1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

H220 (100%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (100%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H420 (34.7%): Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403, P410+P403, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 118 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H420: Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P203, P210, P222, P261, P271, P273, P280, P304+P340, P319, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray or fog. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

This chemical is a flammable gas. Poisonous gases including phosgene, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and chlorine are produced in fire. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ...

To fight fire, stop flow of gas.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/

Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. It is easily ignited. Its vapor is heavier than air. Any leak can either be liquid or vapor. /Chlorodifluoroethanes/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors.

· Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

· In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area for leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep chlorodifluoroethane out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters ...

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Operations involving entry into tanks or closed vessels, and emergency situations, require consideration of potentially oxygen deficient, or "immediately dangerous to life and health" IDLH environments. This may necessitate use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCUBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personal hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius. If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location, and weather conditions.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972), DO NOT apply water, regular or alcohol-resistant foam directly on spill. Use a high-expansion foam if available to reduce vapors. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

Chlorodifluoroethane must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) since violent reactions occur. Detached or outside storage is preferred. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard ...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

1000.0 [ppm]

10000 [ppm]

15000 [ppm]

25000 [ppm]

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Hydrogen and Methane mixture, compressed (UN2034) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray or fog.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

CAUTION: For LNG - Liquefied natural gas (UN1972) pool fires, DO NOT USE water. Use dry chemical or high-expansion foam.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: 10,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 15,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 25,000 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

The production and consumption of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane are covered by the Montreal Protocol. In the case of developed countries, a phase-out of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane and other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is scheduled as follows: 35% in 2004, 65% in 2010, 90% in 2015, 99.5% in 2020. A total phase-out is scheduled in 2030. For developing countries, a freeze of the production is scheduled in 2016 and a total phase-out in 2040.

Federal Republic of Germany Maximum Concentration Value in the Workplace: MAK = 1000 ppm (4170 mg/cu m)

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG): ERPG(1) 10,000 ppm (no more than mild, transient effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(2) 15,000 ppm (without serious, adverse effects) for up to 1 hr exposure; ERPG(3) 25,000 ppm (not life threatening) up to 1 hr exposure.

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 1000 ppm.

For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. (ERG, 2024)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact ... Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear non-vented, impact resistant chemical goggles when working with gas ... Where exposure to the liquefied compressed gas may occur, employees should be provided with special clothing designed to prevent frostbite.

Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane appears as a colorless, odorless gas shipped as a liquid under own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid may cause frostbite by evaporative cooling. Easily ignited. Vapors heavier than air. A leak may be either liquid or vapor. May asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat may cause the containers to violently rupture and rocket.

Liquid; Gas Vapor

A colorless gas shipped as a liquid under its own vapor pressure; [CAMEO]

Colorless gas

Nearly odorless

-9.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-130.8 °C

Insoluble in water; sol in benzene

In water, 1,400 mg/L at 25 °C

1.107 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Heat capacity = 1.2979 kJ/kg-K at 25 °C (liquid), 0.8792 kJ/kg-K at 25 °C (vapor at 101.3 kPa); liquid density = 1.113 at 25 °C; ozone depletion potential = 0.065; global warming potential = 0.44

1.19 @25 °C

Vapor pressure = 200 kPa at 21 °C, 669 kPa at 54 °C

Vapor pressure: 0.075 mm Hg at -123 °C (extrapolated); 0.750 mm Hg at -107 °C (extrapolated); 7.50 mm Hg at -85.3 °C; 75.0 mm Hg at -55.4 °C; 750 mm Hg at -10.5 °C

2,540 mm Hg at 25 °C /calculated from experimentally derived coefficients/

2540 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Henry's Law constant = 0.0588 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C

When heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of ... /hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride/.

Under certain conditions, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Fluorocarbons/

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /fluorine/ and /chlorine/..

Gas = 0.01099 cP at 25 °C; Liquid = 0.453 cP at -20.9 °C

223.15 kJ/kg

Critical molar volume: 226 cu cm/mol

Dipole moment = 2.14 debye

Specific volume at 21.1 °C, 101.325 kPa = 224.7 dcm m/Kg; (3.6 cu ft/lb)

Viscosity (liquid): 0.477 CP at -25 °C; 0.376 CP at 0 °C

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.06X10-15 cu-cm/molc sec at 25 °C

Schoenflies notation

Acentric factor

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Fusion temperature

Heat of sublimation

Hindering potential

Internuclear distance

Magnetic susceptibility

Melting temperature

Molecular structure

Highly flammable.

