dichlorodifluoromethane

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.7% (5 of 136) of reports.

H280 (94.1%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P410+P403</a, and a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ghs/#P410+P403">P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 136 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 5 of 136 reports by companies.

There are 6 notifications provided by 131 of 136 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H420: Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere [Warning Hazardous to the ozone layer]

P261, P271, P304+P340, P319, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, P501, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P319, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. If symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop, immediately transport the victim to a hospital.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. If symptoms such as inflammation or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician or go to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: Extingiush fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Firefighters should wear self-contained, NIOSH-approved breathing apparatus for protection against possible toxic decomposition products. Proper eye and skin protection should be provided.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Allow substance to evaporate.

· Ventilate the area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Ventilation.

If dichlorodifluoromethane is leaked ... ventilate area of spill or leak to disperse gas. ... Stop flow of gas.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U075, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dichlorodifluoromethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for dichlorodifluoromethane: Concentration process: Solvent extraction.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Any clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid dichlorodifluoromethane should be removed immediately and not reworn until the dichlorodifluoromethane has evaporated from the clothing.

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of leaks until cleanup has been completed.

If material not involved in fire: Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personnel protective equipment.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Ventilate the area. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Separated from incompatible materials. ... Cool. Ventilation along the floor.

Store in a cool, well-ventilated area of low fire risk and out of direct sunlight. Protect cylinder and its fittings from physical damage. Storage in subsurface locations should be avoided. Close valve tightly after use and when empty.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1000.0 [ppm]

2000 [ppm]

10000 [ppm]

50000 [ppm]

1000 ppm (4950 mg/m³)

TWA 1000 ppm (4950 mg/m3)

15000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

15000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Exposure up to 60,000 ppm was tolerated for 80 minutes by 1 volunteer [NRC 1984]; when exposed at 40,000 ppm for 14 minutes and then at 20,000 ppm for 66 minutes, another volunteer developed EEG changes and had slurred speech and decreased psychologic test scores [NRC 1984].

15,000 ppm

15000 ppm

See: 75718

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

1000 ppm as TWA; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

1000 ppm [1979]

5000 mg/m

· Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth's fragile ozone Layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol. These adjustments are then automatically applicable to all countries that ratified the Protocol. Since its initial adoption, the Montreal Protocol has been adjusted five times. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh and Nineteenth Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol, certain adjustments and reductions of production and consumption of the controlled substances listed in the Annexes of the Protocol. These adjustments entered into force, for all the Parties, on 7 March 1991, 23 September 1993, 5 August 1996, 4 June 1998, 28 July 2000 and 14 May 2008, respectively. In addition to adjusting the Protocol, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have amended the Protocol to enable, among other things, the control of new chemicals and the creation of a financial mechanism to enable developing countries to comply. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Eleventh Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the Vienna Convention, four Amendments to the Protocol - the London Amendment (1990), the Copenhagen Amendment (1992), the Montreal Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999). Unlike adjustments to the Protocol, amendments must be ratified by countries before their requirements are applicable to those countries. The London, Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing Amendments entered into force on 10 August 1992, 14 June 1994, 10 November 1999 and 25 February 2002, respectively, only for those Parties which ratified the particular amendments. In addition to adjustments and amendments to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties to the Protocol meet annually and take a variety of decisions aimed at enabling effective implementation of this important legal instrument. Through the 22nd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties have taken over 720 decisions.

On loss of containment this substance can cause suffocation by lowering the oxygen content of the air in confined areas.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. This may result in cardiac disorders and central nervous system depression. Exposure could cause lowering of consciousness.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Dichlorodifluoromethane:

Skin: FROSTBITE - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.

Dichlorodifluoromethane appears as a colorless gas having a faint ethereal odor. Shipped as a liquid confined under its own vapor pressure. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite. Both components are noncombustible. Can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Exposure of the closed container to prolonged heat or fire can cause it to rupture violently and rocket.

