phosgene

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P264, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 535) of reports.

H280 (61.5%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H314 (99.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (31%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (99.8%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370 (10.7%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372 (10.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 535 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 535 reports by companies.

There are 25 notifications provided by 534 of 535 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

Warning: Effects may be delayed up to 24 hours. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Phosgene Exposure: Acute exposure to phosgene may result in severe irritation and burns of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory passages. Cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), pain in the chest, and severe pulmonary edema may also occur. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) and anxiety may be observed.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to phosgene may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to phosgene.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to phosgene.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure: No information is available. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

If necessary to stop flow of gas, use water spray to protect the personnel effecting shutoff. Sodium hydroxide or anhydrous ammonia have been used to neutralize phosgene.

Nonflammable. For small fires, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Use water spray, fog, or foam for larger fires. Do not get water inside containers. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Stay away from the ends of tanks, and cool exposed containers with water until well after the fire is out. Isolate the area until gas has dispersed. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

- Phosgene (CG) is non-combustible.

- When heated to decomposition, phosgene (CG) produces toxic and corrosive fumes (hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, and chlorine).

- For small fires, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

- For large fires, use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

- For fire involving tanks, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Do not direct water at the source of the leak or at safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

- Run-off from fire control may cause pollution.

- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

Use remote equipment wherever possible. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

The decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons in closed rooms can result in the accumulation of harmful concn of phosgene, as for example from the use of carbon tetrachloride as a fire extinguishing material, or tetrachloroethylene as a lubricant in the machining of high-grade steel.

Prolonged exposure of the cylinders or tank cars to fire or heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

For initial isolation and protective action distances for chemical warfare choking agents see the Chemical Warfare Agents table in the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1076 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 100 m (300 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 500 m (1500 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.6 km (0.4 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 2.5 km (1.6 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 3.0 km (1.9 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 9.5 km (5.9 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Shut off cylinder if possible. Remove gas with fine water spray. Isolate the area until the gas has dispersed.

For liquid spills, cover with sodium bicarbonate or an equal mixture of soda ash and slaked lime. After mixing, spray water from an atomizer with great precaution. Transfer slowly into a large container of water. ... For gas spills, allow gas to flow into a mixed solution of caustic soda and slaked lime. If possible, keep in a hood until cylinder is emptied.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

Dilute aqueous phosgene wastes can best be handled through caustic scrubbing in packed columns or by scrubbing in towers with activated carbon and water. ... Phosgene should not be introduced into an incinerator. However, if a product containing, or capable of producing phosgene is entering an incinerator, then there must be an adequate scrubbing installation to remove phosgene and/or HCl from the issuing gases. These techniques must conform to all local and national regulations. Welding and disposal of tanks and equipment used to handle phosgene should take place only after all residual phosgene has been purged from these materials.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... "Destruction of chemical weapons" means a process by which chemicals are converted in an essentially irreversible way to a form unsuitable for production of chemical weapons, and which in an irreversible manner renders munitions and other devices unusable as such. ... Each /nation/ shall determine how it shall destroy chemical weapons, except that the following processes may not be used: dumping in any body of water, land burial or open-pit burning. It shall destroy chemical weapons only at specifically designated and appropriately designed and equipped facilities. ... Each /nation/ shall ensure that its chemical weapons destruction facilities are constructed and operated in a manner to ensure the destruction of the chemical weapons; and that the destruction process can be verified under the provisions of this Convention.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P095 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

If recycle of phosgene is not feasible, phosgene wastes can be handled most effectively through caustic scrubbing in packed columns.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For information on chemical warfare choking agents see the ERG Criminal or Terrorist Use of CBR Agents. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof if in building. Isolated from work area. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Dry. Ventilation along the floor.

Phosgene must be stored to avoid contact with water, moisture, or steam since violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed, steel containers in an isolated area away from the work area and separated form all other materials, as well as sunlight. Although phosgene in anhydrous equipment is not corrosive to ordinary metals, in presence of moisture, use monel, tantalum, or glass-lined storage containers. Phosgene should be stored away from heating and cooling ducts. Containers should be frequently inspected for leaks.

