Chlorodifluoromethane

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.7% (5 of 291) of reports.

H280 (86.6%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H420 (33.7%): Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P410+P403, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 291 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 5 of 291 reports by companies.

There are 13 notifications provided by 286 of 291 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H420: Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P332+P317, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chlorodifluoromethane:

Eye: FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

Firefighters should wear self-contained, NIOSH-approved breathing apparatus for protection against possible toxic decomposition products. Proper eye and skin protection should be provided.

R-22 is not flammable at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure. However, this material will become combustible when mixed with air under pressure and exposed to strong ignition sources. Contact with certain reactive metals may result in formation of explosive or exothermic reactions under specific conditions (e.g. very high temperatures and/or appropriate pressures).

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Allow substance to evaporate.

· Ventilate the area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Ventilation.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Because of the discovery of potential ozone decomposition in the stratosphere by chlorodifluoromethane, the material should not be released to the environment if it can be prevented. Material to be scrapped should be returned to the vendor, or to licensed waste disposal company.

If material not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Eye washer and instant shower facilities should be located near the work areas where spills and splash hazards exist. /Fluorocarbons/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Ventilate the area. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Store in a cool, well-ventilated area of low fire risk and out of direct sunlight. Protect cylinder and its fittings from physical damage. Storage in subsurface locations should be avoided. Close valve tightly after use and when empty.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

500.0 [ppm]

1250 [ppm]

2400 [ppm]

14000 [ppm]

1000 ppm (3500 mg/m³)

1250 ppm (4375 mg/m³)

TWA 1000 ppm (3500 mg/m3) ST 1250 ppm (4375 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

1000.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

1000 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

1000 ppm [1990]

3600 mg/m

1800 mg/m

· Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth's fragile ozone Layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol. These adjustments are then automatically applicable to all countries that ratified the Protocol. Since its initial adoption, the Montreal Protocol has been adjusted five times. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh and Nineteenth Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol, certain adjustments and reductions of production and consumption of the controlled substances listed in the Annexes of the Protocol. These adjustments entered into force, for all the Parties, on 7 March 1991, 23 September 1993, 5 August 1996, 4 June 1998, 28 July 2000 and 14 May 2008, respectively. In addition to adjusting the Protocol, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have amended the Protocol to enable, among other things, the control of new chemicals and the creation of a financial mechanism to enable developing countries to comply. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Eleventh Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the Vienna Convention, four Amendments to the Protocol - the London Amendment (1990), the Copenhagen Amendment (1992), the Montreal Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999). Unlike adjustments to the Protocol, amendments must be ratified by countries before their requirements are applicable to those countries. The London, Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing Amendments entered into force on 10 August 1992, 14 June 1994, 10 November 1999 and 25 February 2002, respectively, only for those Parties which ratified the particular amendments. In addition to adjustments and amendments to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties to the Protocol meet annually and take a variety of decisions aimed at enabling effective implementation of this important legal instrument. Through the 22nd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties have taken over 720 decisions.

On loss of containment this substance can cause suffocation by lowering the oxygen content of the air in confined areas.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. This may result in cardiac disorders and central nervous system depression. Exposure could cause lowering of consciousness.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chlorodifluoromethane:

Skin: FROSTBITE - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Eyes: FROSTBITE - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite.

Chlorodifluoromethane is a colorless gas with an ethereal odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapor pressure. It is noncombustible. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. Toxic gases can be produced in fires involving this material. Exposure of the container to prolonged heat or fire may cause it to rupture violently and rocket.

Colorless gas with a faint, sweetish odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS.

Colorless gas with a faint, sweet odor.

Colorless gas with a faint, sweetish odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas ... [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas]

Nearly odorless

Like carbon tetrachloride

... Faint, sweetish odor ...

