iodoform

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1363) of reports.

H302 (> 99.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (99.1%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (99.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (99.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1363 reports by companies from 15 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 1363 reports by companies.

There are 14 notifications provided by 1362 of 1363 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (100%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (100%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires associated with this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Store in a cool place in airtight containers. Protect from light.

0.6 ppm (10 mg/m³)

TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.001 [ppm], as elemental iodine, inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.6 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.001 ppm (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2021]

Australia: 0.6 ppm (1990); United Kingdom: 0.6 ppm, 10-min STEL 1.0 ppm (1991).

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Iodoform:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Important additional information about respirator selection

Iodoform appears as bright yellow or yellow powder or crystals. Penetrating odor. Unctuous feel. Odor threshold 0.4 ppb. (NTP, 1992)

Yellow to greenish-yellow powder or crystalline solid with a pungent, disagreeable odor. [antiseptic for external use]; [NIOSH]

Yellow to greenish-yellow powder or crystalline solid with a pungent, disagreeable odor.

Yellow to greenish-yellow powder or crystalline solid with a pungent, disagreeable odor. [antiseptic for external use]

Yellow powder or crystals

YELLOW HEXAGONAL PRISMS OR NEEDLES FROM ACETONE

Characteristic, disagreeable odor

424 °F at 760 mmHg (Sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

424 °F (sublimes)

410 °F (Decomposes)

248 °F (NTP, 1992)

Enthalpy of melting @ mp: 3.9 kcal/mole; enthalpy of sublimation @ 298 K: 16.7 kcal/mole; specific heat @ 400 K: 19.60 cal/K.mole, @ 600 K: 21.52 cal/K.mole, @ 800 K: 22.64 cal/K.mole, @ 1000 K: 23.38 cal/K.mole

less than 1 mg/mL at 75 °F (NTP, 1992)

Slightly soluble

SOL IN ACETIC ACID

13.6 g/100 ml ether @ 25 °C

7.8 g/100 ml ethanol @ 25 °C

One gram dissolves in 60 ml cold alcohol, 16 ml boiling alcohol, 10 ml chloroform, 7.5 ml ether, 80 ml glycerol, 3 ml carbon disulfide, 34 ml olive oil; freely sol in benzene, acetone, slightly sol in petr ether.

In water, 100 mg/l @ room temperature.

4.008 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

Specific Gravity: 4.008 g/cu cm @ 25 °C

4.1 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

13.6 (Air= 1)

0.04 [mmHg]

DECOMPOSES VIOLENTLY @ 400 °F (204 °C)

DECOMPOSES @ HIGH TEMP WITH EVOLUTION OF IODINE.

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION ... EMITS TOXIC FUMES OF /HYDROGEN IODIDE/.

161.9 kg cal/g mol wt at 20 °C (solid)

Odor Threshold Low: 0.000019 [ppm]

Odor Threshold High: 1.1 [ppm]

Odor threshold from AIHA

5.0 ppb (detection in air, purity not specified)

Low: 0.0062 mg/cu m; High: 0.0833 mg/cu m

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.8 @ 20 °C

Iodoform oxidizes arsenites to arsenates, antimonites to antimonates, and stannites to stannates.

Enthalpy of formation (gas) @ 25 °C: 50.40 kcal/mole; Gibbs (free) energy of formation (gas) @ 25 °C: 42.54 kcal/mole; entropy (gas) @ 25 °C: 84.97 cal/deg.mole; heat capacity (gas) @ 25 °C: 17.94 cal/deg.mole

Unctuous touch; characteristic, disagreeable odor. Volatile with steam.

Decomposes at high temperatures with evolution of iodine.