Colorless gas with an ether-like odor at extremely high concentrations; Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless gas with an ether-like odor at extremely high concentrations.

Colorless gas with an ether-like odor at extremely high concentrations. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas ... [Note: Shipped as a liquified compressed gas]

Practically odorless ... faint, ether-like odor in high concentration

-21.6 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

-29.8 °C

-29.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-252 °F (NTP, 1992)

-157.1 °C

Insoluble (NTP, 1992)

In water, 280 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetic acid

Solubility of water in dichlorodifluoromethane, 0.009 wt% at 25 °C

13.1 wt% amyl chloride; 9.0 wt% benzene; 5.0 wt% bromobenzene; 1.2 wt% bromoform; 8.5 wt% n-butyl alcohol; 13.2 wt% butyl butyrate; 5.2 wt% carbon tetrachloride; 5.5 wt% chloroform; 3.9 wt% alpha-chloronaphthalene; 8.5 wt% cyclohexanone; 6.1 wt% diacetone alcohol; 14.1 wt% dibutyl ether; 8.9 wt% dibutyl oxalate; 6.3 wt% dibutyl tartrate; 3.9 wt% dichloroethyl ether; 7.2 wt% diethyl aniline; 4.7 wt% diethyl phthalate; 6.9 wt% dioxane; 4.7 wt% ethylene dichloride; 7.2 wt% ethylene glycol butyl ether; 7.4 wt% ethylene glycol ethyl ether (all 21.1 °C at 1 atm)

0.28 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.03

(77 °F): 0.03%

1.35 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.486 at -29.8 °C (liquid)

Relative density (water = 1): 1.5

1.35 at 59 °F

1.486 @-29.8°C

4.2(relative gas density)

4.2 (NIOSH, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.1 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.2

5 atm at 61 °F (NTP, 1992)

4,850 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 568

750 [mm Hg] @-30 °C

log Kow = 2.16

Henry's Law constant = 0.343 atm-cu m/mol at 20 °C

Stable up to 550 °C.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomp it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene and /hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride/.

The heated, thermal decomposition products like hydrogen chloride, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, and phosgene are dangerous.

Under certain conditions, /chlorofluorocarbon/ vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

The liquefied gas poured into water can be violently explosive. This is due to the phase transition from superheated liquid to vapor.

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

The reaction of aluminum with various halogenated hydrocarbons produces a self-sustaining reaction with sufficient heat to melt aluminum pieces, examples of other halogenated hydrocarbons are fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane. The vigor of the reaction appears to be dependent on the combined degree of fluorination and the vapor pressure, [Chem. Eng. News 39(27):44(1961)].

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc and magnesium.

Destruction of the impellers in a centrifugal compressor occurred when abrasion exposed & heated fresh aluminum surfaces. These surfaces and dichlorodifluoromethane joined in a self-sustaining reaction with sufficient heat generated to melt and react much of the aluminum impeller material.

In dichlorodifluoromethane vapor, aluminum dust ignited at 580 °C, and suspensions of the dust in the vapor gave strong explosions when sparked.

Can react violently with aluminum.

/Dichlorodifluoromethane/ attacks some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc & magnesium

Dichlorodifluoromethane

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

Irregular heartbeat. Confusion. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

dizziness, tremor, asphyxia, unconsciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest; liquid: frostbite

cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

EPA RfD= 0.2 mg/kg

5 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

LC50 (guinea pigs) = 800,000ppm/30 min

LD50 Mouse inhalation 760,000 ppm/30 min

LD50 Guinea pig inhalation >800,000 ppm/30 min

LD50 Rabbit inhalation >800,000 ppm/30 min

LD50 Rat single oral >1 g/kg

LD50 Rat inhalation >800,000 ppm/30 min

/In humans/ a 10 to 90% mixture of CFC-11 & CFC-12, respectively, caused more severe respiratory effects than either fluorocarbon inhaled singly.

