nitromethane

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302+H332 (13.8%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332 (21.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (22.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361d (13.8%): Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 752 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fire Fighting Procedures: Explosive decomposition may occur under fire conditions. Fight fires from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Remove all ignition sources. establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Follow by washing surfaces well first with alcohol, then with soap and water.

Spill or Leak Procedures: Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel.

Accidental Release Measures: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration. Large quantities of material may require nitrogen oxide removal by catalytic or scrubbing processes.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ...

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NITROMETHANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers.

Storage Recommendations: Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from amines, acids, bases, oxidizing materials, and metal oxides. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Hygroscopic. Store under inert gas.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

50 [ppm]

130 [ppm]

750 [ppm]

See Appendix D

100.0 [ppm]

100 ppm (250 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/m3)

750 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

750.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Browning [1965] that with concentrations above 1,000 ppm, if the product of this and the time of exposure was greater than 1000 (e.g., 1,000 ppm for 3 hours) some of the animals, including 1 monkey, died. Also, AIHA [1961] reported severe eye irritation at 500 ppm [Machle et al. 1940]. . . . Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

See: 75525

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

20 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

20 ppm [1997]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

USSR (1966): 9 ppm; West Germany (1974): 100 ppm; Romania (1975): 30 ppm.

Denmark TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/cu m)

Finland TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/cu m); STEL 150 ppm (375 mg/cu m)

France TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/cu m)

For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for NITROMETHANE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Nitromethane appears as a colorless oily liquid. Flash point 95 °F. May violently decompose if intensely heated when contaminated. Denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Moderately toxic. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Colorless, oily liquid with a disagreeable odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS VISCOUS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless, oily liquid with a disagreeable odor.

Colorless liquid

Oily liquid

Moderately strong, somewhat disagreeable odor

214.2 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

101.1 °C

101 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-20 °F (NTP, 1992)

-28.7 °C

95 °F (NTP, 1992)

95-96 °F

95 °F (35 °C) (Closed Cup)

36 °C (97 °F) (Closed cup)

35 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility of water in nitromethane: 2.1% at 25 °C

In water, 1.11X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, and alkali

1.139 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1371 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Bulk density = 9.5 lb/gal

Relative density (water = 1): 1.14

1.38 @ 20°C

2.11 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.11 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.1

27.8 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

35.8 [mmHg]

3.58X10+1 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 3.7

35.8 [mm Hg] @25 °C

low Kow = -0.35

Henry's Law constant = 2.86X10-5 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

785 °F (USCG, 1999)

785 °F (418 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Highly Flammable

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

NITROMETHANE may explode if heated or strongly shocked, especially if mixed with acids, bases [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 687], acetone, aluminum powder, ammonium salts in the presence of organic solvents, haloforms (chloroform, bromoform), or hydrazine in methanol. Ignites on contact with alkyl aluminum or alkyl zinc halides. Reacts violently with strong bases (potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide), amines (1,2-diaminoethane, hydrazine), bromine, carbon disulfide, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, metal oxides, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium hydride, strong oxidizing agents (lithium perchlorate, nitric acid, calcium hypochlorite). Reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to form explosive silver fulminate [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 183]. Mixtures of nitromethane and aluminum chloride may explode when organic matter is present [Chem. Eng. News 26:2257. 1948]. Nitromethane, either alone or in a mixture with methanol and castor oil, has a delayed but violent reaction with powdered calcium hypochlorite [Haz. Home Chem 1963]. Nitromethane reacts violently with hexamethylbenzene [Lewis 2544]. Nitromethane is strongly sensitized by hydrazine [Forshey, D. RR. et al, Explosivestoffe, 1969, 17(6), 125-129].

Amines; strong acids, alkalis and oxidizers; hydrocarbons and other combustible materials; metallic oxides [Note: Slowly corrodes steel and copper when wet.]

Ignites when mixed with alkyl metal halides. Can react violently with AlCl(3) and organic matter, Ca(OH)(2), m-methyl aniline, Ca(OCl)(2), hexamethylbenzene, hydrocarbons, inorganic bases, hydroxides, organic amines, KOH, formaldehyde, nitric acid, metal oxides, 1,2-diaminomethane, lithium perchlorate, sodium hydride. Reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to form the explosive silver fulminate.

