trimethylamine

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H220 (21.8%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H224 (78.1%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H280 (20.5%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H302 (77%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (77%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H315 (23%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (35.5%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (> 99.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (36.5%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2229 reports by companies from 38 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P363, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P363, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P222, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

INHALATION: remove victim to fresh air and call a doctor; give artificial respiration and oxygen if needed.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 minutes; consult an eye doctor.

SKIN: flush with water, wash with soap and water. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. Call a hospital or poison control center IMMEDIATELY even if no symptoms (such as inflammation or irritation) develop. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected area if advised to do so by a physician.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately (liquid/solution)/Frostbite

Skin: Water flush immediately (liquid/solution)/Frostbite

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately (solution)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 118 [Gases - Flammable - Corrosive]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

Some of these materials may react violently with water.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Do not get water inside containers.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Use water in large amounts, alcohol-resistant foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous/

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Trimethylamine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Aqueous solutions are flammable unless diluted extensively.

Cylinders and tanks may rocket under fire conditions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material.

· For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads).

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 118 [Gases - Flammable - Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. Remove vapour with fine water spray.

Evacuate danger area! Remove all ignition sources. Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove vapour with fine water spray.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Neutralize with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4). /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Trimethylamine, anhydrous/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Neutralize with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4). /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Trimethylamine, aqueous solutions/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 118 [Gases - Flammable - Corrosive]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 132 [Flammable Liquids - Corrosive]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material. For hydrazine, absorb with DRY sand or inert absorbent (vermiculite or absorbent pads). Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool.

Fireproof. Well closed. Separated from strong acids, oxidants, aluminium, copper, copper alloys, zinc, zinc alloys and mercury.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Recommended storage temperature 2-8 °C Contents under pressure. Moisture sensitive. Refrigerate before opening. Storage class (TRGS 510): Gases.

Store separately from all other flammable materials. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Trimethylamine must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) and mercury since violent reactions occur. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where trimethylamine is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of trimethylamine. Wherever trimethylamine is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings. Procedures for the handling, use, and storage of cylinders should be in compliance with OSHA 1910.101 and 1910.169, as with the recommendations of the Compressed Gas Association.

Avoid oxidizing materials, acids, and sources of halogens. Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Distinct Odor Awareness = 0.00051 ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

8.0 [ppm]

120 [ppm]

380 [ppm]

10 ppm (24 mg/m³)

15 ppm (36 mg/m³)

TWA 10 ppm (24 mg/m3) ST 15 ppm (36 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

5.0 [ppm]

15.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 15 ppm.

5 ppm as TWA; 15 ppm as STEL.

5 ppm [2012]

15 ppm [2012]

4,9 mg/m

4.9 mg/m

· Some of these materials may react violently with water.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Do not get water inside containers.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

Trimethylamine, anhydrous appears as a colorless gas with a fishlike odor at low concentrations changing to ammonia-like odor at higher concentrations. Shipped as a liquid under its own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite from evaporative cooling or chemical type burns. The gasis corrosive and dissolves in water to form flammable, corrosive solutions. Gas is an asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Prolonged exposure to heat can cause the containers to rupture violently and rocket. Long-term inhalation of low concentrations or short -term inhalation of high concentrations has adverse health effects.

Trimethylamine, aqueous solution appears as a clear to yellow aqueous solution of a gas. Odor varies from fishlike to ammonia-like depending on vapor concentration. Flash point (25% solution) 35 °F. Corrosive to skin and eyes. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen when burned.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Gas Vapor

Colorless gas with a fishy, amine odor; Note: A liquid below 37 degrees F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

COLOURLESS SOLUTION IN WATER WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colourless gas; Pungent fishy odour at low concentration

Colorless gas with a fishy, amine odor.

Colorless gas with a fishy, amine odor. [Note: A liquid below 37 °F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas at room temperature

Colorless gas [Note: A liquid below 37 °F. Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas]

Pungent, fishy, ammoniacal

Fishy, amine odor

A fish-like odor at low concentrations changing to an ammonia-like odor at higher concentrations.