Effects of chlorofluorocarbons on bronchiolar tone in asthmatic children /were studied/. Forced expiratory volume, a measure of bronchial tone, was measured in 18 children with a history of asthma, before and after inhaling aerosols of the B2-receptor agonist, fenoterol, or a mixture of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-114, and in the absence of treatment. The levels of exposure were not reported. Exposure to the chlorofluorocarbon mixture significantly reduced forced expiratory volume for 2 hr, relative to "no treatment", and for 8 hr relative to exposure to fenoterol (containing CFC-11 and CFC-12). The results suggest that chlorofluorcarbons can decrease bronchial tone in asthmatic patients, but that this effect is transient and of a sufficiently small magnitude to be superseded by the dilating effects of fenoterol when both fenoterol and chlorofluorcarbon propellants are inhaled together.

Victims of Freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic, and cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment, and high-flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema and treated appropriately. CNS findings should be treated supportively. A calm environment with no physical exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenegic levels. Exogenous adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized myocardial dysrhythmias. Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias. For ventricular dysrhythmias, diphenylhydantoin and countershock may be effective. Cryogenic dermal injuries should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40 to 42 °C until vasodilatory flush has returned. Elevation of the limb and standard frostbite management with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular exposure requires irrigation and slit-lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ... which might place the employee at increased risk from dichlorodifluoromethane exposure. Cardiovascular disease: In persons with impaired cardiovascular function, especially those with a history of cardiac arrhythmias, the inhalation of dichlorodifluoromethane might cause exacerbation of disorders of the conduction mechanism due to its sensitizing effects on the myocardium. ... Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effects of occupational exposure to chlorodifluoromethane (FC 22) and dichlorodifluoromethane (FC 12) on cardiac rhythm were examined. The subjects were six men who repaired refrigerators (age 31-56, mean 46 years) and a control group of six plumbers (age 29-54, mean 45 years). Ambulatory electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded for 24 hours on the day of exposure and on a control day. The ECG tapes were automatically analyzed with a Reynolds pathfinder 3 apparatus and all aberrant complexes recorded by the machine were checked. One person read all the tapes without knowing whether or not they were recorded during exposure. The number of ventricular ectopic beats were compared between the day of exposure and the control day and with the tape of the control. In addition, the number of ventricular ectopic beats during exposure was compared with the number occurring during the rest of the day. The concentrations of fluorocarbons were measured in four instances. High peak concentrations of fluorocarbons (1300-10,000 cc/cu m) were measured during refrigerator repair work. No clear connection between fluorocarbons and cardiac arrhythmia was found, although one subject had several ventricular ectopic beats which may have been connected with exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Studies on ... volunteers showed that inhalation of 10,000 ppm of FC-12 for 2.5 hr causes 7% reduction in standardized psychomotor scores. At concentration of 1000 ppm for 8 hr/day, 5 days/wk for total of 17 repetitive exposures, there were no untoward subjective responses & no abnormal physiological responses of lungs or heart. Concn as high as 27,000 ppm of FC-12 for 15 to 60 sec caused incr in airway resistance & electrocardiographic changes.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ This study attempted to determine whether exposure to the fluorocarbons chlorodifluoromethane or dichlorodifluoromethane during refrigerator repair caused cardiac arrhythmias. Six repair workers and six plumbers (comparisons) served as study subjects. They kept diaries about their daily activities including exposure to fluorocarbons, physical activity, traffic, meals, smoking, and drinking. Ambulatory electrocardiograms were taken for 24 hours on a day of work exposure and on a comparison day. No cardiac arrhythmias were found to be clearly connected with exposure to fluorocarbons. One subject had several ventricle ectopic beats and a connection with exposure cannot be totally excluded in this worker. Ventricle ectopic beats were somewhat more common in the refrigerator repair workers than in the plumbers. The number of ventricle ectopic beats was low, however, when compared with what is known of ventricle ectopic beats in the normal heart. The average concentrations of fluorocarbons during work were 170 to 815 cu cm/cu m and the peak concentrations were 1300 to 10,000 cu cm/ cu m. In two instances the concentrations remained over 1000 cu cm/cu m for 30 minutes.