Incompatible materials: Amines, strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, copper

Instability and Reactivity Hazards: Shock- and heat-sensitive. Thermally unstable. Explosively decomposes at 599 °F (315 °C). Nitromethane is made more sensitive to detonation by contamination with certain other materials such as amines and acids.

Amines; strong acids, alkalis & oxidizers; hydrocarbons & other combustible materials; metallic oxides [Note: Slowly corrodes steel & copper when wet.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nitromethane is a colorless oily liquid. It is used as solvent for cellulosic compounds, polymers, waxes, fats; chemical synthesis; model rocket fuel; gasoline additive. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Symptoms of inhalation include cough, drowsiness, headache, nausea, sore throat, unconsciousness, and vomiting. Allergic contact hand dermatitis was documented in 4 coworkers who similarly handled an adhesive solvent containing nitromethane. All 4 cases were confirmed by patch testing and resolved after allergen avoidance. One case of human poisoning has been reported. In that case, a handyman was exposed to high concentrations of nitrocellulose and nitromethane resulting in a 67% conversion of his hemoglobin to methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, transfusion, peritoneal dialysis and then 6 sessions of hemodialysis resulted in recovery. Nitromethane is confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. ANIMAL STUDIES: The most common signs of toxicity in acute animal studies were central nervous system (CNS) depression and slight irritation of the respiratory tract. Histopathologic changes were mainly in the liver and kidneys with the liver showing the most prominent injury, ie subcapsular damage, focal necrosis, fatty infiltration, congestion, and edema. The sulfhemoglobinemia and methemoglobinemia formation activities of similar drugs were studied in mice after administration of one or three ip doses. After administration of a single dose, nitromethane did not produce methemoglobinemia. Nitromethane produced sulfhemoglobinemia only after administration of three consecutive doses. Under the conditions of 2 yr inhalation studies conducted by NTP, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nitromethane in male rats. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of nitromethane in female rats based on increased incidences of mammary gland fibroadenomas and carcinomas. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of nitromethane in male mice based on increased incidences of harderian gland adenomas and carcinomas. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in female mice, based on increased incidences of liver neoplasms (primarily adenomas) and harderian gland adenomas and carcinomas. Increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in male and female mice exposed to nitromethane were also considered to be related to chemical administration. Reproductive effects were investigated in female rats. No differences were found between treated and control rats in percentages of successful matings, litter size, pup mortality, birth weight, or maternal behavior. Pups were tested at 2.5 months of age in a maze-learning apparatus; the offspring of treated rats showed impaired maze learning when compared to controls. In another developmental study male rats had decreased caudal, epididymal, and testicular weights and decreased sperm counts. There was a dose-response decrease in epididymal sperm motility. Female mice showed a dose-related increase in the average estrous cycle length. Nitromethane was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 with and without activation. Nitromethane was further tested for mutagenicity of using the Salmonella assay, Drosophila melanogaster and an in vivo micronucleus test. Nitromethane was inactive in each of the three mutagenic test systems.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Nitromethane

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 77: (2000) Some Industrial Chemicals

Fish Project (Nitromethane)

TR-528: Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,2-bis(Bromomethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, Nitromethane, and 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (CASRNs 3296-90-0, 75-52-5, and 96-18-4) in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and Medaka (Oryzias latipes) (Waterborne Studies) (2005 )

02/18/04

FISH (Medaka)

M = N F = N

Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol at concentrations of up to 150 mg/L for 16 months was considered carcinogenic for male guppies based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas. The study in female guppies was considered inadequate based on reduced survival. Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)- 1,3-propanediol at concentrations of up to 150 mg/L for 14 months was considered carcinogenic for male medaka based on increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas. The study in female medaka was considered negative.

Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, the study of nitromethane in male guppies was considered inadequate based on reduced survival. The study in female guppies at concentrations up to 70 mg/L for 16 months was considered negative. The study in male and female medaka was considered negative.

Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 1,2,3-trichloropropane at concentrations of up to 18 mg/L for 16 months was considered carcinogenic for male and female guppies based on increased incidences of a variety of liver neoplasms. Under the conditions of these waterborne studies, 1,2,3-trichloropropane at concentrations of up to 18 mg/L for 13 months was considered carcinogenic for male and female medaka based on increased incidences of a variety of liver neoplasms and papillary adenoma of the gallbladder.

