Vinylidene fluoride

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.3% (12 of 362) of reports.

H220 (96.1%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H230 (28.7%): May react explosively even in the absence of air [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (96.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H340 (11%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (11%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P318, P337, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 362 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 12 of 362 reports by companies.

There are 7 notifications provided by 350 of 362 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P203, P210, P222, P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P319, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. If symptoms such as inflammation or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician or go to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

This chemical is a flammable gas. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, and fluorides. Extinguish with CO2 or dry chemical to allow access to valves to shut off supply if necessary. Do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of gas can be stopped and any remaining gas is out of the line. Specially trained personnel may use fog lines to cool exposures and let the fire burn itself out. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If cylinders are exposed to excessive heat from fire or flame contact, withdraw immediately to a secure location.

Stop flow of gas.

Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion.

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible, and may accumulate in low ceiling spaces causing deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges can be generated.

Vapours are uninhibited and may form polymers in the vents or flame arresters causing blockage.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Ventilation. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Operations involving entry into tanks or closed vessels, and emergency situations, require consideration of potentially oxygen deficient, or "immediately dangerous to life and health" IDLH environments. This may necessitate use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point<100 °F).

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Store only if stabilized.

Store gas cylinders in a cool, dry place and use the safety precautions necessary with all compressed gases. High concentrations cause a deficiency of oxygen with the risk of unconsciousness or death. Check oxygen content is at least 19% before entering storage or spill area. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, expecially when opening and closing containers of this chemical ... A regulated, marked area should be established there this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1500 [ppm]

5600* [ppm]

11000* [ppm]

5 ppm [15 minutes]

TWA 1 ppm C 5 ppm [use 1910.1017]

See: IDLH INDEX

500.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time weighted average (TWA): 500 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

500 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

500 ppm [1996]

carcinogen category: 3

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Vinylidene fluoride:

Skin: FROSTBITE - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Eyes: FROSTBITE - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift).

Remove: WHEN WET (FLAMMABLE) - Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide: FROSTBITE WASH - Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact ... Viton and butyl rubber are among the recommended protective materials ... Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear gas-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full-facepiece respiratory protection is worn ...

Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

1,1-Difluoroethylene (or vinylidene fluoride) is a colorless gas which is flammable in the ranges of 5.5 to 21%. It is toxic by inhalation and contact. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol and ether. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

Liquid; CBI; Gas Vapor

Colorless gas with a faint, ethereal odor; Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless gas with a faint, ethereal odor.

Colorless gas with a faint, ethereal odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas

Colorless gas [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

Nearly odorless

Faint, ethereal

-123 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

-85.7 °C

-227 °F (NTP, 1992)

-144 °C at 1 atm /freezing point/

Flammable gas

NA (Gas)

0.018 g/100 g at 77 °F and 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

Slightly sol in water; sol in alcohol and ether

Water solubility = 6.3 cu cm/100 g at 25 °C and 10 kPa

Water solubility = 0.018 g/100 g at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg

Water solubility = 165 ppm at 25 °C

In water, 164.9 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

0.617 at 75 °F (liquid) (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

0.617 g/cc at 24 °C (liquid)

Critical density = 417 kg/cu m; Heat of formation = -345.2 kJ/mol at 25 °C; Heat of polymerization = -474.21 kJ/mol at 25 °C; explosive limits = 5.8-20.3 vol % in air

Relative density (water = 1): 0.6

0.617 at 75 °F

2.21(relative gas density)

2.2 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.2 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.2

21584 mmHg at 50 °F ; 26980 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Liquid molar volume = 0.055194 cu m/kmol; Vapor pressure = 3X10+4 mm Hg at 25 C (calculated from experimentally derived coefficients)

3.0X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C

35.2 atm

log Kow = 1.24

1184 °F (NTP, 1992)

The substance decomposes on heating or on burning producing toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen fluoride, fluorine and fluorides.

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

1,1-DIFLUOROETHYLENE is sensitive to heat. This compound is incompatible with oxidizers. It can react violently with hydrogen chloride. Alkyl boron and alkyl hyponitrite compounds initiate polymerization. It will form peroxides on exposure to pure oxygen. (NTP, 1992).

A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame. Violent reaction with hydrgen chloride when heated under pressure ...

Reacts violently with oxidants and many other materials, causing fire and explosion hazard.

Oxidizers, aluminum chloride [Note: Violent reaction with hydrogen chloride when heated under pressure.]