-40.9 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-40.8 °C

-40.7 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-231 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

-157.42 °C

"-231 °F"

0.3 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Solubility: 0.14 g/L water at 122 °F at 14.7 psia

In water, 2770 mg/L at 25 °C

0.28 g/L water at 77 °F and 14.7 psia

> 10% in acetone; > 10% in chloroform; > 10% in ethyl ether

Soluble in ether, acetone, and chloroform

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.3

(77 °F): 0.3%

1.41 at -40 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.194 at 25 °C

Density: 1.41 at -40 °C (liquid)

Relative density (water = 1): 1.21

1.41 at -40 °F

1.4909 @ 69°C

3.11(relative gas density)

3.11 (NIOSH, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.0

10991.42 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

Vapor pressure : 1 Pa at -152 °C (extrapolated); 10 Pa at -141 °C (extrapolated); 100 Pa at -126 °C (extrapolated); 1 kPa at -107.1 °C; 10 kPa at -80.5 °C; 100 kPa at -41.1 °C

7,250 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 908

750 [mm Hg] @-41.1 °C

log Kow = 1.08

Henry's Law constant = 4.06X10-2 atm-cu m/mole at 22 °C

The liquefied gas poured into water can be violently explosive. This is due to the phase transition from superheated liquid to vapor.

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE is incompatible with the following: Alkalis, alkaline earth metals (e.g., powdered aluminum, sodium, potassium, zinc) (NIOSH, 2024).

In a dichlorodifluoromethane system, frictional wear exposed fresh metal surfaces on an aluminum compressor impellor, causing an exothermic reaction which melted much of the impellor. Later tests showed similar results ... with ... chlorodifluoromethane ... .

At elevated pressures, mixtures of the Refrigerant 22 gas with 50% of air are combustible (though ignition is difficult) and a 6- to 8-fold pressure increase may occur in closed systems if ignition occurs.

Alkalis, alkaline earth metals (e.g., powdered aluminum, sodium, potassium, zinc).

Attacks magnesium and its alloys.

Alkalis, alkaline earth metals (e.g., powdered aluminum, sodium, potassium, zinc)

Chlorodifluoromethane

Endocrine

5 x 10 ^1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chlorodifluoromethane. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chlorodifluoromethane. Overall evaluation: Chlorodifluoromethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans (Group 3).

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 41: (1986) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Pesticide Exposures

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Irregular heartbeat. Confusion. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

irritation respiratory system; confusion, drowsiness, ringing in ears; heart palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias; asphyxia; liver, kidney, spleen injury; liquid: frostbite

respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, spleen

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 350,000 ppm/15m

LC50 Mouse inhalation 28 parts per hundred (pph)/20 minutes

LC50 Rat inhalation 35 parts per hundred (pph)/15 minutes

If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines & adrenergic activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/

Victims of freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic, & cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment, & high flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema & treated appropriately. CNS findings should be treated supportively. A calm environment with no physical exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenegic levels. Exogenous adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized myocardial dysrhythmias. Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias. For ventricular dysrhythmias, diphenylhydantoin & countershock may be effective. Cryogenic dermal injuries should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40-42 °C until vasodilatory flush has returned. Elevation of the limb & standard frostbite management with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular exposure requires irrigation & slit lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effects of occupational exposure to chlorodifluoromethane (FC 22) & dichlorodifluoromethane (FC 12) on cardiac rhythm were examined. The subjects were 6 men who repaired refrigerators (age 31-56, mean 46 yr) & a control group of six plumbers (age 29-54, mean 45 yr). Ambulatory electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded for 24 hr on the day of exposure & on a control day. The ECG tapes were automatically analysed with a Reynolds pathfinder 3 apparatus & all aberrant complexes recorded by the machine were checked. One person read all the tapes without knowing whether or not they were recorded during exposure. The number of ventricular ectopic beats were compared between the day of exposure & the control day & with the tape of the control. In addn, the number of ventricular ectopic beats during exposure was compared with the number occurring during the rest of the day. The concns of fluorocarbons were measured in 4 instances. High peak concns of fluorocarbons (1300-10,000 cm3/m3) were measured during refrigerator repair work. No clear connection between fluorocarbons & cardiac arrhythmia was found, although one subject had several ventricular ectopic beats which may have been connected with exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Early ... human experience indicated that high vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma, but that these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. Cause of death /from abuse of fluorocarbons/ is in considerable doubt ... freezing of airway soft tissues can probably be eliminated as a cause of death except in cases where the product was sprayed directly into the mouth from its container or from a balloon containing some liquid. Laryngeal spasm or edema, oxygen displacement, or sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines with subsequent ventricular fibrillation appear to be reasonable possibilities. /Fluorocarbon refrigerants & propellants/

