Propylene Oxide

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3209) of reports.

H224 (99.2%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (> 99.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (18.3%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (81.7%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (81.6%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (> 99.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (84.1%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (81.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (> 99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H340 (> 99.9%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (> 99.9%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3209 reports by companies from 33 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3209 reports by companies.

There are 32 notifications provided by 3208 of 3209 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention if breathing difficulties and/or fever develop.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Propylene Oxide Exposure: Propylene oxide may irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Pulmonary edema may occur up to 2 weeks after exposure. Dermatitis (red, inflamed skin) is common. Other signs and symptoms of acute exposure may include headache, nausea, vomiting, and unconsciousness. Victims may appear as if they are in a drunken stupor.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to propylene oxide may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to propylene oxide.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to propylene oxide.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

Firefighting should be done from a safe distance or from a protected location. Wear self-contained (positive pressure if available) breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire. Move container from area if you can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well after fire is out. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire.

Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, foam, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as a fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all effective containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far away as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, evacuate for a radius of 1 mile.

Use flooding quantities of water as fog. May use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable dry containers. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

1. REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3. FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, ABSORB ON PAPER TOWELS. EVAPORATE IN A SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS A FUME HOOD). ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR EVAPORATING VAPORS TO COMPLETELY CLEAR THE HOOD DUCTWORK. BURN THE PAPER IN A SUITABLE LOCATION AWAY FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS. LARGE QUANTITIES MAY BE COLLECTED, DISSOLVED IN ALC OF GREATER MOL WT THAN BUTYL ALC, & ATOMIZED IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, sawdust, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill.

Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill. Use surface active agent (eg detergent, soaps, alcohols) to compress and thicken spilled material. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Propylene oxide is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Concentrated waste containing no peroxides; discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxides; perforation of a container of waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.

PROPYLENE OXIDE MAY BE DISPOSED OF BY DISSOLVING IN PENTYL OR HIGHER CARBON NUMBER ALC & ATOMIZING IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

Concentrated waste containing no peroxides-discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxides-perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning. Recommendable methods: Incineration, open burning & evaporation. Peer review: Very volatile (bp 33 °C) may make it difficult to feed to incinerator with safety. Open burning and evaporation are recommendable for small amounts. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Employees should be provided with and required to use splash-proof safety goggles where liquid propylene oxide may contact the eyes. Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to liquid propylene oxide, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. Any clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid propylene oxide should be removed immediately and such clothing should not be reworn until the propylene oxide is removed from the clothing. Clothing wet with liquid propylene oxide should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of the propylene oxide. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the propylene oxide, the person performing the operation should be informed of propylene oxide's hazardous properties.

Smoking, eating, and drinking before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide ... is being handled or used. /Pesticides/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from acids, bases and strong oxidants. Dry. Cool. Well closed. Keep in the dark.

Use glass or metal containers sealed with nitrogen.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Separate from acids, alkalies, salts, combustible material, clay-based absorbents.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Distinct Odor Awareness (LOA) = 21 ppm

AEGLs Status: Final

73 [ppm]

290 [ppm]

870 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

100.0 [ppm]

100 ppm (240 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (240 mg/m3) See Appendix G

400 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

400.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the dog 4­hour LCLO of 2,005 ppm and the mouse 4­hour LC50 of 1,740 ppm [Jacobson et al. 1956 cited by NIOSH 1976]. . . . Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

NIOSH considers propylene oxide to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /SRP: No IDLH value specified/.

Ca [400 ppm]

See: 75569

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm, sensitizer.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

2 ppm as TWA; (SEN); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

2 ppm [2000]

2.4 mg/m

4.8 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Propylene oxide appears as a clear colorless volatile liquid with an ethereal odor. Flash point -35 °F. Boiling point 95 °F. Density 6.9 lb./gal. Flammable over a wide range of vapor-air concentrations. If contaminated, may polymerize with evolution of heat and possible rupture of container. Vapors irritate eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Prolonged contact with skin may result in delayed burns. Vapors heavier than air. Used as a fumigant, in making detergents and lubricants, and to make other chemicals.