Phosgene should be stored in appropriately labelled corrosion-resistant steel cylinders that conform to rigid safety-design specifications for this chemical. Storage should be in cool, dry, and well-ventilated fire-proof rooms isolated from the work area. Ambient air monitoring should be provided and ventilation should be located at floor level. Protect cylinders against physical damage, and secure to prevent falling or rolling. Because phosgene reacts with water, great care should be taken to prevent contamination with water, since this could lead to increased pressure in the tanks with possible resultant rupture. Phosgene containers should be frequently inspected for damage and prolonged storage should be avoided.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Must be stored in a dry location.

Storage temperature: ambient

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.41 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.027 [ppm]

0.30 [ppm]

0.75 [ppm]

0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)

0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m³) [15 minutes]

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m3) C 0.2 ppm (0.8 mg/m3) [15-minute]

0.1 [ppm]

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m3)

2 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

2.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been calculated that based on acute toxicity data in humans, the lethal dose for a 30­minute exposure would be about 17 ppm [Diller 1978]. It has been stated that 25 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes is dangerous and brief exposure to 50 ppm may be rapidly fatal [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. It has also been stated that 5 ppm is probably lethal for a 30­minute exposure [Jacobs 1967].

See: 75445

0.02 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.1 ppm as TWA.

0.02 ppm [2021]

0.08 mg/m

0.41 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

Phosgene appears as a chemical warfare choking agent. Extremely toxic. A colorless gas or very low-boiling, volatile liquid with an odor of new-mown hay or green corn. Warning properties of the gas inhaled are slight, death may occur within 36 hours (Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1027). Prolonged exposure of the containers to intense heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing. Rate of onset: Immediate & Delayed (Lungs) Persistence: Minutes - hours Odor threshold: 0.5 ppm Source/use/other hazard: Dye, pesticide, and other industries; history as war gas, corrosive/irritating.

Gas Vapor

Colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay; Note: A fuming liquid below 47 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH] Vapor density = 3.4 (heavier than air); [HSDB]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay.

Colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay. [Note: A fuming liquid below 47 °F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas above 47°F (8.2°C). Fog-like when concentrated. Colorless, fuming liquid below 47°F (8.2°C). May have the appearance of a white cloud. Light yellow liquid when refrigerated or compressed.

Colorless gas [Note: A fuming liquid below 47 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

Colorless to light yellow liquid or easilty liquefied gas

Colorless gas at room temperature and normal pressure

Impurities may cause discoloration of the product to pale yellow to green /liquid/

Light yellow liquid when refrigerated or compressed.

Suffocating odor; when diluted with air there is an odor reminiscent of moldy hay

Odor varies from strong and stifling when concentrated to hay-like in dilute form

Characteristic odor; the odor of the gas can be detected only briefly at the time of initial exposure. At about 0.5 ppm in air, the odor has been described as pleasant and similar to that of new-mown hay or cut green corn. At high concentration, the odor may be strong, stifling, and unpleasant.

Suffocating odor like musty hay

47 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

8.2 °C at 760 mm Hg

8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-180 °F (EPA, 1998)

-127.78 °C

Very slightly soluble (NTP, 1992)

Slightly sol in water; freely sol in benzene, toluene, glacial acetic acid, and most liquid hydrocarbons

Soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, toluene, and acetic acid

Solubility in water: reaction

1.432 at 32 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3719 at 25 °C

Density at critical point: 0.52 g/cu cm

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.43 (liquid at 32 °F)

1.3719 @25 °C

1.43 (Liquid at 32 °F)

3.48(relative gas density)

3.4 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.4 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

1215 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

1420 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 161.6

750 [mm Hg] @7.2 °C

Decomposes slowly in water or moist air (or when inhaled) to form very corrosive hydrogen chloride gas (hydrochloric acid) and carbon monoxide.