/CASE REPORTS/ Case report of a plumber's fatal work accident. Investigations on the causes of death made at post mortem showed that the worker had absorbed a large quantity of freon 22 (chlorodifluoromethane) which is known to be a /CNS depressant/ agent and capable of inducing cardiac arrhythmia. It is believed freon inhalation was the cause of loss of consciousness with consequent death from drowning in the water issuing from the pipes. It is concluded that preventive measures need to be reinforced by adequate information to the workforce on the risks connected to this type of gas.

/CASE REPORTS/ Freons are generally considered to be minimally toxic. There are no reports in the literature of Freons causing secondary arterial hypertension. /Investigators/ report two cases of acute, massive Freon exposure that preceded secondary arterial hypertension. /The authors/ hypothesize that the arterial hypertension was precipitated by renal proximal tubular damage, although several other mechanisms are possible.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Cardiac sensitization did not occur in dogs exposed to FC-22 at 25,000 ppm although positive response could be evoked experimentally at 50,000 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta), inhalation of 10-20% concentration of freon 22 increased the pulmonary resistance or bronchoconstriction.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Guinea pigs showed definite nervous system response to concn of 16% by vol in air, over period of 55 min. They showed tremors & convulsive movements but recovered on removal. At 40%, they showed tremors & were helpless over a period of 2.5 hr but recovered ... at concn of 58%, death occurred in 8 min.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In acute, 2 hr exposures ... concn of 75,000 to 100,000 ppm produced excitation and/or changes in equilibrium in both rats and guinea pigs. CNS depression/ ... occurred at 200,000 ppm and mortality resulted at 300,000 and 400,000 ppm.

4.90e+04

2.10e+05

5.20e+04

2.20e+05

1.00e+05

1.00e+02

4.30e+01

5.00e+01

Volatile

1.68e+03

1.50e+05

6.20e+05

1.60e+05

6.60e+05

3.10e+05

Avoid release to the environment because of its impact on the ozone layer.

Chlorodifluoromethane's production and use in blowing agents, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermoset foams and former use in aerosols may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 7.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chlorodifluoromethane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase chlorodifluoromethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.4 years. As a result of its long half-life, a substantial fraction of chlorodifluoromethane will slowly diffuse to the stratosphere. Once in the upper stratosphere, it is dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radicals and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine. These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer. In the troposphere, however, chlorodifluoromethane is not expected to undergo direct photolysis since it does not absorb light >290 nm. If released to soil, chlorodifluoromethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8.6. However, since chlorodifluoromethane is a gas under ambient conditions, most of the chemical released on soil will volatilize rapidly, effectively reducing the potential for leaching into groundwater. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.06X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. Chlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, chlorodifluoromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 2.4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process due to chlorodifluoromethane's low rate of hydrolysis (<0.01 g/L-yr). Occupational exposure to chlorodifluoromethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorodifluoromethane is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chlorodifluoromethane via inhalation of ambient air and from leaky refrigeration units containing chlorodifluoromethane. (SRC)

Chlorodifluoromethane's production and use in blowing agents, refrigeration, air conditioning, and thermoset foams and former use in aerosols(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