Gibbs energy

Band gap energy

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

IODOFORM decomposes at high temperatures. Decomposes slowly in light at room temperature. Reacts violently with lithium. Is incompatible with mercuric oxide, calomel, silver nitrate, tannin, and balsam Peru. Is also incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents and magnesium. Vigorous reactions occur with acetone in the presence of solid potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, hexamethylenetetramine at 352 °F, mercury(I) fluoride and finely divided reduced silver. (NTP, 1992)

INCOMPATIBILITIES: MERCURIC OXIDE, CALOMEL, SILVER NITRATE, TANNIN, BALSAM PERU DIRECTLY MIXED.

Incompatibile with ... lithium, acetone.

Incompatibilites: alkalis, oxidizing agents, lead salts

Strong oxidizers, lithium, metallic salts (e.g., mercuric oxide, silver nitrate), strong bases, calomel, tannin.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for IODOFORM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, lithium, metallic salts (e.g., mercuric oxide, silver nitrate), strong bases, calomel, tannin

Iodoform

TR-110: Bioassay of Iodoform for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 75-47-8) (1978 )

04/26/78

No Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, no convincing evidence was provided for the carcinogenicity of iodoform in Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination, central nervous system depression; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); liver, kidney, heart damage; visual disturbance

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, heart

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LC50 (rat) = 165 ppm/7h

LD50 Mouse subcutaneous 1.6 mmoles/kg

LDLo Rabbit subcutaneous 50 mg/kg

LDLo Canis familiaris (dog) oral 1000 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 810 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for IODOFORM (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SYSTEMIC INTOXICATION AND VISUAL DISTURBANCES RESULTED FROM ABSORPTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT /OF IODOFORM/ APPLIED TO WOUNDS OR ABSCESSES, OR FROM INGESTION OF LARGE QUANTITIES, BUT NOT FROM APPLICATION TO THE EYE. ... MOST CHARACTERISTICALLY VISION WAS IMPAIRED BY RETROBULBAR NEURITIS WITH ACCOMPANYING CENTRAL SCOTOMA. IN RARE INSTANCES TRANSITORY COMPLETE BLINDNESS OCCURRED. IN SOME CASES THE BULBAR PORTION OF THE OPTIC NERVE WAS INVOLVED, WITH NEURORETINITIS & OCCASIONAL RETINAL HEMORRHAGES. AS A RULE, RECOVERY WAS SLOW ... IN MOST CASES VISION WAS COMPLETELY OR PARTIALLY RECOVERED, BUT RESIDUAL PALLOR OF THE TEMPORAL PART OF THE OPTIC NERVEHEAD WAS COMMON. EXCEPTIONALLY THE WHOLE NERVEHEAD BECAME ATROPHIC AND WHITE AND LITTLE VISION WAS RECOVERED.

Both di- and tri-halogenated methane derivatives have been found to produce increased blood levels of methemoglobin; the greatest increase caused by iodo-, followed by bromo- and chloro- compounds. CNS functional disturbances are reported, including depression of rapid eyemovement sleep, as seen in carbon monoxide exposures. /Di- and tri-halogenated methane derivatives/

POISONING IS OFTEN DUE TO ABSORPTION THROUGH WOUND WHEN IODOFORM DRESSINGS ARE USED (NO MORE THAN 2 G IODOFORM SHOULD BE SO USED). MAY CAUSE DERMATITIS. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS INCL VOMITING & ALL DEGREES OF CEREBRAL DEPRESSION OR EXCITATION, INCL DELIRIUM, HALLUCINATIONS, COMA, & DEATH. VERY RAPID PULSE IS CHARACTERISTIC, WITH OR WITHOUT SLIGHT FEVER.

... Severe poisoning, which may be fatal, is characterized by headache, somnolence, delirium, and rapid feeble pulse.

... LESION PRODUCED BY IODOFORM /WAS COMPARED/ TO THAT PRODUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. ... MORPHOLOGICALLY, LESIONS WERE QUITE COMPARABLE. IN ADDITION, LIPID PEROXIDATION OCCURRED /IN LIVER/ ... BEING ASSOC WITH DEPRESSION IN GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY & CACLIUM FLUX. ... ALSO INCR IN CELL SAP RNA. THESE FINDINGS ARE ESSENTIALLY IDENTICAL TO THOSE OBSERVED AFTER CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INTOXICATION.