Liquid; CBI

Colorless liquid with a benzene-like odor. [Note: A gas above 94 degrees F.] [NIOSH]

VERY VOLATILE COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a benzene-like odor.

Colorless liquid with a benzene-like odor. [Note: A gas above 94 °F.]

Colorless liquid ... [Note: A gas above 94 degrees F.]

ODOR IS SWEET, ALCOHOLIC, & LIKE ETHER OR BENZENE

In foods, propylene oxide has no residual odor.

Ethereal odor

... Benzene-like odor ...

In foods, propylene oxide has no residual taste.

93.61 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

34.23 °C

93.61 °F

34.23 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-169.83 °F (EPA, 1998)

-112.13 °C

-111.9 °C

-35 °F (EPA, 1998)

-35 °F (closed cup); -20 °F (open cup)

-37 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility of water in propylene oxide is 12.8% by wt at 20 °C.

40.5 wt% water @ 20 °C

MISCIBLE WITH ACETONE, BENZENE, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, METHANOL, & ETHER

Soluble in alcohol and ether.

In water, 590,000 mg/l @ 25 °C

590 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 40

0.859 at 32 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8304 @ 20/20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.83

0.859 at 32 °F

0.8304 @ 20°C

2 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.0 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.0

445 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

538.0 [mmHg]

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Epoxides

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

PROPYLENE OXIDE react with oxidizing agents and strong acids (NTP, 1992). Reacts with Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds. An explosion occurred when propylene oxide was added to an epoxy resin. It was concluded that polymerization was catalyzed by an amine accelerator in the resin [Bretherick, 5th Ed., 1995]. Underwent polymerization when mixed with sodium hydroxide causing ignition and explosion of a drum of the crude product. [Combust Sci. Technol., 1983].

No acetylide-forming metals such as copper or copper alloys should be in contact with propylene oxide.

A polyether-alcohol, prepared by co-condensation of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with a polyhydric alcohol, was stored at above 100 °C and exposed to air via a vent line. After 10-15 hr, violent decompostion occurred, rupturing the vessel.

... PROPYLENE OXIDE MAY REACT WITH INORG CHLORIDES PRESENT IN FOODSTUFFS TO FORM TOXIC CHLOROHYDRINS.

Mixing propylene oxide and epoxy resin in a waste bottle led to an explosion, probably owing to the polymerization of the oxide catalysed by the amine accelerator in the resin.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Anhydrous chlorides of iron, tin, and aluminum; peroxides of iron and aluminum; alkali metal hydroxides; iron; strong acids, caustics & peroxides [Note: Polymerization may occur due to high temperatures or contamination with alkalis, aqueous acids, amines & acidic alcohols.]

Propylene oxide

Gastrointestinal

Respiratory

3 x 10 ^-2 mg/m^3

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on inadequate human data and an increased incidence of benign and malignant tumors at the site of exposure in two species of animals, when exposed by subcutaneous injection, by inhalation, and by gavage. There was also evidence of mutagenicity in a variety of test systems. Propylene oxide is structurally similar to other chemicals that demonstrate carcinogenic activity in animals.HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of propylene oxide. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of propylene oxide. Overall evaluation: Propylene oxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1,2-Propylene Oxide: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 60: (1994) Some Industrial Chemicals

1,2-Propylene oxide

TR-267: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Propylene Oxide (CASRN 75-56-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1985 )

06/29/83

Some Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenicity for F344/N rats, as indicated by increased incidences of papillary adenomas of the nasal turbinates in male and female rats exposed to propylene oxide at 400 ppm. For male and female B6C3F1 mice, there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity, as indicated by increased incidences of hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas of the nasal turbinates at 400 ppm. In the respiratory epithelium of the nasal turbinates, propylene oxide also caused suppurative inflammation, hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia in rats and inflammation in mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; skin blisters, burns; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

[in animals: nasal tumors]

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

Females 13-49 yrs

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 4,000 ppm/4H

LC50 Goldfish 170 mg/l/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Mullet 89 ppm/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

TLm Gambusia affinis (mosquito fish) 141 mg/l/96 hr at 24 °C, static bioassay.