Old fish

Saline taste

37.2 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

37.17 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

2.87 °C at 760 mm Hg

2.87 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-178.8 °F (USCG, 1999)

-179 °F (NTP, 1992)

-117.08 °C

-117.1 °C

Not Applicable. Gas. (USCG, 1999)

10 °F (NTP, 1992)

-7 °C (19 °F) - closed cup

20 °F (Closed cup)

10 °F (-12.2 °C) (closed cup)

25% solution: 38 °F (3.3 °C) (open cup)

Flammable gas

NA (Gas) 20 °F (Liquid)

48 % at 86 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Very soluble (NTP, 1992)

In water, 8.9X10+5 mg/L at 30 °C

Soluble in water

Soluble in alcohol, ether

Readily absorbed by alcohol with which it is miscible; also soluble in ether, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, chloroform.

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Trimethylamine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

890.0 mg/mL

Highly flammable and easily ignited. Water soluble.

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Highly Flammable

CSL00175

Ethylene oxide + Trimethylamine

Exothermic reaction resulted in an explosion and fire

Explosive,Flammable

Not Available

User Reported

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

TRIMETHYLAMINE neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Contamination of an ethylene oxide tank with trimethylamine caused an explosion [BCISC Quart. Safety Summ., 1966, 37, 44].

TRIMETHYLAMINE, AQUEOUS SOLUTION neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Contamination of an ethylene oxide tank with trimethylamine caused an explosion [BCISC Quart. Safety Summ., 1966, 37, 44].

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, brass, magnesium, zinc, copper, mercury/mercury oxides, tin/tin oxides.

Self-reactive.

Can react with oxidizing materials.

Potentially explosive reaction with bromine + heat, ethylene oxide, triethynylaluminum.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Trimethylamine (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers (including bromine), ethylene oxide, nitrosating agents (e.g., sodium nitrite), mercury, strong acids [Note: Corrosive to many metals (e.g., zinc, brass, aluminum, copper).]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Trimethylamine (TMA) is a colorless gas. It is used in the manufacture of quaternary ammonium compounds, as an insect attractant, as a warning agent for natural gas, and as a corrosion inhibitor. It is also a synthetic flavor ingredient. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure to TMA are irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and respiratory system, as well as cough, dyspnea, delayed pulmonary edema, blurred vision, corneal necrosis, and skin burns. Direct contact with liquid may cause frostbite. Trimethylaminuria or 'fish odor syndrome' described in human patients is due to excessive excretion into body fluids and breath of TMA derived from the enterobacterial metabolism of dietary precursors. Comparison of the effects of administration of antibiotics (metronidazole, amoxicillin, neomycin) on gut bacterial production of TMA from choline showed they all reduced TMA production to a limited extent, with neomycin being most effective. ANIMAL STUDIES: Tests of single drops of aqueous solution applied to animal eyes have shown that 1% solution causes severe irritation, 5% causes hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and 16.5% causes a severe reaction with conjunctival hemorrhages, corneal edema, and opacities, followed by some clearing but much vascularization. TMA is an emetic in dogs at an oral dose of 1000 mg/kg. At the same oral dose, TMA induced emesis and produced anorexia, paralysis, and death in pigs within 48 hours. In a repeated inhalation exposure study, groups of rats were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks at 0, 75, 250, or 750 ppm TMA vapor. After 10 exposures, histopathologic examination revealed concentration-dependent degenerative changes in the nasal olfactory and respiratory mucosa at all exposure levels. A similar degeneration of the tracheal mucosa was observed at 250 and 750 ppm. In mice, intraperitoneal injections (daily from day 1 to 17 of gestation) of TMA at 2.5 and 5 mmol/kg/day significantly decreased fetal body weight but not the placental weight or maternal body weight gain, however, 5 of 11 mice treated with 5 mmol/kg TMA died. TMA was tested in as many as 5 Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 97, TA 98, and TA 100) in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. TMA was negative in these tests at doses of 0.010, 0.033, 0.10, 0.33 and 1.0 mg/plate. The highest ineffective dose tested in any S. typhimurium strain was 1.000 mg/plate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: TMA caused inhibition to nitrifiers. Inhibition tests were conducted by using the oxygen utilization rate test with an enhanced nitrifier culture.