Acyl Halides, Sulfonyl Halides, and Chloroformates

CSL00158

Phosgene + Water

Water was mistakenly added to a mixture of Chloroform, Phosgene and Diphenylketone resulting in a pressure increase that resulted in a release of the reaction mixture.

Water Reactive

Not Available

Substance identification sources: Phosgene. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=75-44-5 (retrieved 2022-01-27) (CAS RN: 75-44-5). Water. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7732-18-5 (retrieved 2022-01-27) (CAS RN: 7732-18-5).

User Reported

01/27/2022

PHOSGENE is water reactive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alcohols, amines, alkali. May react violently with aluminum, alkali metals (lithium, potassium, sodium), alcohols (isopropyl alcohol, 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol), sodium azide [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 134]. May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts [J. Haz. Mat., 1981, 4, 291]. Phosgene reacts with phosphate or silicate salts, yielding water-reactive and toxic POCl3 with phosphates (Dunlap, K.L. 2005. Phosgene. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).

Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, amines, aluminum. Attacks metals in the presence of water. Attacks plastic, rubber, and coatings.

POWDERED ALUMINUM BURNS IN THE VAPOR OF PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE, ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE, ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE, & PHOSGENE.

REACTION OF PHOSGENE WITH AZIDE CAUSES FORMATION OF EXPLOSIVE CARBAZIDE. TO PREVENT THE REACTION COMPLETE REMOVAL OF EXCESS PHOSGENE IS ADVOCATED BY PASSING NITROGEN INTO SOLN PRIOR TO ADDN OF AZIDE.

THE REACTION BETWEEN ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL & PHOSGENE FORMS ISOPROPYL CHLOROFORMATE & HYDROGEN CHLORIDE. IN THE PRESENCE OF IRON SALTS THERMAL DECOMP CAN OCCUR, WHICH IN SOME CASES CAN BECOME EXPLOSIVE.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Moisture, alkalis, ammonia, alcohols, copper [Note: Reacts slowly in water to form hydrochloric acid & carbon dioxide.]

Human exposure in both the general population and occupational setting is primarily by inhalation. ... The primary route of exposure is by inhalation, the gas penetrates into the tissues of the respiratory tract and so only minimal amounts of phosgene are distributed in the body. The very short half-life (0.026 seconds) in aqueous solutions precludes a significant retention of phosgene in the body. ... The hydrolytic products of phosgene, i.e., hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide, are disposed of by the body through normal physiological processes. Phosgene exerts its toxicity through acylation of proteins, as well as through the production of hydrochloric acid. The amino, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups in the protein appear to be the target for acylation leading to marked inhibition of several enzymes related to energy metabolism and a breakdown of the blood:air barrier. In all species studied, the lung is the major target organ. ... In all species the characteristic pathological feature is the delayed clinical manifestation of pulmonary edema, which is dose-dependent. Pathological changes in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli at low concentrations are typical of a pulmonary irritant, whereas at higher exposures pulmonary edema occurs, leading to interference with gas exchange and death. ... Phosgene exposure can result in eye and skin irritation. ... The target organ in humans, as in experimental animals, is the lung. After exposure to phosgene levels between 120 and 1200 mg/cu m-min, three distinct clinical clinicopathological phases have been reported. The initial phase consists of pain in the eyes and throat and tightness in the chest, often with shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing; hypotension, bradycardia and rarely sinus arrhythmias can occur. The second or latent phase, which is often asymptomatic, can last as long as 24 hr depending upon the level and duration of exposure. In the third phase, pulmonary edema may develop, leading to death in some cases. Populations exposed to phosgene after industrial accidents have reported a wide variety of symptoms, including headache, nausea, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, pharyngeal pain, chest tightness and pain, intense pain in the eye and severe lacrimation. ... In view of the lack of exposure data ... the conclusions regarding the chronic effects of phosgene that can be drawn are limited.

Phosgene

Respiratory

3 x 10 ^-4 mg/m^3

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Inhalation is the primary route of exposure to phosgene (CG). Ingestion is unlikely, as phosgene (CG) is a gas at room temperature. Exposure to phosgene (CG) may be irritating to the eyes and skin.

