2-Methylaziridine

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (1 of 362) of reports.

H225 (99.7%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H300+H310+H330 (28.7%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (99.7%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (99.7%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318 (99.7%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (99.7%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350 (99.7%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411 (99.7%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 362 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 362 reports by companies.

There are 6 notifications provided by 361 of 362 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Propyleneimine can severely irritate eyes, skin, and lungs. Direct eye contact has caused corneal damage. Suspected of having carcinogenic potential in humans. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Propyleneimine Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to propyleneimine may include irritation, inflammation, and blistering of the skin, eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract; shortness of breath, increased nasal and laryngeal secretions. Itching, nausea, and periodic vomiting, headache (pain in the temple), dizziness may also be noted. CNS effects may occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to propyleneimine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to propyleneimine.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Rush to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to propyleneimine.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Rush to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer 100% humidified oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for performance of other invasive procedures.

3. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Rush to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

If material is on fire, do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as a "fog" and use to cool all affected containers. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

If material is on fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry powder. NO carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters, Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in covered containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Avoid breathing vapors; avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid. Keep sparks and flames away. Attempt to stop leak if it can be done without hazard. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P067, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Controlled incineration (incinerator equipped with a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Propyleneimine (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of one-third (1/3) mile radius. If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from acids, oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Cool. Ventilation along the floor. Store only in original container. Store only if stabilized.

Store in a flammable storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. ... Propyleneimine must be stored to avoid contact with acids and strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) because violent reactions occur. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where propyleneimine is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of propyleneimine should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of propyleneimine. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

... 2-Methylaziridine may polymerize explosively if exposed to acid or acidic fumes, so it must always be stored over solid alkali.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.40 [ppm]

12 [ppm]

23 [ppm]

2 ppm (5 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix A

2.0 [ppm]

TWA 2 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin]

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that rats survived a 2­hour exposure to 500 ppm and guinea pigs survived a 30­minute exposure to 500 ppm [Carpenter et al. 1948].

NIOSH considers propyleneimine to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [100 ppm]

See: 75558

0.2 [ppm]

0.4 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.4 ppm, skin

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

0.2 ppm as TWA; 0.4 ppm as STEL; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

0.2 ppm [2008]

0.4 ppm [2008]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 3B

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

Propyleneimine, stabilized appears as a clear colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor. Flash point 25 °F. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and through skin absorption. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Used as an organic intermediate.

Colorless, oily liquid with an ammonia-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS OILY FUMING LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless, oily liquid with an ammonia-like odor.

Colorless, oily liquid

Odor like aliphatic amines

Ammonia-like odor

151 to 153 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

67 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-85 °F (EPA, 1998)

25 °F (EPA, 1998)

-3.9 °C, closed cup

-18 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, miscible in all proportions

Soluble in ethanol

Soluble in most organic solvents

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

0.8039 to 0.807 at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.8039-0.8070 at 25 °C/25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.8039-0.807 at 77 °F

0.812 @ 16°C

2 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.0 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.0

112 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

140.0 [mmHg]

140 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 14.9

112 mmHg

140 [mm Hg] @25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxide/.

0.491 cP at 25 °C

0.6 mm²/s at 25 °C

-15,500 Btu/lb = -8600 cal/g = -360X10+5 J/kg

Latent heat of vaporization: 250 Btu/lb = 139 cal/g = 5.82X10+5 J/kg

Polymerizes explosively on exposure to acids or acid fumes.

Index of refraction: 1.409 at 25 °C/D

Highly flammable. Soluble in water. Reacts slowly and non hazardously with water to form propanolamine or methylethanolamine.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

PROPYLENEIMINE is subject to violent polymerization on contact with an acid. (The inhibitor is intended to prevent polymerization). Incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Polymerizes explosively on exposure to acids or acid fumes.

Reacts with acids, strong oxidizers, water, carbonyl compounds, quinones, sulfonyl halides. May explode in heat. Subject to violent polymerization in contact with acids. Hydrolizes in water to form methylethanolamine.

Acids, strong oxidizers, water, carbonyl compounds, quinones, sulfonyl halides [Note: Subject to violent polymerization in contact with acids. Hydrolyzes in water to form methylethanolamine].