/Iodoform toxicity/ ... is characterized by the production of both fatty liver and necrosis ...

ORAL DOSES OF IODOFORM EQUIV TO 2600 MICROMOLES OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE/100 G OF RAT CAUSED EARLY CENTRILOBULAR SUPPRESSION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE & TRANSITORY INFLUX OF CALCIUM INTO MIDZONAL LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS. CARBON TETRAIODIDE AFFECTED ENZYME WITHIN 1ST 8 HR.

LESIONS OF LIVER MEMBRANOUS CELLULAR COMPONENTS FOLLOWING IODOFORM.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for IODOFORM (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=75-47-8]

A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of technical grade iodoform was conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. Iodoform in corn oil was administered by gavage, at either of two dosages, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. Administration of the chemical occurred 5 days/wk, for a period of 78 wk, followed by an observation period of 34 wk for rats and 13 or 14 wk for mice. For each species, 20 animals of each sex were placed on test as vehicle controls. These animals were gavaged with pure corn oil at the same rate as the high dose group of the same sex. Twenty animals of each sex were placed on test as untreated controls for each species. ... Under the conditions of this bioassay, no convincing evidence was provided for the carcinogenicity of iodoform in Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Negative.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 2.92 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay @ 25.1 °C, pH 7.7, water hardness 44.2 mg/l CaCO3 /Purity 98%/

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 2.01 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay @ 25.1 °C, pH 7.7, water hardness 44.2 ml/l CaCO3 /Purity 98%/. /EC50 was based upon loss of equlibrium as manifested by the fish's inability to maintain an upright position when swimming./

Iodoform's production and use as an antiseptic and sensitizing agent in certain printing processes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its present use is rather limited. It is sometimes formed in drinking water during the chlorination process. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates iodoform will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase iodoform will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 days. Iodoform absorbs light >290 nm and therefore there is a potential for direct photolysis. If released to soil, iodoform is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 35. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Iodoform's biodegradation potential in soil or water is unknown. If released into water, iodoform is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 hours and 25 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 43 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process because the estimated hydrolysis rate is low. Occupational exposure to iodoform may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where iodoform is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to iodoform in some drinking water. Direct human exposure occurs when iodoform is applied to a wound. (SRC)

Iodoform's production and use as an antiseptic and sensitizing agent in certain printing processes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1,2). However its present use is rather limited. Iodoform may be formed in finished drinking water during the chlorination process(3). When iodinated trihalomethanes occur, a medicinal taste or musty odor is imparted to the water. While there are only a few reports of iodoform in treated drinking water in the literature, strong medicinal odors have long been known to occur in such water.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that iodoform is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of iodoform from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Iodoform is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Data on the biodegradability of iodoform in soil is not available(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that iodoform is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 hours and 25 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 43(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.03(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Data on the biodegradability of iodoform in water is not available(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), iodoform, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.396 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase iodoform is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 days(SRC), from its rate constant of 0.289X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Iodoform absorbs radiation >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC). Photolysis rates for iodoform were not located.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of iodoform with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 0.288X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 55 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.72X10-8 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of more than a million years at pH values of 7 to 8(2). Iodoform has a broad UV absorption band with a maximum at 349 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis. However photolysis reaction rates for iodoform were not located. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of iodoform with photochemically-produced NO3 radicals is 1.76X10+17 cu cm/molecule-sec under simulated atmospheric conditions(4).

An estimated BCF of 43 was calculated for iodoform(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.03(1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for iodoform can be estimated to be 35(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that iodoform is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for iodoform is estimated as 3.1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that iodoform is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 40 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 25 days(SRC). Iodoform's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Iodoform is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Iodoform was found in two French water treatment plants at 80 ng/l and 10-20 ng/l, respectively. This is associated with the presence of chloramines in the water being treated. In the absence of chloramines, chlorine tends to quickly react with organic precursors to preferentially form chlorinated, brominated, and iodated trihalomethanes. One of the French treatment plants used ammonia-rich ground water(1).