8.70e+01

3.70e+02

1.00e+02

4.40e+02

2.00e+02

7.50e+01

3.00e-01

2.00e-01

1.00e-01

Volatile

8.45e+02

2.60e+02

1.10e+03

3.10e+02

1.30e+03

5.90e+02

Avoid release to the environment because of its impact on the ozone layer.

Dichlorodifluoromethane's former production and use as a refrigerant, foaming agent, and aerosol propellant resulted in its direct release to the environment. It is being phased out under the terms of the Montreal Protocol. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 4850 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates dichlorodifluoromethane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Dichlorodifluoromethane does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals. The compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone. The half-life for this reaction has been estimated to range from 105 to 169 years. Dichlorodifluoromethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in the troposphere. If released to soil, dichlorodifluoromethane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 75. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.343 atm-cu m/mole. Dichlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Dichlorodifluoromethane is resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil; however, when incubated anaerobically using fresh household domestic waste, dichlorodifluoromethane exhibited a degradation rate constant of 0.029/day, corresponding to a half-life of 23.9 days. If released into water, dichlorodifluoromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Dichlorodifluoromethane was degraded under anaerobic conditions over a 100 day incubation period using a sediment inoculum. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 12 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure should be low or non-existent since dichlorodifluoroethane is no longer produced or used in the US. Monitoring data indicate that the general population could be exposed to dichlorodifluoromethane via inhalation of ambient air due to the long atmospheric residence time of dichlorodifluoromethane. (SRC)

There are no known natural sources of dichlorodifluoromethane(1).

Dichlorodifluoromethane's former production and use as a refrigerant, foaming agent, and aerosol propellant(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). It is being phased out under the terms of the Montreal Protocol(1).

The realization that certain chlorofluorocarbons can accumulate in the upper atmosphere and deplete the earth's ozone layer has had a major impact on chemicals like dichlorodifluoromethane which are used in large quantities and have the stability to reach the stratosphere. Uses such as propellants in aerosols which had accounted for about 75% of the release of dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane, the chemicals of greatest concern (refrigerants and foams accounted for about 14 and 12%, respectively), were banned in the US after Dec 15, 1978(1). Previously dichlorodifluoromethane was the principal propellant for non-food aerosols(1) and 60% of dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane production went into aerosols(1).

Due to the high vapor pressure of dichlorodifluoromethane, volatilization to the atmosphere is quite rapid. ... It does not react readily with hydroxyl radicals, nor does it photodissociate in the troposphere since it exhibits no absorption of light greater than 200 nm. ... In the stratosphere, dichlorodifluoromethane is broken down by the absorption of higher energy, shorter wavelength ultraviolet light.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 75(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dichlorodifluoromethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dichlorodifluoromethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.343 atm-cu m/mole(4). Dichlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 4850 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Dichlorodifluoromethane is resistant to aerobic biodegradation in soil(6); however, when incubated anaerobically using fresh household domestic waste, dichlorodifluoromethane exhibited a degradation rate constant of 0.029/day, corresponding to a half-life of 23.9 days(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 75(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dichlorodifluoromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.343 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 12(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Dichlorodifluoromethane is resistant to aerobic biodegradation(7); however, the compound was degraded under anaerobic conditions over a 100 day incubation period using a sediment inoculum(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dichlorodifluoromethane, which has a vapor pressure of 4850 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Dichlorodifluoromethane does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals(3,4). The compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(SRC). The half-life for this reaction has been estimated to range from 105 to 169 years(4). Dichlorodifluoromethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in the troposphere(SRC).