Cough. Sore throat. Chest tightness. Shortness of breath. Nausea. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Watering of the eyes. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

irritation eyes; dry burning throat; vomiting; cough, foamy sputum, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), chest pain, cyanosis; liquid: frostbite

- Gas (high concentrations): Tear production (lacrimation), accumulation of blood (hyperemia), inflammation, and clouding (opacification) of the cornea.

- Liquid: Clouding (opacification) of the cornea and delayed perforation.

- Phosgene (CG) is present as a gas at room temperature, so ingestion is unlikely.

- Mild: No adverse health effects or only mild upper airway irritation; effects may improve when the patient/victim is removed from exposure; more severe adverse health effects are possible after a delay (latent period).

- Mild to moderate: After a symptom-free interval (latent period), irritation of the upper airway, dryness and burning of the throat, painful cough, choking, sense of chest discomfort, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea), spasmodic narrowing of the large airways (bronchospasm), and possible nausea and vomiting (emesis) may occur. Patient/victims with underlying reactive airways or asthma may be at increased risk.

- Severe: Rapid accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema); shallow rapid respirations; severe, painful coughing fits producing frothy liquid (sputum); possible upper airway closure (laryngospasm) that may result in sudden death; difficulty breathing or shortness of breath (dyspnea); possible cardiovascular collapse due to low blood oxygen; and low blood pressure secondary to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema).

- Gas: Irritation and redness (erythema) on contact with wet or moist skin.

- Severe skin burns or frostbite may occur as a result of contact with compressed liquefied gas.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society).

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

IRIS Current

LC50 (cats) = 190mg/m3/15 min

LC50 Rat inhalation 0.334 mg/L (10 min exposure)

LC50 Rat inhalation 0.084 mg/L (30 min exposure)

LC50 Rat inhalation 0.049 mg/L (50 min exposure)

LCt50 Rat 400 ppp x min

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, aminophylline, and B-adrenergic agonist protect against pulmonary edema produced by phosgene.

Early reports of the effectiveness of methenamine in treatment of phosgene poisoning have been disproven. While this compound has been shown to have protective effects when administered prior to exposure the administration post-exposure has no therapeutic benefit.

Drugs disrupting the neutrophil influx associated with the oxidant pathway in phosgene such as aminophylline and terbutaline, ibuprofen and colchicine have been shown to reduce edema in animal studies

A reduction of lung nonprotein sulfhydryl groups through administration of buthionine sulfoximine led to an increased edemagenic effect in the lungs of mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits exposed to 0.2 ppm phosgene for 4 hours. Nonprotein sulfhydryl may be important in the normal defense of the lung against the toxic effects of phosgene.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/PREHOSPITAL/ Quickly access for a patent airway, ensure adequate respiration and pulse. If trauma is suspected, maintain cervical immobilization manually and apply a cervical collar and a backboard when feasible. ... If victims can walk, lead them out of the Hot Zone to the Decontamination Zone. Victims who are unable to walk may be removed on backboards or gurneys; if these are not available, carefully carry or drag victims to safety. Victims should be kept warm and quiet; any activity subsequent to exposure may increase the likelihood of death.

/PREHOSPITAL/ ... h. Victims who are able may assist with their own decontamination. If the exposure involved liquid phosgene ... and if clothing is contaminated, remove and doublebag the clothing. Flush exposed skin and hair with plain water for 3 to 5 minutes. Wash thoroughly with soap and water. ... Flush exposed or irritated eyes with plain water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if easily removable without additional trauma to the eye. If a corrosive material is suspected or if pain or injury is evident, continue irrigation while transferring the victim ... Only decontaminated patients or patients not requiring decontamination should be transported to a medical facility.