TR-461: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Nitromethane (CASRN 75-52-5) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1997 )

12/05/95

No Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nitromethane in male F344/N rats exposed to 94, 188, or 375 ppm. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of nitromethane in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of mammary gland fibroadenomas and carcinomas. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of nitromethane in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of harderian gland adenomas and carcinomas. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in female B6C3F1 mice, based on increased incidences of liver neoplasms (primarily adenomas) and harderian gland adenomas and carcinomas. Increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in male and female mice exposed to nitromethane were also considered to be related to chemical administration.

Exposure to nitromethane by inhalation for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of nasal lesions including degeneration and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium and degeneration of the respiratory epithelium in male and female mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness.

See Inhalation.

dermatitis; In Animals: irritation eyes, respiratory system; convulsions, narcosis; liver damage

Eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver

Neurotoxin - Sensorimotor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

5 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

4 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

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Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

LCLo (rat) = 12,750 mg/m3/1H

LD50 Rat oral 940 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 950 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static; Concentration: <278 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Brachydanio rerio (Zebrafish); Conditions: static; Concentration: 460 mg/L for 48 hr

/PLANTS/ Tested for phytotoxicity in wheat, alfalfa, soybean, tobacco, corn, white oak and scotch pine. Max dose was 25 mg/cu m. Minimum or no injury observed on any of plants.

5.40e+00

2.40e+01

3.20e-01

1.40e+00

6.40e-01

1.00e+03

1.40e-04

5.00e-03

Volatile

1.80e+04

2.60e+02

1.10e+03

1.60e+01

6.60e+01

3.10e+01

Nitromethane's production and use as a corrosion inhibitor, solvent, chemical intermediate, explosive in shaped-charges and fuel for professional drag racers and hobbyists may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Nitromethane occurs in cigarette smoke. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 35.8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates nitromethane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase nitromethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 123 days. Nitromethane is expected to undergo direct photolysis in the atmosphere based on 83% degradation within 24 hours, and a half-life of 4.3 hours measured during tests for photodegradation. If released to soil, nitromethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.86X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Nitromethane is expected volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing a soil microcosm test, 5.1 and 2.3% conversion to CO2 in aerobic and anerobic soil, respectively, after 35 days indicates that biodegradation may be important environmental fate process in soil. Direct photolysis is expected to occur on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight. If released into water, nitromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation studies utilizing aqueous media give conflicting results. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 27 hours and 10 days, respectively. A BCF of 1.4 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Direct photolysis may be an important fate process on water surfaces exposed to sunlight. Hydrolysis is not an important environmental.Occupational exposure to nitromethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where nitromethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to nitromethane via inhalation of ambient air and cigarette smoke. (SRC)

Nitromethane's production and use as a corrosion inhibitor (vapor degreasing, dry cleaning, semiconductor cleaning, and lens cleaning), solvent (for adhesives, coatings and other applications), chemical intermediate (for fungicides, biocides and anti-ulcer drugs), explosive in shaped-charges and fuel for professional drag racers and hobbyists(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Nitromethane occurs in cigarette smoke(2,3). Nitromethane is also released to the atmosphere in auto exhaust, and from turbine engines(3). Nitromethane is a byproduct in the manufacture of the munitions RDX and HMX and may, therefore, be released in wastewater and as air emissions during their manufacture(4). In 1984 in the U.S., these explosives were only manufactured in the Holston Army Ammunition Plant in Tennessee(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nitromethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of nitromethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.86X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Nitromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 35.8 mm Hg(4). Nitromethane was readily degradable in a solid surface photomineralization test with 4.4% mineralization to CO2 in 17 hr(5); therefore, direct photolysis is expected to occur on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Utilizing a soil microcosm test, 5.1 and 2.3% conversion to CO2 in aerobic and anerobic soil, respectively, after 35 days(6) indicates that biodegradation may be important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nitromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.86X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 27 hours and 10 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF of 1.4 measured for fish (Golden ide)(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Direct photolysis in water exposed to sunlight is expected to occur(SRC) based on an observed photodegradation of 64.8% in 24 hours(7). Hydrolysis is not expected to occur in water(7). Biodegradation studies utilizing aqueous media give conflicting results(6,7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nitromethane, which has a vapor pressure of 35.8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase nitromethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 123 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.30X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Nitromethane is expected to undergo direct photolysis in the atmosphere based on 83% degradation within 24 hours, and a half-life of 4.3 hours measured during tests for photodegradation(4,5).