Uremic toxins such as trimethylamine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion (solution), skin and/or eye contact

Endogenous, Ingestion, Dermal (contact)

Burning sensation. Cough. Headache. Sore throat. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Burning sensation. Cough. Headache. Sore throat. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; cough, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), delayed pulmonary edema; blurred vision, corneal necrosis; skin burns; liquid: frostbite

As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LCLo (rat) = 3,500 ppm/4h

LD50 Rat oral 500 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse (male) iv 90 mg/kg

LC50 Mouse (male) inhalation 7850 ppm/2 hr

Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of uremic syndrome until normal kidney function can be restored.

Quinine specifically blocks connexin 36 (Cx36), one of the proteins that form gap junction channels. Quinine suppressed ictal /SRP: seizure/ epileptiform activity in in vitro and in vivo studies without decreasing neuronal excitability. In this study, we considered the possible mechanism of anticonvulsant effects of quinine (1, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 uM, i.c.v.) in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model of seizure. Thus, we used trimethylamine (TMA) (0.05 uM, 5 uM, 50 uM), a gap junction channel opener, to examine whether it could reverse the effects of quinine in rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of quinine affected generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) induced by PTZ by increments in seizure onset and reducing seizure duration. Additionally, pretreatment with different doses of TMA (i.c.v.) attenuated the anticonvulsant effects of quinine on the latency and duration of GTCS. It can be concluded that quinine possesses anticonvulsant effects via modulation of gap junction channels, which could contribute to the control of GTCS.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. ... Medical observation is recommended for 24-48 hr after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor or authorized paramedic may consider administering a corticosteroid spray.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure to trimethylamine are irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; cough, dyspnea, delayed pulmonary edema; blurred vision, corneal necrosis; skin burns; direct contact with liquid may cause frostbite.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ TMA was corrosive to human skin and eyes. A concentrated aqueous solution applied to intact human skin caused severe burning and hyperemia. Petechial hemorrhages appear on the skin even when the solution was washed away with soap and water within minutes of application. The exposed skin remained tender for 1 to 2 hours and slight desquamation was observed 2 to 3 hours later.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Accidental human eye contact with TMA caused corneal epithelial sloughing; the initial damage was followed by prompt healing with no sign of either corneal or other ocular injury within 4 to 5 days. In this case, the amount and concentration of TMA involved were not known; however, the exposure was suspected to be minimal.