AEROBIC: No evidence of dichlorodifluoromethane biodegradation was found in a microcosm designed to simulate Narragansett Bay in a month-long experiment(1). Dichlorodifluormethane was not biodegraded in soil samples from the Skellinggsted Landfall, Holbaek, Denmark(2). The soil at the site was a loamy sand - 5.7% silt, 88.1% sand, 5.3% gravel; 3.2% w/w organic content, 25% w/w moisture content(2).

ANAEROBIC: Dichlorodifluoromethane was degraded under anaerobic landfill conditions in laboratory test digesters(1). The degradation product observed was dichlorofluoromethane(1). Dichlorodifluoromethane was degraded under anaerobic conditions over a 100 day incubation period using sediment from the Potomac River, but was not biodegraded by an aerobic soil(2). Using batch landfill microcosms employing organic household waste, refuse excavated from a landfill and an experimental digestor simulating a landfill, biodegradation of dichlordifluoromethane release was studied. Dichlorodifluoromethane, present at 225 ug/L exhibited a degradation rate constant of 0.029/day, corresponding to a half-life of 23.9 days when incubated anaerobically in fresh organic waste collected from Danish households. The time required to achieve methane production of 20% volume in the headspace was 15 days(3).

PURE CUTLURE: Pure cultures of Methanosarcina barkerii and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were shown to biodegrade dichlorodifluoromethane via reductive dehalogenation(1). Pure bacterial cultures isolated from soils obtained from Rockville, MD were shown to biodegrade dichlorodifluoromethane(2).

Gas-phase dichlorodifluoromethane is extremely stable in the troposphere. Dichlorodifluoromethane does not react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules or nitrate radicals(1,2). Dichlorodifluoromethane will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(2). The half-life for this reaction has been estimated to range from 105(3) to 169 years(2). In the stratosphere, the compound can breakdown to carbonyl difluoride and chlorine atoms; the ozone depletion potential is 1.0(4). Dichlorodifluoromethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). Dichlorodifluoromethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight in the troposphere(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 12 was calculated in fish for dichlorodifluoromethane(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of dichlorodifluoromethane is estimated as 75(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). A Koc of 85 mL/g has also been reported, test conditions not specified(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that dichlorodifluoromethane is expected to have high mobility in soil. A log Koc value of 2.05 has been reported, using a batch experiment incubated with methane and a soil water content of 25% w/w(5).

The Henry's Law constant for dichlorodifluoromethane is 0.343 atm-cu m/mole(1). This value indicates that dichlorodifluoromethane will volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 1 hour(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 4 days(SRC). Dichlorodifluoromethane's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC). Dichlorodifluoromethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on the vapor pressure of 4,850 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

GROUNDWATER: Dichlorodifluoromethane was identified, but not quantified in groundwater under 6 of 13 municipal landfills in Minnesota with suspected leakage but not in the groundwater under 7 other municipal landfills(1). Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected in 20 of 2,542 groundwater rural wells at a maximum concentration of about 7 ug/L and in 11 out of 406 urban wells in the US from 1985-1995(2). Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected in shallow wells in northern Hungary at concentrations of 0.06-10.36 picomols/L in 1993(3). Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected at a maximum concentration of 0.6 ug/L in groundwater from Denver, CO(4). Thirty industrial sites in Taiwan (8 chemical and petrochemical industrial districts, 2 technology industrial parks, 11 general industrial districts, 2 metal processing areas, 2 oil refinery plants, 1 pesticide manufacturing, and 4 landfills) were analyzed for volatile compounds, including dichlorodifluoromethane; the compound was detected in 0.6% of 705 soil samples(5).