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

1-CHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. Can react with strong oxidizing agents or weaker oxidizing agents under extremes of temperature.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Reaction with the lighter divalent metals may give much more reactive materials analogous to Grignard reagents. /Haloalkanes/

Human Health: Acute toxicity of 1-chloro-l,l-difluoroethane is low (LC50/6hr >1,640,000 mg/cum (400,000 ppm) in rats). Inhalation of high concentrations induced signs of lung irritation and Central Nervous System depressing effects of anesthetic type in rats and cardiac sensitisation in dogs. Consequently, 1-chloro 1,1 -difloroethane may be hazardous to humans in case of accidental exposure to high concentrations occurring in confined area where replacement of air by the gas could at the same time reduce oxygen in the atmosphere. In repeated inhalation exposure studies, 1-chloro -1,1- difluoroethane did not induce specific chronic toxicity in rats and dogs exposed 6 hr/d, 5 d/week during several months (no target organs identified ; the no observed adverse effects were higher than 41,000 mg/cum (10,000 ppm) in dogs exposed during 3 months and higher than 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm) in rats exposed for their lifetime). There was no carcinogenic effect in rats exposed for their life time (6hr/d, 5d/week at concentrations up to 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm)). In genotoxicity studies, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was mutagenic in vitro on bacteria (Ames test) and gave equivocal results in a cell neoplastic transformation assay. However, in in vivo mutagenicity studies it was inactive (in a Dominant lethal assay and in a Bone Marrow cytogenetic assay in rats exposed by inhalation du ring 15 and 13 weeks respectively). Overall, these results suggest that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane does not pose a significant genotoxic hazard to humans. In the reproduction field, 1-chloro 1,1-difluoroethane did not induce adverse effect on fertility of male mice exposed up to 82,000 mg/cum (20,000 ppm) (in a Dominant lethal assay) and did not induce male and female lesions of sexual organs in rats and dogs exposed for several months. Also the gas did not induce teratogenic or embryo/foetotoxicity effect and no maternal toxicity in two inhalation developmental toxicity studies where rats were exposed during pregnancy up to 41,000 mg/cum (10,000 ppm). Environment: Based on its physico-chemical properties, the air compartment is the preferred target one for 1-chloro -1,1- difluoroethane. The global atmospheric lifetime of 142b is 18.5 years corresponding to a 1/2 -lifetime of 12.8 years. The tropospheric lifetime due to removal by reaction with OH is 19.5 years. Atmospheric degradation products are essentially the aldehyde form of 142b which further degrade to form CF2(=O) which will hydrolyze in atmospheric water to form HF (also in the OECD HPV Chemicals Programme) and CO2. The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 1-chloro -1,1-difluoroethane is the main concern of this substance. Due to its ODP value of 0.065, it is considered as an ozone depleting substance. The calculated Global Warming Potential of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is 1800 for an integration horizon of 100 years. Its contribution to the Greenhouse effect is small i.e. 0.00108 W/sq m. In water, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not readily biodegradable under aerobic condition (about 5 % of biodegradation after 28 days). It is not expected to bioaccumulate (log Kow = 1.64 - 2.05). 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has a low acute toxicity to fish and daphnia. The lowest available LC50 being higher than 100 mg/L. No acute toxicity tests are available for algae. Algae appear to be more sensitive than fish and daphnids to 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane with a calculated 96h EC50 of 45 mg/L. Exposure: The expected production volume of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in year 2000 is 36,000 tonnes in Europe, 42,000 tonnes in the USA and an amount of 84,000 tonnes for the total world. Its main uses are as a chemical intermediate to produce fluoropolymers and as a blowing agent. A small portion is used as a component of refrigerant fluids. The production and consumption of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane are covered by the Montreal Protocol. In the case of developed countries, a phase-out of 1-chloro1,1-difluoroethane and other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is scheduled as follows: 35% in 2004, 65% in 2010, 90% in 2015, 99.5% in 2020. A total phase-out is scheduled in 2030. For developing countries, a freeze of the production is scheduled in 2016 and a total phase-out in 2040. In the European Union, the phase-out of ozone depleting substances is scheduled more rapidly than that required by the Montreal protocol. The total ban of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) is required on January 1, 2010, the use as blowing agent for expended polystyrene being prohibited from January 1, 2002.