/CASE REPORTS/ In an accident a student placed a glass ampule of liquified trimethylamine in dry ice and was attempting to open it when it exploded. The student was wearing glasses, but a blast of vapor struck one eye. There were no mechanical injuries, but it was very soon observed that the epithelium had been lost from the cornea. The epithelium healed promptly. There was no edema of the corneal stroma, and the eye was entirely normal within 4 to 5 days.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Trimethylamine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Trimethylamine oxidation in chickens in vivo was rapidly and severely depressed by feeding goitrogenic thionamides (oxazolidine-2-thionine, 5-vinyl derivative of oxazolidine-2-thionine, 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole, and thiourea). The effect of the 5-vinyl derivative of oxazolidine-2-thionine was not diminished by injecting large doses of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, or TSH simultaneously, and recovery was complete within 48 hr. These compounds strongly inhibited trimethylamine oxidase in hepatic microsomes. Hence, their short-term effect on trimethylamine oxidation is probably due to inhibition of the oxidase rather than being related to their antithyroid activity.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Female Wistar rats (8 weeks old) /were exposed/ to 3040-7455 ppm TMA for 4 hours at 21.8-29.4 °C in a series of five experiments using 44 groups of 10 rats. The test concentrations were not stated, but were a geometric progression series using a factor of 1.05-1.15. A control group was included. The chamber humidity, temperature, and CO2 content (<0.2 vol %) were controlled and TMA concentration was monitored by gas chromatography. Animals were observed during exposure and for 14 days post-exposure. During exposure, the rats were initially restless but within a half hour appeared apathetic, had splayed hind- or forelimbs, inspirational dyspnea, and occasional uncoordinated movements and convulsions. During the second half-hour of exposure, the rats had marked hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) and increased apathy and intensity of central nervous system effects, which consisted of sudden convulsions or muscle tremors that interrupted the somnolent state of the animals. The rats also had prolific nasal secretions, lacrimation, hemorrhage from the corners of the eyes and nasal orifices, and cyanosis of the ears. The first deaths occurred after 2 hours of exposure, and most animals died during the 4th exposure hour, typically following convulsions; the last animal died on day 4. Post-exposure signs included severe apathy, swelling of nasal orifices, dried bloody excretions, anorexia, and general ill health. These signs disappeared rapidly in the surviving animals. The calculated LC50 values (method of Spearman and Karber and probit analysis) decreased as temperature increased, and were approximately 4350 ppm at 21.8 °C, 3910 ppm at 25.7 °C, 3840 ppm at 27.0 °C, and 3380 ppm at 29 °C. ... 82 of the rats /were histologicall examined/. The 82 rats consisted of 63 rats that died during or after exposure (mean survival time of 3.3 hours), and 19 rats that survived 28 days (until sacrifice). ... The animals were examined macroscopically and the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, and brain were examined microscopically. In the premature decedents, macroscopic abnormalities included marked blood profusion of the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and lung lobular hyperemia. Microscopic lung changes consisted of lobular red areas, bronchial inflammation with desquamation of the bronchial epithelium, bronchopneumonia in a few cases, and perivascular and peribronchial edema. Liver lesions included perilobular fatty liver, liver cell degeneration, and hyperemia. Most animals had lower nephron necrosis and vascular hyperemia of the kidneys, heart muscle, and many had brain edema and hyperemia. The surviving rats had few pathological changes, including one case of bronchopneumonia and three of lower nephron necrosis.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In an inhalation LC50 study, CD Sprague-Dawley rats (5/sex/dose; 49-82 days old) were exposed whole-body to anhydrous TMA for 6 minutes (18,600 ppm), 10 minutes (18,100 ppm), 20 minutes (11,200-18,200 ppm), or 60 minutes (6150-8170 ppm). ... Exposure concentrations were generated by diluting TMA gas with air, and were quantitated by IR spectroscopy. Animals were observed daily for 14 days, weighed on days 0, 7, and 14, and survivors sacrificed on day 14. All animals were necropsied. The rats had decreased body weight gain primarily during the 1st week, and all groups exhibited gasping, labored breathing, rales, increased salivation, and corneal opacity immediately after exposure. The respiratory changes persisted throughout the study in only the 20 and 60 minute exposure groups, whereas corneal opacity persisted in all groups. Necropsy revealed eye lesions (cloudy cornea) in a few animals with no dose-response, and dose-related increases in the incidence of lung congestion (red, discolored lungs), which generally correlated with lethality. Lethality occurred in all groups treated for >/= 10 minutes, was generally dose-related, and primarily occurred immediately after exposure. The LC50 values [and 95% confidence limits] were 12,000 ppm [10,800-13,100 ppm] for 20 minutes and 7910 ppm [7300-8560 ppm] for 60 minutes, as calculated by the method of C.I. Bliss (1938). Subsequent analysis of the mortality data using EPA BenchMark dose software (Version 1.3.2.) yielded 20-minute values of LC50= 11,870 ppm, BMC01= 7420 ppm, and BMCL05= 5720 ppm; and 60-minute values of LC50= 8010 ppm, BMC01= 6330 ppm, and BMCL05= 4100 ppm. The statistical confidence was greater for the 60-minute values (p = 0.50) than for the 20-minute values (p = 0.069).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... TMA acute toxicity /was studied/ in 7-8 week old male CD (SD)BR rats. The TMA atmosphere was generated by dilution of TMA gas with 15 L/min air, and TMA air concentration was measured every 30 minutes with a Miran 1A infrared spectrometer. Rats (6/group) were exposed to 2000 or 3500 ppm TMA for 4 hrs, observed and weighed daily for two weeks, and the survivors sacrificed. Neither gross nor microscopic pathology were evaluated. No animals died in the 2000 ppm group, whereas at 3500 ppm TMA 3/6 animals died during exposure. During the exposure, all rats were immobile and did not react to sound, and exhibited difficulty breathing, and nasal and oral discharge. After exposure, survivors had moderate to severe (unspecified) weight loss for days 1-2, and lung noise for days 1-9. At 3500 ppm, rats also had dry red nasal and ocular discharge at the beginning of the post-exposure period.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Trimethylamine (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Anabaena subcylindrica (Blue-green algae) axenic, 1-3x10+7 cells/mL; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.2; Concentration: 2.58x10-7 ug/cell for < or =3 hr; Effect: physiology, nitrogen fixation