No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of vinylidene fluoride were available. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of vinylidene fluoride in experimental animals. Overall evaluation Vinylidene fluoride is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Vinylidene fluoride

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 39: (1986) Some Chemicals Used in Plastics and Elastomers

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

dizziness, headache, nausea; liquid: frostbite

central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LCLo (rat) = 128,000 ppm/4h

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Emergency and supportive measures: Remove the individual from the contaminated environment. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma and arrhythmias if they occur. Avoid epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines that may precipitate ventricular arrhythmias. Tachyarrhythmias caused by increased myocardial sensitivity may be treated with propranolol ... , or esmolol ... . Monitor the ECG for 4-6 hours. /Freons and Halons/

Decontamination: Inhalation: Remove victim from exposure and give supplemental oxygen if available. Ingestion: Do not give charcoal or induce vomiting, because freons are rapidly absorbed and there is risk of abrupt onset of CNS depression. Consider gastric lavage (or simply aspirate liquid from stomach) if the ingestion was very large and recent (less than 30-45 minutes). The efficacy of activated charcoal is unknown. /Freons and Halons/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Vinylidene fluoride is considered toxic by inhalation ... Irritating to skin and pulmonary tract ... Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ .../Rats showed/ slight intoxication at concn of 40% by vol in air and up. At 80% by vol in air ... unsteady gait but no loss of reflex. When this exposure was continued for 19 hr, there were no progressive signs of intoxication. When ... killed and examined, there was no evidence of pulmonary irritation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Exposure of rats to 215,000 mg/cu m (82,000 ppm) vinylidene fluoride for 3.5 hr produced no sign of hepatotoxicity. However, rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254 on three consecutive days and then exposed for 6 hr to 65,500 mg/cu m (25,000 ppm) had elevated serum levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase and histological signs of liver damage.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute hepatotoxic reaction developed within 24 hr of inhalation of vinylidene fluoride by rats when pretreated with phenobarbital or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Exposure of newborn rats for approx 4 wk to 200 ppm, 8 hr/day, 5 days/wk. Single hepatocellular foci were observed after 10 wk. Rate of metab conversion is slow.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethene (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=75-38-7]

Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in groups of male and female Charles River CD rats (5/sex/concn level) exposed to 1,1-difluoroethylene at a concentration of 800,000 ppm (80% v/v) in a glass inhalation exposure chamber for 6 hrs. All animals exhibited signs of deep, rapid, labored breathing and lethargy after termination of one hour of exposure. 7 of the 10 animals died after 4 1/2 hrs of exposure. After 6 hrs of exposure, only 3 females had survived. One hour after termination of exposure, the survivors appeared normal and exhibited no other signs of toxicity during the 14 day observation period. Gross necropsy of the animals which died during exposure revealed dark red areas in all lobes of the lungs. The liver of all 7 deceased animals showed pale areas, and one male rat had pale kidneys. All other tissues appeared normal. The three surviving female rats also showed dark red areas in all lobes of the lungs.

1,1-Difluoroethene's production and use as a monomer in the synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1-difluoroethene will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and with ozone; the half-life for these reactions in air are estimated to be 8 and 60 days, respectively. 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 32. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1-Difluoroethene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil or water. If released into water, 1,1-difluoroethene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.3 hours and 3.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,1-difluoroethene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-difluoroethene is produced or used. (SRC)

1,1-Difluoroethene's production and use as a monomer in the synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-difluoroethene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.3 hours and 3.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.24(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-difluoroethene, which has a vapor pressure of 3X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 57 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-difluoroethene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-difluoroethene with ozone is 2.0X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 60 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 1,1-difluoroethene(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.24(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1-difluoroethene can be estimated to be 32(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-difluoroethene is estimated as 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.2 days(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1-difluoroethene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

1,1-Difluoroethene has been detected in stack emissions from waste incinerators (concentrations or collection sites not reported)(1).

1,1-Difluoroethene's production and use as a monomer in the synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1-difluoroethene will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and with ozone; the half-life for these reactions in air are estimated to be 8 and 60 days, respectively. 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 32. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1-Difluoroethene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in soil or water. If released into water, 1,1-difluoroethene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.3 hours and 3.2 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,1-difluoroethene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-difluoroethene is produced or used. (SRC)

1,1-Difluoroethene's production and use as a monomer in the synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-difluoroethene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.3 hours and 3.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.24(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-difluoroethene, which has a vapor pressure of 3X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 57 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-difluoroethene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1-difluoroethene with ozone is 2.0X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 60 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for 1,1-difluoroethene(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.24(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1-difluoroethene can be estimated to be 32(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1-difluoroethene is estimated as 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.2 days(SRC). 1,1-Difluoroethene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,1-difluoroethene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

1,1-Difluoroethene has been detected in stack emissions from waste incinerators (concentrations or collection sites not reported)(1).

Occupational exposure to 1,1-difluoroethene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1-difluoroethene is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Silane will ignite spontaneously in air. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be toxic if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 116P: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Unstable)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1-Difluoroethene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1959 116P

UN 1959; 1,1-Difluoroethylene

IMO 2.1; 1,1-Difluoroethylene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Gas

UN Hazard Class: 2.1