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

5 x 10 ^1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

IRIS Current

LC50 (mice) = 447,000 ppm/2h;

LC50 Mouse ("white") 1514 g/cu m (2 hr)

LC50 Mouse (AP) 1228 g/cu m (0.5 hr)

... The combination of fluorocarbon with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from fluorocarbon poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/

... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected. Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Excessive skin contact with liq fluorocarbons should be minimized to prevent defatting of skin ... /Fluorocarbons/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have a central nervous system anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons with a low boiling point have a cryogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. /Freons/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Fluorocarbon propellants are anesthetic and cardiotoxic ... Aerosol propellants produce hallucinogenic effects, and, rarely, contact dermatitis. /Fluorocarbon propellants/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Fluorocarbon propellants, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, gasoline, toluene, and hydrocarbons have been implicated in 110 sudden deaths after inhalant abuse in which no obvious cardiac or pulmonary pathology existed. Heavy exercise or stress was associated with 18 of those deaths, /it was/ proposed that these inhalants act to sensitize the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines. Hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis may exacerbate these effects. /Fluorocarbon propellants/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ With a rat 6 hr LC50 higher than 400,000 ppm (> 1,640,000 mg/cu m), the acute toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is low. As 1-chloro- 1,1- difluoroethane is a gas at ambient temperature no oral or dermal acute toxicity was determined. The target organs are the lungs with signs of irritation at autopsy observations, and the central nervous system, with anesthesia -like symptoms which are rapidly reversible after the end of exposure. The CNS effects (loss of starting reflex) appear above 150,000 ppm (615,000 mg/cu m) for a 30 min exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute cardiac sensitization to the arrythmogenic effects of adrenaline has been shown in an assay in unanesthesised dogs exposed during 5 min by inhalation, followed by an IV injection of adrenaline. The threshold concn of 1-chloro- 1,1- difluoroethane for cardiac arrythmia induction by adrenaline was 25,000 ppm (102,500 mg/cu m). The EC50 was about 50,000 ppm (205,000 mg/cu m).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In a study done ... on rabbit's eye, undiluted liquified 1-chloro-1,1- difluoroethane did not induce effects on the cornea or iris but induced slight conjunctival swelling with some discharge. However, because the liquid boiled out of the eye immediately due to the ... low boiling point (-9 °C), the relevance of the result to human as 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is poor.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Other than piloerection, oral dosing with HCFC 142b (up to 5 g/kg bw) dissolved in corn oil resulted in no signs of toxicity.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species Daphnia magna (Crustacea); Conditions: OECD 202 static test, no renewal, no aeration, sealed glass containers, measured concentrations; Concentration: 160 mg/L for 48 hr; Effect: immobilization. Mortality in the control: 22%

EC50; Species Daphnia magna (Crustacea); Conditions: static unaerated, sealed vessels; Concentration: 190 mg/L for 48 hr; Effect: immobilization.

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (fish, fresh water); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration 220 mg/L/96 hr

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane to fish (Poecilia reticulata) was carried out according to OECD guideline 203. Because of the volatility of the substance, a semi-static method (renewal each 24 hr) with a closed system was used. The results of the test showed a low toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane to Poecilia reticulata : 96 hr LC 50 = 220 mg/L based on measured concentrations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two daphnia tests were conducted in closed glass containers without renewal or aeration of the test solution. The results of the tests summarized in the following table show that 1-chloro-1,1- difluoroethane is of low toxicity to daphnia.

Table: Toxicity to Daphnia [Table#4245]

5.40e+04

2.30e+05

5.20e+04

2.20e+05

1.00e+05

1.00e+03

5.20e+01

EC50; Species Daphnia magna (Crustacea); Conditions: OECD 202 static test, no renewal, no aeration, sealed glass containers, measured concentrations; Concentration: 160 mg/L for 48 hr; Effect: immobilization. Mortality in the control: 22%

EC50; Species Daphnia magna (Crustacea); Conditions: static unaerated, sealed vessels; Concentration: 190 mg/L for 48 hr; Effect: immobilization.

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (fish, fresh water); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration 220 mg/L/96 hr

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane to fish (Poecilia reticulata) was carried out according to OECD guideline 203. Because of the volatility of the substance, a semi-static method (renewal each 24 hr) with a closed system was used. The results of the test showed a low toxicity of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane to Poecilia reticulata : 96 hr LC 50 = 220 mg/L based on measured concentrations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two daphnia tests were conducted in closed glass containers without renewal or aeration of the test solution. The results of the tests summarized in the following table show that 1-chloro-1,1- difluoroethane is of low toxicity to daphnia.