EC50; Species: Anabaena subcylindrica (Blue-green algae) axenic, 1-3x10+7 cells/mL; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.2; Concentration: 2.04x10-7 ug/cell for < or =3 hr; Effect: physiology, decreased photosynthesis

EC50; Species: Chlorella ellipsoidea (Green algae) axenic; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.2; Concentration: 2.4x10-8 ug/cell for 90 min; Effect: physiology, decreased photosynthesis

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 1000000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 1000000 ug/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This research compared the toxicity and inhibition caused by three aliphatic amines (n-propylamine, ethylmethylamine, and trimethylamine) and their chlorinated derivatives. The chemistry of chlorine interactions with these compounds was characterized by using membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). Acute toxicity assays were conducted by using a Microtox system with Phosphobacterium phosphoreum (also known as Vibrio fischeri) for the aliphatic amine compounds and their corresponding chlorinated derivatives, as identified by MIMS. Inhibition tests were conducted by using the oxygen utilization rate test with an enhanced nitrifier culture. The median effective concentration (EC50) values for chloropropylamine, chloroethylmethylamine, and chlorodimethylamine obtained by Microtox with a contact time of 15 min were 12.68, 19.72, and 15.92 uM, respectively. The EC50 values of these aliphatic chloramines from the Microtox test decreased by roughly one order of magnitude as a result of chlorination. Inhibition of nitrifiers also was observed in these amines. Trimethylamine and n-propylamine caused greater inhibition to nitrifiers than did ethylmethylamine under similar concentrations. Nitrifier inhibition from these amines increased after chlorination. The results of these tests indicated that aliphatic amines and their chlorinated derivatives could induce environmentally relevant toxicity responses in treatment settings and in receiving waters.

Trimethylamine's production and use in organic synthesis, as a warning agent for natural gas, in the manufacture of disinfectants, as a flotation agent, as an insect attractant, in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds and plastics may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Trimethylamine is found in nature, and widely distributed in the environment as a result of its formation during the decay of organic matter in vegetation, fish, sewage, animals and animal waste. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1610 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates trimethylamine will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase trimethylamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 6 hours and 76 days, respectively. Trimethylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trimethylamine is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 7. The pKa of trimethylamine is 9.8, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an cation and cations do not volatilize. Trimethylamine may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 92% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. Microbial production of dimethylamine from trimethylamine in soil was found to be greater under acidic conditions than at near neutral pH and greater under aerobic conditions than anaerobic conditions. If released into water, trimethylamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Trimethylamine incubated in a marine sediment slurry underwent about 35% removal in 12 hrs. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's pKa. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to trimethylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trimethylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trimethylamine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and ingestion of food containing trimethylamine. (SRC)

Trimethylamine forms as a result of microbial breakdown of both choline and betaine, common constituents of plants and animals, and from bacterial reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide, a common metabolite and excretory product of aquatic organisms(1-3). Trimethylamine also occurs in nature as a degradation product of nitrogenous plant and animal tissues(1,2,4,5).Trimethylamine has been reported in some plants(6).