Iodoform is used as an antiseptic wound powder; however, today its use is rather limited(1,2). Therefore, direct human exposure occurs through the application of the drug when applied to a wound(SRC). Workers involved in formulating and dispensing the drug may be exposed through dermal contact or inhalation of iodoform-containing dust(SRC). People may also be exposed to iodoform in some chlorinated drinking water(3). Iodoform-containing drinking water would generally have a medicinal taste or musty odor.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 2.92 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay @ 25.1 °C, pH 7.7, water hardness 44.2 mg/l CaCO3 /Purity 98%/

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 2.01 mg/l/96 hr, flow-through bioassay @ 25.1 °C, pH 7.7, water hardness 44.2 ml/l CaCO3 /Purity 98%/. /EC50 was based upon loss of equlibrium as manifested by the fish's inability to maintain an upright position when swimming./

Iodoform's production and use as an antiseptic and sensitizing agent in certain printing processes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its present use is rather limited. It is sometimes formed in drinking water during the chlorination process. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates iodoform will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase iodoform will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 days. Iodoform absorbs light >290 nm and therefore there is a potential for direct photolysis. If released to soil, iodoform is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 35. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Iodoform's biodegradation potential in soil or water is unknown. If released into water, iodoform is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 hours and 25 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 43 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process because the estimated hydrolysis rate is low. Occupational exposure to iodoform may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where iodoform is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to iodoform in some drinking water. Direct human exposure occurs when iodoform is applied to a wound. (SRC)

Iodoform's production and use as an antiseptic and sensitizing agent in certain printing processes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1,2). However its present use is rather limited. Iodoform may be formed in finished drinking water during the chlorination process(3). When iodinated trihalomethanes occur, a medicinal taste or musty odor is imparted to the water. While there are only a few reports of iodoform in treated drinking water in the literature, strong medicinal odors have long been known to occur in such water.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that iodoform is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of iodoform from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Iodoform is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Data on the biodegradability of iodoform in soil is not available(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that iodoform is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 hours and 25 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 43(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.03(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Data on the biodegradability of iodoform in water is not available(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), iodoform, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.396 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase iodoform is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 days(SRC), from its rate constant of 0.289X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Iodoform absorbs radiation >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC). Photolysis rates for iodoform were not located.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of iodoform with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 0.288X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 55 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.72X10-8 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of more than a million years at pH values of 7 to 8(2). Iodoform has a broad UV absorption band with a maximum at 349 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis. However photolysis reaction rates for iodoform were not located. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of iodoform with photochemically-produced NO3 radicals is 1.76X10+17 cu cm/molecule-sec under simulated atmospheric conditions(4).

An estimated BCF of 43 was calculated for iodoform(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.03(1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for iodoform can be estimated to be 35(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that iodoform is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for iodoform is estimated as 3.1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that iodoform is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 40 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 25 days(SRC). Iodoform's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Iodoform is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Iodoform was found in two French water treatment plants at 80 ng/l and 10-20 ng/l, respectively. This is associated with the presence of chloramines in the water being treated. In the absence of chloramines, chlorine tends to quickly react with organic precursors to preferentially form chlorinated, brominated, and iodated trihalomethanes. One of the French treatment plants used ammonia-rich ground water(1).

Iodoform is used as an antiseptic wound powder; however, today its use is rather limited(1,2). Therefore, direct human exposure occurs through the application of the drug when applied to a wound(SRC). Workers involved in formulating and dispensing the drug may be exposed through dermal contact or inhalation of iodoform-containing dust(SRC). People may also be exposed to iodoform in some chlorinated drinking water(3). Iodoform-containing drinking water would generally have a medicinal taste or musty odor.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.