TLm Bluegill 215 mg/l/96 hr at 24 °C, static bioassasy.

2.10e+00

9.70e+00

7.60e-01

3.30e+00

2.70e-01

2.00e-01

2.40e-01

3.00e-02

Volatile

7.77e+04

2.10e+02

9.70e+02

7.60e+01

3.30e+02

2.70e+01

1,2-Propylene oxide's production and its use as a chemical intermediate in polymer synthesis and as a food additive (fumigant), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,2-propylene oxide will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-propylene oxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 days. If released to soil, 1,2-propylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 25. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.96X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. 1,2-Propylene oxide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 1,2-Propylene oxide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 95% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test, suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate process. If released into water, 1,2-propylene oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 12 hours and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Propylene oxide will hydrolyze at half-life rates of 11.6 days (at pH's 7-9) and 6.6 days (at pH 5) at 25 °C. The presence of chloride ion accelerates the degradation in water and the chemical degradation half-lives in seawater are estimated to be 4.1 days (at pH's 7-9) and 1.5 days (at pH 5) at 25 °C. Reaction of propylene oxide with Cl ion in water yields approximately 90% 1-chloro-2-propanol and 10% 2-chloro-1-propanol as products under neutral pH conditions. Occupational exposure to 1,2-propylene oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-propylene oxide is produced or used. Propylene oxide has been detected in 6.2% of 1,159 consumer products that are used indoors; products found to containing the highest concentration of propylene oxide were automotive and paint products. (SRC)

Propylene oxide is not known to occur as a natural product.

1,2-Propylene oxide's production and its use as a chemical intermediate in polymer synthesis(1) and as a food additive (fumigant)(1,2), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.03(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-propylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-propylene oxide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.96X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from its vapor pressure, 538 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 5.9X10+5 mg/l(5). The potential for volatilization of 1,2-propylene oxide from dry soil surfaces may exist (SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg(4). The aqueous hydrolysis of propylene oxide occurs at an environmentally important rate; therefore, hydrolysis in moist soil is likely to be important (5). 1,2-Propylene oxide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 95% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6), suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate process(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.03 and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-propylene oxide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.96X10-5 atm-cu m/mole (SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 538 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 5.9X10+5 mg/l(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 12 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression- derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In freshwater, propylene oxide will hydrolyze with estimated half-lives of 11.6 days (pH's 7-9) and 6.6 days (pH 5) at 25 °C(5). 1,2-Propylene oxide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 95% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(8), suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate process(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-propylene oxide, which has a vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-propylene oxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

AEROBIC: 1,2-Propylene oxide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 95% of its theoretical BOD in 3 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(1); therefore, this compound is expected to biodegrade rapidly. In another study, using the standard dilution method, a 5 day theoretical BOD of 8% was measured for propylene oxide using a filtered effluent seed from a biological sanitary waste treatment plant while a 5 day theoretical BOD of 9% was measured using an adapted seed(2).

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of propylene oxide with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere has been experimentally determined to be 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1); assuming an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molecules/cu cm, a half-life of 30 days can be calculated for this reaction(SRC). The anticipated products of the atmospheric reaction with hydroxyl radicals have been cited as oxomethyl acetate, propanedial, formaldehdye, and diformyl ether(2). Ozone is not expected to react with propylene oxide in the atmosphere(3). The hydrolysis half-life of propylene oxide in fresh water at 25 °C has been estimated to be 11.6 days at pH 7-9 and 6.6 days at pH 5(4). The half-life of propylene oxide in seawater (3% NaCl concn) at 25 °C has been estimated to be 4.1 days at pH 7-9 and 1.5 days at pH 5(4) with the formation of chloropropanols. The rate constant for the reaction of propylene oxide with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in water at room temperature has been experimentally determined to be 2.4X10+8/m-sec(5); assuming an average hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17M in natural water(6), a half-life of 9.15 years can be calculated indicating no environmental significance(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 1,2-propylene oxide(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.03(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1,2-propylene oxide is estimated as 25(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 0.03(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2-propylene oxide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-propylene oxide is estimated as 6.96X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 538 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 5.9X10+5 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-propylene oxide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 12 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,2-propylene oxide from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 538 mm Hg(1).