/HOSPITAL/ Unless previously decontaminated, all patients suspected of contact with phosgene liquid and all victims with skin or eye irritation require decontamination ... . Because contact with liquid phosgene may cause burns, don butyl rubber gloves and apron and eye protection before treating patients. ... Flush exposed skin and hair with plain water for 3 to 5 minutes. Wash thoroughly with soap and water. ...Flush exposed or irritated eyes with plain water or saline for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses if easily removable without additional trauma to the eye. If a corrosive material is suspected or if pain or injury is evident, continue eye irrigation while transferring the patient to the Critical Care Area. An ophthalmic anesthetic, such as 0.5% tetracaine, may be necessary to alleviate blepharospasm, and lid retractors may be required to allow adequate irrigation under the eyelids. All other patients may be transferred immediately to the Critical Care Area.

/HOSPITAL/ Since there may be up to a 24-hr delay in the onset of symptoms, it is frequently difficult to clinically manage people with a suspected phosgene exposure. Diller separated patients into three triage groups according to their initial symptoms: light exposure, serious exposure, & early pulmonary edema. The light exposure group can be identified as those who smelled phosgene but who had no initial symptoms. He recommends monitoring these patients for at least 8 hr, obtaining a chest radiogram 8 hr following exposure. Discharge would then be reasonable if the physical exam & chest radiogram were normal @ that time. The serious exposure group is identified by the presence of initial ocular or pharyngeal irritation. These patients will probably require oxygen therapy. They should be monitored closely for the development of pulmonary edema. The early pulmonary edema group is identified by dyspnea upon presentation & needs to be transported emergently to an intensive care setting. Although the initial management is complicated by a somewhat prolonged latency period, supportive measures, such as oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, & frequent suctioning, should be used as needed. Hypotension & pulmonary edema might be best managed with central venous monitoring. Steroids have been used empirically to reduce inflammation. Aminocaproic acid therapy has been advocated because it has been shown to reduce pulmonary edema in rats with moderate phosgene poisoning; however, there is no evidence that this is beneficial in humans & currently is not recommended as std therapy.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ It is technically infeasible to conduct aquatic toxicology studies with phosgene, a compound which hydrolyzes virtually instantaneously to form hydrogen chloride and carbon dioxide in aqueous media.

3.10e-01

1.30e+00

6.30e-01

1.5E+01(G)

1.60e-04

3.00e-04

Volatile

1.61e+03

9.20e-01

3.90e+00

9.40e-01

1.90e+00

1.5E+01 (G)

Phosgene's production and use as an intermediate in organic synthesis, especially of isocyanates, polyurethane and polycarbonate resins, carbamates, organic carbonates, and chloroformates may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its additional uses in dye manufacture, plastics, acid chlorination processes, as a phosgenation reagent, its uses in metallurgy to separate ores by chlorination of metal oxides, and its use as a chemical warfare gas may also result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Phosgene is produced in the earth's atmosphere from the degradation of a variety of chlorinated compounds including tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, chloroform, methylchloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1420 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates phosgene will exist solely in the gas phase in the atmosphere. Gas-phase phosgene will be slowly degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 44 years. Phosgene does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, phosgene is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.2. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. Phosgene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, phosgene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Rapid hydrolysis suggests that bioconcentration will not be an important environmental fate process. Hydrolysis of a 1% solution of phosgene in water is complete within 20 seconds at 0 °C. Occupational exposure to phosgene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where phosgene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to phosgene via inhalation of ambient air. Its use as a chemical war gas makes military personnel susceptible to exposure via inhalation. (SRC)

Phosgene is produced in the earth's atmosphere from the degradation of a variety of chlorinated compounds including tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, chloroform, methylchloroform, and carbon tetrachloride(1).

Phosgene's production and use as an intermediate in organic synthesis, especially of isocyanates, polyurethane and polycarbonate resins, carbamates, organic carbonates, and chloroformates(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its additional uses in dye manufacture(1,2), plastics(3), acid chlorination processes(4,5), as a phosgenation reagent(4), its uses in metallurgy to separate ores by chlorination of metal oxides(6), and its use as a chemical warfare gas(2) may also result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Because of its hazard, phosgene is used captively(5) and therefore emissions resulting from industrial use would be localized. Phosgene may be formed at high temperature from the oxidation of chlorinated solvents and is released during the combustion of refuse, coal, and plastics(5,7,8). It is also produced in the photooxidation of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and tetrachlorobiphenyl(7,9) and is released when electric arc welding is performed in air containing trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and methyl chloroform(10).