AEROBIC: When nitromethane was incubated with activated sludge, 36.2% mineralization occurred in 5 days(1,2). Degradation was low in a closed bottle biodegradability test, using a municipal sewage plant effluent innoculum, with 10% degradation occurring in 28 days(1,2). Aerobic C14 studies performed with soil microorganisms resulted in 5.1% conversion to CO2 in 35 days(1,2); during this time, 22.3% was lost as volatile products(1,2). Nitromethane present at 500 mg/L and inoculated with activated sludge from three municipal treatment plants was toxic to the microorganisms present over the 24 hour study period(3).

ANAEROBIC: Anaerobic C14 studies performed with soil microorganisms resulted in 2.3% conversion to CO2 in 35 days(1,2). During this time 31.8%, were lost as volatile product(1,2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of nitromethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.30X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 123 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Nitromethane absorbs UV radiation >290 nm and undergoes primary dissociation to form free radicals(2). The half-life for photodissociation has been measured to be 4.3 hr(3). Photodegradation of nitromethane in the gas phase has been measured according to the Fujiki Test; this test uses three 360 nm and three 300 nm emitting lamps and Pyrex glass reaction tubes(4). After 24 hours, degradation of nearly 83% was reported for nitromethane(4). Another study found the photodecomposition half-life for nitromethane in the presence of 5 ppm of NO to be 9.2 hr(5). Nitromethane was readily degradable in a solid surface photomineralization test with 4.4% mineralization to CO2 in 17 hr(6). A direct photolysis test in water using 0.01 mg/L nitromethane observed a 64.8% degradation in 24 hours(7). Nitromethane is not hydrolyzed by water alone(7); one abiotic hydrolysis test reported a half-life of 7 years at pH 9(7).

A BCF value of 1.4 was measured for fish (Golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus)) in a static 3-day test with nitromethane present at 50 ppb(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(4), however actual BCF values were not reported(SRC). The bioconcentration factor in algae (Chorella fusca), as determined in a 24-hr experiment, was 960(1).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of nitromethane can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that nitromethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for nitromethane is 2.86X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that nitromethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 27 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 10 days(SRC). Nitromethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Nitromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 35.8 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

DRINKING WATER: Nitromethane was detected, not quantified in drinking water samples collected in Miami, FL, Philadelphia, PA, Cincinnati, OH, and Tucson, AZ during a survey conducted by the EPA(1).

The concentration of nitromethane in auto exhaust using nine hydrocarbon test fuels under simulated city driving conditions ranged from <0.8 to 5.0 ppm(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Maximum ground level concentrations of nitromethane at three sites on the boundary of an ammunition plant in Tennessee were 0.21, 2, 2 ug/cu m(1).

Nitromethane has been detected at unspecified concentrations in stored food exudate(1).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Nitromethane was detected, but not quantified in 1 of 12 human milk samples from four US urban areas(1). Nitromethane was detected (unspecified concentration) in a breast milk sample collected in Jersey City, NJ(2).

Nitromethane occurs in cigarette smoke(1,2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of nitromethane is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 134,803 workers (46,338 of these are female) are potentially exposed to nitromethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to nitromethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where nitromethane is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to nitromethane via inhalation of ambient air and cigarette smoke(SRC).

Nitromethane was detected, but not quantified in 1 of 12 human milk samples from four US urban areas(1). Nitromethane was detected (unspecified concentration) in a breast milk sample collected in Jersey City, NJ(2).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration. Large quantities of material may require nitrogen oxide removal by catalytic or scrubbing processes.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for NITROMETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1261; Nitromethane

IMO 3; Nitromethane

49 070 30; Nitromethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: Xn; R: 5-10-22; S: (2)-41

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II