Acids, strong oxidizers, water, carbonyl compounds, quinones, sulfonyl halides [Note: Subject to violent polymerization in contact with acids. Hydrolyzes in water to form methylethanolamine.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Propyleneimine is a colorless, oily liquid. Propyleneimine is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of a variety of paper, textile, rubber, and pharmaceutical chemicals. It is also employed in the production of latex surface-coating resins to improve adhesion. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Acute exposure leads to irritation of skin, eye, and upper respiratory tract, as well as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath. 13 of 51 workers developed dermatitis of the hands and face after handling a water base containing a polyfunctional aziridine hardening agent made from propylenimine and trimethylpropane triacrylate. Propyleneimine is positive in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay using human diploid fibroblasts. ANIMAL STUDIES: Propyleneimine has caused severe damage when applied to rabbit eyes, similar in severity to 28% ammonium hydroxide. Propyleneimine resembles ethyleneimine in its physiologic action but is considered to be from one-fourth to one-eighth as potent as the latter on the basis of inhalation study in rats. Propyleneimine is renal papillary toxin in rats and mice. Twenty-six male and 26 female rats, 6 weeks of age, received 20 mg/kg propyleneimine in water by gavage twice weekly for 28 weeks. Twenty-eight tumors were found within 60 weeks in 22/52 animals. Propyleneimine is mutagenic in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in a rec-assay with Escherichia coli; positive in several cell transformation assays; positive in vivo in a rat micronucleus test using either bone marrow or peripheral blood as the target organ; also positive in the Drosophila melanogaster wing spot test.

Propyleneimine

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of 2-methylaziridine were available. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 2-methylaziridine. Overall evaluation: 2-Methylaziridine is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine): reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine)

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 9: (1975) Some Aziridines, N-, S- and O-Mustards and Selenium

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Vomiting. Dizziness. Headache. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Sore throat. Further see Inhalation.

Eye, skin burns; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Eyes, skin

[in animals: nasal tumors]

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LCLo (rat) = 500 ppm/4 hr

LD50 Rat oral 19 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig dermal 43 mg/kg

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/amines and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/amines and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/amines and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... In a general reference, the acute toxic properties of propylenaimine have generally been considered as similar to those of ethyleneimine- irritation of skin, eye, and upper respiratory tract, as well as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and shortness of breath.

/CASE REPORTS/ 13 of 51 workers developed dermatitis of the hands and face after handling a water based containing polyfunctional aziridine hardening agent made from propylenimine and trimethylpropane triacrylate. The incidence of dermatitis was highest among the ink mixers who handled the undiluted aziridine, was lower among printers who handled ink containing 2-4% aziridine, and was zero in workers who did not handle ink. The mean latency from first contact with the ink to development of the rash was 3.2 months among the ink mixers and 6.2 months among the printers. ...

/GENOTOXICITY/ Propyleneimine is ... positive in an unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay using human diploid fibroblasts...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Response to inhalation of propyleneimine: rats survived a dose of 500 ppm for 2 hours; at 500 ppm for 4 hours 5/6 died. Guinea pigs survived a dose of 500 ppm for 1/2 hour; at 500 ppm for 2 hours 3/5 died. /from table/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Has caused severe damage when applied to rabbit eyes, similar in severity to 28% ammonium hydroxide, graded 9 on scale of 1 to 10 after 24 hours. The most severe injuries /are/ rated 10.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The renal papillary toxin, propyleneimine (PI), was administered at 20 or 30 uL/kg i.p. to male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 5), Fischer 344 (F344) rats (n = 4), and to multimammate desert mice (Mastomys natalensis, n = 4). Urine was collected at time points up to 4 days p.d. and the toxicological response of the different animal models to PI compared using (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine, renal histopathology, and urinary assays for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT). The renal papillae of both F344 and SD rats showed extensive necrotic lesions 4 days post-dosing and in some cases sloughing of the papilla. However, only slight renal papillary necrosis (RPN) was observed in Mastomys treated with 20 uL/kg PI and, although slight to moderate damage was observed at 30 uL/kg, PI-treated Mastomys showed substantially less RPN than either group of PI-treated rats. (1)H NMR urinalysis showed that PI treatment caused a decrease in the urinary concentrations of succinate (0-24 hr p.d.) and citrate (24-48 hr p.d.) and an increase in creatine (0-48 hr p.d.) in /the 3/ animal models. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (24-48 hr) and 2-oxoglutarate concentrations decreased initially following the administration of PI and then rose above control levels. The (1)H NMR-detected urinary biochemical effects of PI in all three models were similar. However, taurine concentrations were elevated in the urine of Mastomys following PI treatment, perhaps indicating a degree of liver damage, whereas taurinuria was not seen in either SD or F344 rats. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The nephrotoxicity of three different dose levels of propyleneimine (10, 20 and 30 uL/kg body wt) administered intraperitoneally to rats was studied and 20 uL/kg body weight was found to be the most appropriate sublethal dose. Injection of proyleneimine (10 uL/kg body wt) produced a small rise in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, minor histological damage but no change in urine volume. Six rats were injected with 20 uL/kg body weight, and urine was collected over the following 16 days. An immediate increase in urine volume, osmolality together with a concomitant decrease in specific gravity. A small increase in creatinine excretion and a more marked increase in the sodium and potassium content of urine after the administration of the nephrotoxin was noted. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity increased immediately and peaked on day 3, the activity remained elevated until day 12 when it fell to near normal levels. The activity of both beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucosidase increased 9 days after administration of the nephrotoxin. In contrast, no consistent change was found in the excretion of the brush border marker enzymes, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), or alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Proteinuria increased sharply the day after injection and remained abnormal. Increased urinary albumin excretion and the predominance of low molecular weight proteins was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Propyleneimine (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Propyleneimine's production and use as an intermediate in the production of polymers, coatings, adhesives, textiles and paper finishes in the paper, textile, rubber, and pharmaceutical industries, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 140 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates that propyleneimine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propyleneimine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 hours. Propyleneimine is not expected to undergo direct photolysis under environmental conditions. If released to soil, propyleneimine is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 15. The pKa of propyleneimine is 8.22, indicating that this compound will exist partially to mostly in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Propyleneimine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Hydrolysis in moist soils is expected to be an important fate process based on an aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 87 hours at pH 7. If released into water, propyleneimine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc, although some adsorption may occur since this compound will exist in cation form in water. Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 24 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to occur in environmental waters based on an aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 87 hours at pH 7. Occupational exposure to propyleneimine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propyleneimine is produced or used. The general public is not likely to be exposed to propyleneimine. (SRC)