/detected/ in flue gas of municipal incinerator at <0.5 ppm

PRODUCTS OF DECOMP @ 550 °C (VOLUME PERCENT): CHLORINATED METHACRYLIC PLASTIC (27% CHLORINE): 0.0005 % PHOSGENE. POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (57% CHLORINE): 0.0005% PHOSGENE. /FROM TABLE/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phosgene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of phosgene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(3). Phosgene is expected to hydrolyze in moist soil; hydrolysis of a 1% solution of phosgene in water is complete within 20 seconds at 0 °C(4). Phosgene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1420 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phosgene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). Phosgene has been reported to hydrolyze rapidly in seawater(5). Hydrolysis of a 1% solution of phosgene in water is complete within 20 seconds at 0 °C(6). Measured aqueous phase hydrolysis rate constants for phosgene have ranged from 0.29 to 100 sec-1(7). The rapid hydrolysis suggests that bioconcentration will not be an important environmental fate process(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phosgene, which has a vapor pressure of 1420 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the gas phase in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase phosgene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 44 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Phosgene does not absorb UV radiation at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore would not be subject to direct photolysis by sunlight in the troposphere. Phosgene's hydrolytic half-life in the atmosphere, extrapolating from high temperature data, is 113 yr at sea level, assuming 10 torr of water vapor(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phosgene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.0X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 44 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Phosgene is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Phosgene has been reported to hydrolyze rapidly in seawater(4). Hydrolysis of a 1% solution of phosgene in water is complete within 20 seconds at 0 °C(5). Measured aqueous phase hydrolysis rate constants for phosgene have ranged from 0.29 to 100 sec-1(6). Phosgene does not absorb UV radiation at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and therefore would not be subject to direct photolysis by sunlight in the troposphere.

Phosgene is extremely volatile and hydrolyzes rapidly in water (20 seconds at 0 °C(1)), suggesting that bioconcentration will not be an important environmental fate process(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of phosgene can be estimated to be 2.2(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that phosgene is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Virtually all phosgene gas was adsorbed in sandy clay in 40 min ... The soil had an average moisture content of approximately 11%, and the amount of surface exposed ... was roughly 13 sq ft.

The Henry's Law constant for phosgene is 1.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that phosgene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). Phosgene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Phosgene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1420 mm Hg(3).

A survey of an isocyanate manufacturing plant resulted in phosgene levels ranging from 0-3.25 ppm(1). 31 of the 91 samples were negative and most of the samples were below 0.1 ppm(1). A later study of an isocyanate manufacturing plant found 91% of the air samples within the maximum permissible concn(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 203 samples taken from 5 USA sites had a median phosgene concentration of 29 parts/trillion with a maximum concentration of 45 parts/trillion(1). Phosgene concn in 24 hr samples taken over a 2 week period in Houston, St. Louis, and Denver were less than 20 parts/trillion, while average concn in Riverside and Oakland were both 50 parts/trillion(2,3). 8 U.S. urban to suburban locations from Staten Island, NY were surveyed for concentrations of harmful chemicals in ambient air in 1976-78 and 1983. In 1976-78, phosgene concentrations ranging from 0.05-0.19 ug/cu m with a mean concentration of 0.08 ug/cu m were found. In 1983, the range and mean concentrations were 0.29-0.78 ug/cu m and 0.45 ug/cu m(4). The range of phosgene concentrations at four California sites was 13-61 ppb, with a mean value of 21.6 ppb at a remote site that was two-thirds the mean value of 31.7 ppb in urban Los Angeles(5).