The major use of chlorodifluoromethane, however, is in refrigeration and air conditioning applications which accounts for 90% of reported sales. When chlorodifluoromethane is used in refrigeration, there is a delay of six to seven years between its production and its release into the atmosphere(2). Based on information from producers, approximately 2.5% of chlorodifluoromethane is released directly into the environment during packaging operations and from factory vents(1). In operations in which chlorodifluoromethane is used as a chemical intermediate, approximately 1% is lost during chemical processing(1). The use of chlorodifluoromethane has been increasing markedly since it is one of the few fluorocarbons currently not restricted by the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer(3). However, consumption and production of HCFCs, including chlordifluoromethane were stopped in 1996 and 2004, respectively, for developed countries, with a 100% phase-out mandated by 2030(4). Annual worldwide production (in X10+6 kg) of chlorodifluoromethane from 1970 to 1994 were as follows: 56.1 (1970), 75.0 (1975), 126.3 (1980), 153.4 (1985), 213.7 (1990), and 239.4 (1994)(1,5). Annual worldwide release (in X10+6 kg) to the environment, based on production data, are: 41.4 (1970), 65.7 (1975), 104.3 (1980), 137.2 (1985), 195.2 (1990), and 218.9 (1994)(1,5). In the United States alone, 82,000 tons of chlorodifluoromethane was released into the environment in 1990(5). Over the period 1991 to 1995, worldwide production of chlorodifluoromethane remained virtually constant at 240 Gg/year, however emissions to the atmosphere increased from 195 Gg during 1990 to 225 Gg in 1995(6). Emissions of chlorodifluoromethane determined from aircraft measurements were reported as average concentrations of 46 Gg/year for the United States between 2004 and 2006 and 7.5 Gg/year for Mexico in 2006(4). Chlorodifluoromethane was reported as the single largest contributor to the U.S. halocarbon global warming potential(4). The country with the second highest emission of chlorodifluoromethane was the Russian Federation at 20,500 tons(2). Production surveys have indicated that 90% of total production of chlorodifluoromethane was sold in the northern hemisphere between 1980 to 1991(1).

Of the estimated 941 million kg produced throughout the world between 1967 and 1977, approx 44% (418 million kg) has been released to the atmosphere by 1978 (Panel on Stratospheric Chemistry and Transport, 1979). Emissions ... to the troposphere in 1978 were calculated to be 50 million kg/yr (21 million kg per yr chlorine equivalents), with 40% reaching the stratosphere. In 1972, the atmospheric release rate in the northern hemisphere as a result of human activity was estimated to be 33 million kg/yr.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.6(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.08(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chlorodifluoromethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, since chlorodifluoromethane is a gas(5) under ambient conditions, most of the chemical released on soil will volatilize rapidly, effectively reducing the potential for leaching into groundwater(SRC). Volatilization of chlorodifluoromethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.06X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.6(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.08(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chlorodifluoromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.06X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 2.4(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis in water is not expected to be important due to chlorodifluoromethane's low rate of hydrolysis (<0.01 g/L-yr)(7). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(8) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorodifluoromethane, which has a vapor pressure of 7.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase chlorodifluoromethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.4 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.68X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). As a result of its long half-life, a substantial fraction of the chlorodifluoromethane will slowly diffuse to the upper stratosphere. Once in the upper stratosphere, it is dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine at high altitudes(4). These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer. In the troposphere, however, chlorodifluoromethane is not expected to undergo direct photolysis since it does not absorb light >290 nm(5).

AEROBIC: Chlorodifluoromethane, present at 1.69 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 2 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). The maximum oxidation rate measured for chlorodifluoromethane in aerobic soil microcosms incubated with methane and air to simulate the gas composition in landfill soil covers was 0.343 mg/g soil-hour(2).

ANAEROBIC: No reductive dechlorination of chlorodifluoromethane was observed during a 177 day period under anaerobic conditions in sewage sludge and aquifier sediment slurries(1). Using a mixed culture of methanotrophic bacteria collected from an aquifer, a second order rate constant of 0.014 L/mg-cell-day was obtained for chlorodifluoromethane(2). Assuming typical microbial densities in soil and marine environments of 1X10+6 to 1X10+7 organisms/cu cm of soil and water, respectively, of which 1% are methanotropes, first order rate rates of 1X10-10 to 1X10-9 1/sec are obtained, from which a half-life of 22 yrs was calculated(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chlorodifluoromethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.68X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 9.4 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). As a result of its long half-life, a substantial fraction of the chlorodifluoromethane will slowly diffuse to the upper stratosphere. Once in the upper stratosphere, it is dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine at high altitudes(3). These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer. The estimated tropospheric half-life of chlorodifluoromethane is 9.1 years(4) while the estimated total lifetime of chlorodifluoromethane in the atmosphere ranges from 13.6 to 15 years(5,6). Chlorodifluoromethane is not expected to undergo direct photolysis in the troposphere or in surface waters since it does not absorb light >290 nm(7). The rate of chlorodifluoromethane hydrolysis is very low, <0.01 g/L-yr at 30 °C, and is not expected to be an important degradation pathway in the environment(8).