Propyleneimine is not known to occur as a natural substance.

Propyleneimine's production and use as an intermediate in the production of polymers, coatings, adhesives, textiles and paper finishes(1,2) and in the rubber and pharmaceutical industries(2), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 15(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that propyleneimine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of propyleneimine is 8.22(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially to mostly in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of propyleneimine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Propyleneimine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 140 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Hydrolysis in moist soils is expected to be an important fate process based on an aqueous hydrolysis half-life of 87 hours at pH 7 and 25 °C(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 15(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that propyleneimine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 24 days, respectively(SRC). The pKa of propyleneimine is 8.22(4), indicating that this compound will exist partially to mostly in cation form in the environment, and volatilization from water applies to the neutral species since cations do not volatilize(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.13(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Propyleneimine is expected to hydrolyze in environmental waters based on a hydrolysis half-life of 87 hours measured at pH 7(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propyleneimine, which has a vapor pressure of 140 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propyleneimine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Propyleneimine is not expected to undergo direct photolysis under environmental conditions(4).

The aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-live of propyleneimine has been reported as 7-28 days(1). The aqueous anaerobic biodegradation half-live of propyleneimine has been reported as 28-112 days(1). It is not known if these reported values are estimates or measurements(SRC). In addition, the aqueous hydrolysis half-life of propyleneimine has been measured to be 87 hours at 25 °C and pH 7(2); therefore, any biodegradation data may involve rate data for the hydrolysis products(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propyleneimine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 56 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Propyleneimine is not expected to photolyze or oxidize in water under environmental conditions(2). The hydrolysis rate constant at pH 7 and 25 °C for propyleneimine has been measured as 0.008 hrs-1, which corresponds to a first-order half-life of 87 hours(3).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for propyleneimine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.13(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of propyleneimine can be estimated to be 15(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that propyleneimine is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of propyleneimine is 8.22(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially to mostly in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for propyleneimine is estimated as 9.7X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that propyleneimine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 24 days(SRC). The pKa of propyleneimine is 8.22(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially to mostly in cation form in the environment, and volatilization from water applies to the neutral species since cations do not volatilize(SRC). Propyleneimine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur for the neutral species(SRC). Propyleneimine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 140 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimates the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of propyleneimine in the United States may be as low as 10-24 workers and as high as 10-24 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

Occupational exposure to propyleneimine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. The general public is not likely to be exposed to propyleneimine. (SRC)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P067, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Controlled incineration (incinerator equipped with a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Propyleneimine (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Propyleneimine, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Propyleneimine, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Propyleneimine, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Propyleneimine, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Propyleneimine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1921 131P

1921 131P(inhibited)

UN 1921; Propyleneimine, stabilized

IMO 3; Propyleneimine, stabilized

49 070 40; Propyleneimine, inhibited

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Propyleneimine, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Propyleneimine, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Propyleneimine, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Propyleneimine, stabilized/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid Poison

Airtight. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: F, T+, N; R: 45-11-26/27/28-41-51/53; S: 53-45-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I