RURAL/REMOTE: Phosgene was detected at a background concentration of 0.061 ug/cu m in a remote, rural area(1). 36 samples taken from 3 USA sites had median phosgene concentrations of 22 parts/trillion(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,358 workers (282 of these are female) are potentially exposed to phosgene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to phosgene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where phosgene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to phosgene via inhalation of ambient air(SRC). Its use as a chemical war gas(2) makes military personnel susceptible to exposure via inhalation(SRC).

Phosgene concentrations of 0.053-0.13 ppm, 0.0084-0.13 ppm, and 0.066-1.15 ppm were detected from carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum steel welding processes, respectively, in a 10-60 second period(1). The concn of phosgene formed during electric arc welding in the presence of 2-30 ppm of tetrachloroethylene was 0.20 to 1.7 ppm, a value which is much higher than that which is emitted during welding in the presence of trichloroethylene or methyl chloroform(2). Sampling was done at a distance of 30 cm and at an angle of 45 deg above the welding arc. In another case, a phosgene concn of 1.2 ppm was found in the vicinity of welders who complained of noxious odors(3). Personal air samples ranged from 0-0.02 ppm and fixed samplers showed concns of 0-0.12 ppm over the 2 mo study except for 5 higher values, reportedly due to leaks(3). A survey of an isocyanate manufacturing plant resulted in phosgene levels ranging from 0-3.25 ppm(3). 31 of the 91 samples were negative and most of the samples were below 0.1 ppm(3). A later study of an isocyanate manufacturing plant found 91% of the air samples within the maximum permissible concn(3). Workroom air samples in a pesticide production plant in Russia showed phosgene concn commonly ranging from 0.25 to 0.5 ppm(3). Most of the phosgene was released during the disassembly and repair of pumps(3).

When chlorohydrocarbon vapors are thermally cracked in open flames or arcs associated with furnaces, boilers, or welding apparatus, sufficient phosgene may be generated to create a hazard.

POISONING HAS OCCURRED AS THE RESULT OF THE BURSTING OF CONTAINERS OR PIPE LINES. CHEMISTS ARE OCCASIONALLY POISONED BY PHOSGENE EVOLVED FROM OLD BOTTLES OF CHLOROFORM, LONG EXPOSED TO LIGHT.

... "Destruction of chemical weapons" means a process by which chemicals are converted in an essentially irreversible way to a form unsuitable for production of chemical weapons, and which in an irreversible manner renders munitions and other devices unusable as such. ... Each /nation/ shall determine how it shall destroy chemical weapons, except that the following processes may not be used: dumping in any body of water, land burial or open-pit burning. It shall destroy chemical weapons only at specifically designated and appropriately designed and equipped facilities. ... Each /nation/ shall ensure that its chemical weapons destruction facilities are constructed and operated in a manner to ensure the destruction of the chemical weapons; and that the destruction process can be verified under the provisions of this Convention.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P095 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

If recycle of phosgene is not feasible, phosgene wastes can be handled most effectively through caustic scrubbing in packed columns.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Pass controlled discharges of phosgene through a scrubbing tower, maintaining a 10% sodium hydroxide soln to decompose phosgene and convert to an alkaline chloride salt soln for disposal. Remove and isolate leaky cylinders (whose flow cannot be stopped) in an exhaust scrubber hood for discharge. Follow local regulations. Recommendable methods: Alkaline hydrolysis. Not recommendable methods: Evaporation & landfill. Peer-review: Extreme care: Phosgene is a highly toxic gas. Dilute the phosgene with air or nitrogen. Use properly engineered and constructed equipment. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Phosgene [Table#2122]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /CG (when used as a weapon)/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for CG (when used as a weapon) [Table#2123]

/GUIDE 125: GASES - CORROSIVE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 125: GASES - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PHOSGENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1076; Phosgene

IMO 2.0; Phosgene

49 205 40; Phosgene

This compound requires a shipping label of: "Poison Gas, Corrosive." It falls in DOT Hazard Class 2.3 and Packing Group I. Passenger aircraft or railcar shipment is forbidden and cargo aircraft shipment is forbidden as well.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Gas Corrosive

Symbol: T+; R: 26-34; S: (1/2)-9-26-36/37/39-45; Note: U

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8