Reactions in the atmosphere chemically transform or physically remove halogen-containing source species from the atmosphere after release. Known atmospheric reactions for halocarbon source gases include photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical (OH) in both the troposphere and stratosphere, reaction with electronically excited atomic oxygen (O(1D)) and atomic chlorine (Cl) chiefly in the stratosphere, uptake in oceanic surface waters through chemical and biological degradation processes, biological degradation in soils, and possibly surface reactions on minerals. Not all halocarbon source gases become degraded by all of these processes. The quantitative determinations of trace gas reaction strengths are of interest because the reactions control both the atmospheric lifetimes and the location of halogen release from source gases. The important processes for atmospheric lifetime are those that have significant strength on a mass or molecule basis, that is, where loss frequency and atmospheric abundance are co-located. A simple definition of lifetime is the sum of the integrals over the entire atmosphere of the product of the first-order reaction process frequencies (the local instantaneous lifetimes) and the normalized source gas mass or concentration distribution(1). /Hydrohalocarbons/

An estimated BCF of 2.4 was calculated in fish for chlorodifluoromethane(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.08(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of chlorodifluoromethane is estimated as 8.6(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.08(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that chlorodifluoromethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, since chlorodifluoromethane is a gas(4) under ambient conditions, most of the chemical released on soil will volatilize rapidly, effectively reducing the potential for leaching into groundwater(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for chlorodifluoromethane is 4.06X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that chlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2.7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.7 days(SRC). Chlorodifluoromethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Chlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.25X10+3 mm Hg(3).

Trace volatile organic compounds were monitored in landfill gas at 7 UK waste disposal facilities from 1994 to 1995(1). Concentrations of chlorodifluoromethane ranged from <0.5 mg/cu m to 404 mg/cu m. The presence of chlorodifluoromethane in landfill gas is expected to be due to direct volatilization from plastic foam, aerosol propellants, and refrigerators. Based on emission rates monitored in 1995 from the UK, the total global emission of chlorodifluoromethane is 1.4X10+8 kg/year(1). Dust samples from a municipal waste incinerator located in Hamburg, Germany were analyzed for chlorodifluoromethane concentrations(2). The study determined that chlorodifluoromethane concentrations ranged from <0.005 to 0.89 mg/kg waste. When municipal waste was added to a laboratory anaerobic digester, levels of chlorodifluoromethane were measured in both the gas and leachate. Maximum chlorodifluoromethane concentrations were 385 mg/N cu m in gas samples and 0.9 mg/L in leachate(2).

Chlorodifluoromethane is the seventh most common halocarbon in the atmosphere, having an average concentration of 60 parts per trillion(1). Because of its long atmospheric half-life, chlorodifluoromethane will disperse over the globe and accumulate in the atmosphere. Its concentration levels, removed from local sources, will be similar at different locations and will increase with time(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Monitoring studies have indicated that the global mean ground-level concentration of chlorodifluoromethane have increased 7.3% per year between mid-1987 through 1992(1). Similar increases were observed over Jungfraujoch, Switzerland from 1986 to 1992 and in Kitt Peak, Arizona from 1980 to 1992 where chlorodifluoromethane concentrations increased 7.0% per year at both locales(2). Over Table Mountain California, chlorodifluoromethane concentrations increased 6.7% from 1985 to 1990(3). The average global concentration of chlorodifluoromethane ranges from 101-115 parts/trillion(3). Atmospheric concentrations of chlorodifluoromethane were measured above Cape Grim, Tasmania from 1978 to 1996(4). Concentrations (parts/trillion) were: 31.23 (1978), 44.85 (1981), 55.39 (1984) 69.20 (1987), 89.91 (1990), 101.82 (1993) and 118.36 (1996). Chlorodifluoromethane was also measured above La Jolla, California from 1992 to 1996; at this location, concentrations (parts/trillion) were: 112.86 (1992), 118.19 (1993), 122.32 (1994), 133.95 (1995), and 136.41 (1996)(4). The median concentration of chlorodifluoromethane at four urban/suburban sites in the United States from the 1970s was 25 parts per trillion(5). The maximum concentration reported at the urban/suburban sites was 150 parts per trillion(5).