Trimethylamine's production and use in organic synthesis, as a warning agent for natural gas, in the manufacture of disinfectants, as a flotation agent, as an insect attractant, for the production of quaternary ammonium compounds and plastics(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that trimethylamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of trimethylamine is 9.8(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Sorption coefficients for trimethylamine adsorption on montmorillonite, kaolinite and Flax Pond sediment were 15, 2 and 7 mL/g, respectively(5). The trimethylamine cation adsorbed strongest to the negatively-charged montmorillonite via electrostatic interactions(5). Volatilization of the cation from moist soil is not expected because cations do not volatilize(SRC). Trimethylamine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 1610 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Microbial production of dimethylamine from trimethylamine in soil was found to be greater under acidic conditions than at near neutral pH and greater under aerobic conditions than anaerobic conditions(7). Degradation products formed under aerobic conditions include dimethylamine, formaldehyde, formate and carbon dioxide(8), while products formed under anaerobic conditions include dimethylamine, ammonia and methane(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 7(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that trimethylamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 9.8(3) indicates trimethylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Trimethylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.16(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Trimethylamine incubated in a marine sediment slurry underwent about 35% removal in 12 hrs, as measured by production of carbon dioxide and methane(7). Degradation products formed under aerobic conditions include dimethylamine, formaldehyde, formate and carbon dioxide(8), while products formed under anaerobic conditions include dimethylamine, ammonia and methane(9). Trimethylamine achieved 92% of its Theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trimethylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 1610 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase trimethylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl and nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 6 hours and 76 days(SRC), calculated from respective rate constants of 6.09X10-11(3) and 4.4X10-16(4) cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC). Trimethylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Numerous strains of bacteria isolated from seawater, lake water, mud, garden soil, and activated sludge have been found capable of growth on trimethylamine(1-4). A mixed culture of microorganisms in a mineral salt medium degraded 24% of the initial trimethylamine added to dimethylamine after 36 hours of incubation(3). Trimethylamine reached 77.2% of its Theoretical BOD incubated with activated sludge for 13 days(5). Microbial production of dimethylamine from trimethylamine in soil was found to be greater under acidic conditions than at near neutral pH and greater under aerobic conditions than anaerobic conditions(6). Degradation products formed under aerobic conditions include dimethylamine, formaldehyde, formate and carbon dioxide(7). Trimethylamine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 92% of its Theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(8).

ANAEROBIC: In hypersaline Algal mat (St. Croix, US Virgin Islands) sediment, patterns of substrate metabolism suggest that trimethylamine was degraded by methanogenic bacterial populations to produce methane gas(1). Trimethylamine incubated in a marine sediment (Lowes Cove, ME) slurry underwent about 35% removal, as measured by production of carbon dioxide and methane, in 12 hours(2). Biodegradation of trimethylamine accounted for 35.1 to 61.1% of total methane produced in these marine sediments(2). Biodegradation of trimethylamine accounted for 90% of total methane produced in anoxic salt marsh sediment amended with Spartina foliosa(3). Microbial production of dimethylamine from trimethylamine in soil was found to be greater under acidic conditions than at near neutral pH and greater under aerobic conditions than anaerobic conditions(4). Products formed under anaerobic conditions include dimethylamine, ammonium and methane(5). Trimethylamine was readily biodegraded when incubated at 35 °C for 50 days using sludge under anaerobic conditions(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trimethylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 6.09X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trimethylamine with nitrate radicals is 4.4X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of approximately 76 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(3). Trimethylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Trimethylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for trimethylamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of trimethylamine can be estimated to be 7(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that trimethylamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of trimethylamine is 9.8(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Sorption coefficients for trimethylamine adsorption on montmorillonite, kaolinite and Flax Pond sediment (7% clay, 2.8% organic matter; Long Island, NY) were 15, 2 and 7 mL/g, respectively(5). The trimethylamine cation adsorbed strongest to the negatively-charged montmorillonite via electrostatic interactions(5).

A pKa of 9.8(1) indicates trimethylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Trimethylamine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1610 mm Hg(2).

The annual trimethylamine emissions from animal husbandry in developed countries is estimated to be 108 Gg nitrogen/yr(1).

SOIL: Trimethylamine has been identified in uncultivated soil(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Trimethylamine was detected in atmospheric particle samples obtained from 1998-1999 sampling in Osaka, Japan at trace levels (0.04 ng/cu m) to 0.18 ng/cu m(1). Urban atmospheric concentrations of trimethylamine have been reported as 4.0-80 parts/trillion(2). Trimethylamine was detected in 34 source and 16 ambient air samples collected in 2004 from the Thane Belapur Industrial Area, Mumbai, India(3).

INDOOR: Using a direct sampling method, the mean trimethylamine concentration in a lot-parked car interior was 1.15 ug/cu m; samples were collected Aug 2006(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Trimethylamine (in conjunction with propylamine) was detected in atmospheric samples collected May-Oct 2011 from a Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest located in Finland at 21 parts/trillion(1). Rural atmospheric concentrations of trimethylamine have been reported as 0.8-41 parts/trillion(1). Trimethylamine was detected in atmospheric particulates (0.52-1.9 um), concentrations were lowest at humidity of <30% and highest in the winter at humidity >90%(2).