A propylene oxide concentration of 0.047 mg/l was detected in a water effluent from Olin Corporation's Brandenberg, KY chemical production facility on Feb 2, 1974(1). Atmospheric emissions of propylene oxide from propylene oxide manufacturing processes during 1978 were estimated to be about 1.16 million lb(2). Atmospheric emissions resulting from the use of propylene oxide in the production of urethane polyols, propylene glycol, surfactant polyols, di- and tripropylene glycols, glycol ethers and miscellaneous applications during 1978 were estimated to be about 147.7, 13.9, 15.8, 2.9, 1.2 and 3.8 thousand lb, respectively(2). It has been suggested that proplyene oxide may be emitted to the atmosphere from automobile exhaust and from combustion exhausts of stationary sources that burn hydrocarbons(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Propylene oxide has been detected in 6.2% of 1,159 consumer products that are used indoors. Products containing the highest concentration of propylene oxide were automotive (0.3% w/w) and paint products (0.3% w/w)(1). Propylene oxide was tentatively identified in unspecified atmospheric air samples in the US(2).

TREATED WHEAT HAD EPOXIDE RESIDUE OF 300 PPM, BUT AFTER IT WAS MILLED FLOUR CONTAINED LESS. /PROPYLENE OXIDE/

WHEN FOODS WERE TREATED WITH PROPYLENE OXIDE, 1-CHLOR-2-PROPANOL WAS FORMED.

Exposure of man to propylene oxide mainly occurs through inhalation at the workplace.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 421,140 workers (317,309 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,2-propylene oxide in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,2-propylene oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-propylene oxide is produced or used(SRC). In a 1979 study by one USA manufacturer, the typical average daily exposure of workers to propylene oxide were 0.5-5 mg/cu m with worst-case peak exposures of 59-9000 mg/cu m (highest exposure being that of maintenance workers cleaning pumps)(2). Levels of worker exposure were reported to be 0.5 to 5.9 mg/cu m in a polymer polyol unit, not detectable to 1.2 mg/cu m in an oxide adducts unit, and not detectable in a flexible polyol unit of a large chemical manufacturing facility producing many chemical products including propylene oxide derivatives(2). A propylene oxide concn of 3.6 mg/cu m was found near an operator at a flexible polyol unit in another large chemical manufacturing facility(2). Propylene oxide has been detected in 6.2% of 1,159 consumer products that are used indoors; products found to containing the highest concentration of propylene oxide were automotive and paint products(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Propylene oxide is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Concentrated waste containing no peroxides; discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxides; perforation of a container of waste from a safe distance followed by open burning.

PROPYLENE OXIDE MAY BE DISPOSED OF BY DISSOLVING IN PENTYL OR HIGHER CARBON NUMBER ALC & ATOMIZING IN A SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER.

Concentrated waste containing no peroxides-discharge liquid at a controlled rate near a pilot flame. Concentrated waste containing peroxides-perforation of a container of the waste from a safe distance followed by open burning. Recommendable methods: Incineration, open burning & evaporation. Peer review: Very volatile (bp 33 °C) may make it difficult to feed to incinerator with safety. Open burning and evaporation are recommendable for small amounts. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 127P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Propylene oxide/

/GUIDE 127P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Propylene oxide/

/GUIDE 127P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Propylene oxide/

/GUIDE 127P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Propylene oxide/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1280 127P

IMO 3.1; Propylene oxide

UN 1280; Propylene oxide

49 066 20; Propylene oxide

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

Symbol: F+, T; R: 45-46-12-20/21/22-36/37/38; S: 53-45; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I