RURAL/REMOTE: Analysis of the atmospheric burden of chlorodifluoromethane by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry gave an avg global concentration of approximately 45.0 parts per trillion (159.0 ng/cu m) in mid-1979; the northern hemisphere ambient concentration was 50.0 parts per trillion (177.0 ng/cu m) and the southern hemisphere, 42 parts per trillion (149.0 ng/cu m)(1). In May 1982, the average atmospheric concentration of chlorodifluoromethane in the lower troposphere measured over Point Barrow, Alaska was 73.2 parts per trillion (259.0 ng/cu m)(1). The concentration of chlorodifluoromethane present in the ambient atmosphere was reported to be 88 pmol/mol in 1990(2). In January 1980, the concentration of chlorodifluoromethane in the remote Pacific Northwest and the South Pole was 63 and 45 parts per trillion, respectively(3). At Barrows Alaska, the concentration was highest in January (62.5 parts per trillion( and lowest in July (55.3 parts per trillion)(4). The median concentration of chlorodifluoromethane at two rural/remote sites in the United States from the 1970s was 14 parts per trillion(5). A global mean concentration of 101.8 parts/trillion and interhemispheric difference of 13 parts/trillion were determined for chlorodifluoromethane in 1992 from air collected in flasks from 7 remote sites(6).

SOURCE DOMINATED: A study showed that levels of chlorodifluoromethane in air samples (31.0-55.0 parts per trillion (110-195 ng/cu m)) collected over the state of Washington were not elevated 2 days after eruption of the Mount St Helens volcano(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: A pilot study of volatile organic chemicals in mother's milk found that two of eight samples of milk obtained from women in 4 urban areas in the United States contained chlorodifluoromethane; the levels were not quantified(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of chlorodifluoromethane is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 157,080 workers (12,185 of these were female) were potentially exposed to chlorodifluoromethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to chlorodifluoromethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorodifluoromethane is produced or used. In one study, workers in a fluorocarbon shipping and packaging plant were exposed to 4.7-13.5 ppm of chlorodifluoromethane(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chlorodifluoromethane via inhalation of ambient air(SRC) and from leaky refrigeration units containing chlorodifluoromethane(3).

...Exposure in chemical plant operations and production is generally low but highly variable, and may be high in areas without adequate ventilation. Cylinder packers and shippers have occasional high exposure. Exposure during tank farm operations, and tank and drum filling, may exceed the threshold limit value. Tank truck and tank car fillers have potentially high exposure, which may be intermittent with the occurrence of accidents. Maintenance operators, laboratory analysts, and supervisory personnel have low exposure. The highest exposure in the factory occurs with venting of gases from returnable cylinders. The formation of high-temperature thermal decomposition products may occur during storage.

There are isolated reports of poisoning from exposure to fluorocarbon propellants and some studies showing a higher incidence of coronary heart disease among hospital personnel and refrigerant mechanics exposed to fluorocarbons. Additional investigation is required to establish casual relationship between fluorocarbons and cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary diseases among exposed workers. The high incidence of cancer among hospital personnel repeatedly exposed to fluorine-containing general anesthetics raises a fundamental need to examine other fluorocarbon-exposed workers for similar effects. /Fluorocarbons/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Because of the discovery of potential ozone decomposition in the stratosphere by chlorodifluoromethane, the material should not be released to the environment if it can be prevented. Material to be scrapped should be returned to the vendor, or to licensed waste disposal company.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1018; Chlorodifluoromethane

IMO 2.2; Chlorodifluoromethane

49 045 52; Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Non-Flammable Gas

Special insulated cylinder.

UN Hazard Class: 2.2