Trimethylamine has been identified as a volatile component of boiled beef(1).

Trimethylamine has been found to be a volatile constituent of marine algae(1).

Trimethylamine has been reported, not quantified in plants(1).[Table#2169]

Trimethylamine was detected in fresh hake (Merluccius merluccius) caught off the Mediterranean coast near Barcelona at 0.17 mg/100 g, the concentration increased steadily to 21.57 mg/100 g after 16 days of storage on ice(1). Trimethylamine was detected at 0.33 mg/100 g in anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) caught off the Mediterranean coast near Barcelona(2). In anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) stored at 4 °C, trimethylamine concentrations rose from 3.68 to 287.66 mg/kg over 168 days(3). The concentration of trimethylamine in crab (Charybdis feriatus) meats was 869, 966 and 457 ug/kg in the leg, body and carapace, respectively(4). Trimethylamine was detected at average concentrations of 7430 and 3230 ng/g in boiled and steamed scallops (Chlamys farreri), respectively, respective concentrations in scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) were 3190 and 2440 ng/g(5). Trimethylamine was identified, not quantified, in the volatile components of fish sauce(6). Trimethylamine was detected at 0.29 and 0.41 mg/100 g in anchovy (Engraluis encrasicholus) freshly packed and then marinated for 3 months, respectively(7). In blanched and fried prawn meat, average trimethylamine concentrations were reported as 580 and 450 ug/kg, respectively(8).

Trimethylamine and dimethylamine contents of salted, hot-air dried and sun-dried samples of 2 commercial fishes, mackerel pike and seerfish, were analyzed and quantitatively compared at 3 different temperatures. The formation of both amines was more rapid at 10 and 15 °C than at 2 °C. Trimethylamine contents of hot-air dried mackerel pike and sun-dried seerfish were relatively higher than those in other samples, while those of salted samples were comparatively lower than those of others.

Trimethylamine was detected at 4 mM in commercial milk(1).

Trimethylamine is a constituent of tobacco smoke(1). Trimethylamine was identified as a volatile component in cattle feed lots(2). In beef cattle feed yards, trimethylamine was reported as the primary odorant(3).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 6 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of trimethylamine in the United States may be as low as <10 workers up to the range of 500-999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5261 workers (2870 of these are female) were potentially exposed to trimethylamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to trimethylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trimethylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trimethylamine via inhalation of tobacco smoke and ingestion of food containing trimethylamine(SRC).

Annual consumption is 416.67 lb. Individual consumption is 0.0003631 mg/kg/day.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 118 GASES - FLAMMABLE - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous/

/GUIDE 118 GASES - FLAMMABLE - CORROSIVE/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled. Vapors are extremely irritating. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous/

/GUIDE 118 GASES - FLAMMABLE - CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous/

/GUIDE 118 GASES - FLAMMABLE - CORROSIVE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Trimethylamine (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1083 118(anhydrous)

1297 132(aqueous solution)

UN 1083; Trimethylamine, anhydrous

UN 1297; Trimethylamine, aqueous solutions with not more than 50% trimethylamine by mass

IMO 2.1; Trimethylamine, anhydrous

IMO 3.0; Trimethylamine, aqueous solution not more than 50% trimethylamine by mass

49 055 40; Trimethylamine, anhydrous

49 078 80; Trimethylamine, aqueous solution

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Trimethylamine, anhydrous and trimethylamine, aqueous solution 50% or less trimethylamine, by mass are included on the dangerous goods list. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous; Trimethylamine, aqueous solution 50% or less trimethylamine, by mass/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Trimethylamine, anhydrous; and trimethylamine, aqueous solution not more than 50% trimethylamine, by mass are included on the dangerous goods list. /Trimethylamine, anhydrous; Trimethylamine, aqueous solution not more than 50% trimethylamine, by mass/

Flammable Gas

Flammable Liquid Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: F+, Xn; R: 12-20-37/38-41; S: (2)-16-26-39

Symbol: F+, C; R: 12-20/22-34; S: (1/2)-3-16-26-29-36/37/39-45; Note: B

UN Hazard Class: 2.1

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8; UN Pack Group: I