the injured area. What is unusual in this case is the rate at which the pathological bone formation appeared, which was long outside the 4-6 week window in which HO starts to appear. The authors are not certain as to the cause of this rapid formation but suspect that the patient's continued abuse of inhaled aerosol propellants may be the culprit.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethane (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... No adverse effect was reported at 200,000 ppm for 2 hours of exposure to male albino rats.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of 6 male ChR-CD rats were exposed whole body to concentrations of 0, 66,400, 175,200, 319,000, 383,000 and 437,000 ppm 1,1-difluoroethane for 4 hours. There was one death at the 383,000 ppm concentration and two deaths at 437,000 ppm concentration. During the exposure period, labored breathing, lethargy, and unresponsiveness to sound were observed. Following exposure no clinical signs were observed, and there was no pathology seen at necropsy after the 14-day observation period.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In an acute-inhalation study in rats, there was considerable effusion of fluid from the respiratory tract, indicative of acute irritation of the lungs, at concentrations /greater than or equal to/ 400,000 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ChR-CD rats exposed to 100,000 ppm HFC-152a for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks appeared to be anesthetized during exposure. Although there was a slight increase in urinary fluoride following the last exposure, no other effects were observed in clinical, hematological, blood chemistry, or histopathology endpoints. When exposed at 100,000 ppm for 16 hours/day for 2 months, a mild diffuse infiltration of round cells in the lung (suggestive of mild chronic irritation) was the only finding noted.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethane (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

4.80e+04

2.00e+05

4.20e+04

1.80e+05

8.30e+04

5.00e+00

2.80e+01

4.00e+01

Volatile

4.80e+04

2.00e+05

4.20e+04

1.80e+05

8.30e+04

5.00e+00

2.80e+01

4.00e+01

Volatile

1.43e+03

1.40e+05

6.00e+05

1.30e+05

5.30e+05

2.50e+05

1,1-Difluoroethane's production and use as a refrigerant and synthesis intermediate for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as a foaming agent and aerosol propellant will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4550 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1-difluoroethane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 190-270 days. 1,1-Difluoroethane has reported 20- and 100-Year Global Warming Potentials of 3.3 and 0.9, respectively. 1,1-Difluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 32. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0203 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1-Difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1,1-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.4 hours and 3.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-difluoroethane is produced or used. (SRC)

1,1-Difluoroethane's production and use as a refrigerant(1) and synthesis intermediate for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b)(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a foaming agent(1) and aerosol propellant(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-difluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0203 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1,1-Difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4550 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2016).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0203 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.4 hours and 3.2 days, respectively(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.75(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2016).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-difluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 4550 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 190-270 days(SRC), calculated from rate constants of 2.54X10-14 to 3.6X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3-5). 1,1-Difluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethane's atmospheric life-time has been calculated as 1.5 years with a degradation product of carbonic difluoride(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-difluoroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.54X10-14 to 3.6X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1-3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 190-270 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(4). 1,1-Difluoroethane has reported 20 and 100 Year Global Warming Potential of 3.3 and 0.9, respectively(5). 1,1-Difluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(6). 1,1-Difluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethane's atmospheric life-time has been calculated as 1.5 years with a degradation product of carbonic difluoride(7).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 1,1-difluoroethane(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.75(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1-difluoroethane can be estimated to be 32(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-difluoroethane is reported as 0.0203 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2.4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.2 days(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4550 mm Hg(3).

1,1-Difluoroethane was detected at a rate of 4 kilo tons CO2 equivalents/year in the effluent from an HFC packaging plant in The Netherlands, sampled in 1990(1).

1,1-Difluoroethane is listed as an ingredient in over 160 household products including: auto, commercial/institutional, home maintenance, inside the home, personal care and pesticide products(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 6 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of 1,1-difluoroethane in the United States may be as low as <10 workers up to the range of 500-999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 132,833 workers (116,164 of these are female) were potentially exposed to 1,1-difluoroethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-difluoroethane is produced or used(SRC).

1,1-Difluoroethane concentrations in blood and exhaled air of healthy volunteers after 8-hour simulated exposure decreased rapidly(1). After three cases of death, blood, urine and gastric contents samples were found to contain 1,1-difluoroethane at 99.2-136.2 mg/L, 94.5-191.9 mg/L and 3.6-18.4 mg, respectively(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1030; 1,1-Difluoroethane or Refrigerant Gas R 152a

IMO 2.0; 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant Gas R 152a)

49 057 16; Difluoroethane (R-152A)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. 1,1-Difluoroethane is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. 1,1-Difluoroethane is included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Gas

UN Hazard Class: 2.1