Table: Toxicity to Daphnia [Table#4245]

5.40e+04

2.30e+05

5.20e+04

2.20e+05

1.00e+05

1.00e+03

5.20e+01

5.00e+01

Volatile

1.15e+03

1.60e+05

6.80e+05

6.60e+05

3.10e+05

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's production and use as a blowing agent and refrigerant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2,540 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 years. In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen. If released to soil, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 40. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not expected to biodegrade in soil or water based upon studies with sewage sludge and pure cultures. If released into water, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 10 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral reactions; therefore, hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process. Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane via ambient air. (SRC)

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's production and use as a blowing agent and refrigerant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2,540 mm Hg(4). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane did not biodegrade in sewage sludge(5) nor in pure culture extracts(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.05(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral reactions(8). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane did not biodegrade in sewage sludge(9) nor in pure culture extracts(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 2540 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.06X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen(4). Removal of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in clouds due to hydrolysis is expected to be slow(5).

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane did not biodegrade using sewage sludge(1), Methylosinus trichosporium, M. vaccae JOB5, ENV2040 nor ENV2041 strains of organisms(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 3.06X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The alkaline hydrolysis rate constant in sodium hydroxide solutions ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 M and the neutral hydrolysis rate constant in solutions of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid were determined for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; results showed no alkaline reaction and a half-life of 16,000 years in neutral reactions(2). This suggests that hydrolysis will not be an important fate process(SRC). Removal of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane in clouds due to hydrolysis is expected to be slow(3). In the stratosphere, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may slowly photolyze, producing chlorine atoms which in turn would participate in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone, or it may slowly react with singlet oxygen(4). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane will partition predominantly to the atmosphere on release to the environment, provided it does not enter a confined ecosystem such as groundwater(5). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has estimated atmospheric life-time of 215 to 220 years(6). Degradation products include chlorodifluoro acetaldehyde, carbonic difluoride, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide(7).

Using a photochemical trajectory model, the photochemical ozone creation potential, the ozone depletion potential, and the global warming potential (20 year) for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane has been determined to be 0.1, 0.05, and 4200, respectively(1). Stored air samples collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania from 1978 to 1993 were analyzed to investigate the change in tropospheric concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane. Using these data, a 2-dimensional model was utilized to generate an atmospheric lifetime for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane of 15.5 years, a lifetime of 17.4 years due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH concn of 6.5X10+5 molec/cu-m), and a stratospheric lifetime of 140 years(2). The ozone depletion potential for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, using a 1-dimensional and a 2-dimensional model and a methyl chloroform lifetime of 6.3 years, was determined to range from 0.047 to 0.062; the calculated model half-life of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was determined to range from 15.1 to 28 years(3).

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated in fish for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.05(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane can be estimated to be 40(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is 0.0588 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2,540 mm Hg(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Trace volatile organic compounds in landfill gas were examined at seven UK waste disposal facilities; the concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane ranged from <0.5 to 31 mg/cu m(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Remote tropospheric samples taken from Nov 1991 to Dec 1993 from Albert, North West Territories, Pt Borrow, Alaska, Niwot Ridge, CO, Maura Loa, Hawaii, Cape Mattatula, American Samoa, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station, Tasmania and the South Pole had concns of 2-7 parts per trillion(1). Stored air samples collected at Cape Grim, Tasmania from 1978 to 1993 were analyzed to investigate the change in tropospheric concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane; between April 1978 and September 1993 the concn of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane rose from 0.20 parts per trillion(volume) to 3.0 parts per trillion(volume), with the majority of the increase occurring from 1989 onward. By mid-1993, the rate of increase had reached 0.9 parts per trillion(volume)/year(2). 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was detected at 10.4 parts per trillion in samples taken Jan 1997 in Hokkaido, Japan and Syowa Station, Antarctica(3). An avg concn of 8.78 parts per trillion of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane was detected at Mace Head, Ireland, Jan 1, 1996(4).

Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane via ambient air. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2517; Chlorodifluoroethanes

IMO 2.1; Chlorodifluoroethanes

49 057 19; Difluoromonochloroethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Gas