DRINKING WATER: A national drinking water survey was conducted by the USGS of 2401 domestic wells sampled during 1985-2002. Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected in 43 of 1,208 samples (subjected to the USGS low-level analytical method) with a detection frequency of 3.6%. The concentration ranged from 0.06 to 10 ug/L for all 2401 wells tested(1). Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected in 4 of 974 drinking-source water samples collected throughout the US, including Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, from May 3, 1999 through October 23, 2000. The 4 samples were from 579 groundwater-source samples, with one sample from a very small community, 3 from very large communities. The minimum dichlorfluoromethane concentration was 1.1 ug/L, maximum 18 ug/L, and detection frequency of 0.69%. The compound was not detected in 375 surface, 171 river, nor 204 reservoir source-water samples(2).

SURFACE WATER: Of the 696 stations reporting pollutants in ambient waters in EPA's STORET database, 1.0% contained dichlorodifluoromethane at detectable levels(1). Dichlorodifluoromethane was identified, but not quantified, in the open waters of Lake Erie(3). The average concentration of dichlorodifluoromethane in surface water at two stations in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas were 218 and 187 ppb, respectively(2). The concentration decreased with depth over many km in the Greenland Sea and was relatively constant in the upper 0.4 km in the Norwegian Sea before decreasing. The deep water concentrations of dichlorodifluoromethane in these seas were 37 and 18 ppb, respectively(2).

Of the 1,144 stations reporting pollutants in ambient waters in EPA's STORET database, 1.6% contained dichlorodifluoromethane at detectable levels(1). No dichlorodifluoromethane was found in the effluent of a large community septic tank (detection limit 0.7 ppb)(2). In the National Urban Runoff Program in which samples of runoff were collected from 19 cities (51 catchments) in the U.S., no dichlorodifluoromethane was found in any samples(3). Leachate from 2 of 6 municipal landfills tested in Minnesota had detectable quantities of dichlorodifluoromethane(4). Leachate from 1 out of 5 landfills in Wisconsin contained 180 ppb of the chemical(4). Dichlorodifluoromethane was emitted from a simulated landfill composed of municipal refuse and wastewater sludges(5).

All of the dichlorodifluoromethane that is produced is eventually lost as emissions. It is estimated that 3.3% of the dichlorodifluoromethane produced is lost from plant vents and during packaging, a loss which is immediate. Losses from aerosols occur, on the average, 6 months after sale; losses from domestic refrigerators and freezers have an average life of 12 yr with a 2% loss during filling; industrial refrigerator charges have an average lifetime of 4 yr; all of the dichlorodifluoromethane used in closed cell foams are lost within 2 yr with 75% being lost during the first year. The annual world production and release of dichlorodifluoromethane were 443.7 and 422.8 million kg, respectively, in 1982. Cumulative production and release estimates up until the end of 1974 were 4698.5 and 4286.2 million kg. By the end of 1982 these figures had increased to 8196.0 and 7520.2 million kg(1).

SOIL: Thirty industrial sites in Taiwan (8 chemical and petrochemical industrial districts, 2 technology industrial parks, 11 general industrial districts, 2 metal processing areas, 2 oil refinery plants, 1 pesticide manufacturing, and 4 landfills) were analyzed for volatile compounds, including dichlorodifluoromethane. Dichlordifluoromethane was detected in 3% of 214 groundwater samples(1).

None of the 204 stations in EPA's STORET database reported dichlorodifluoromethane in sediment(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected at various sites in the US at a median concentration of 0.38 ppb and a maximum concentration of 4.9 ppb(1). Various sites in the US had dichlorodifluoromethane levels ranging from 0.37 to 4.8 ppb while sites in continental Europe and Japan had levels of 0.410-11.4 ppb(2). In 1975, the average concentration of dichlorodifluoromethane was 0.23 ppb and rising at an annual rate of 0.0157 ppb(3). The average concentration of dichlorodifluoromethane in Taipei, Taiwan was 590 parts per trillion(4). Dichlorodifluoromethane was detected in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan (1990-1991) at concentrations of 0.29-1.7 ppb(5). The compound was detected in air samples collected in 1998 at Taiwan University, China, at a median concentration of 721.7 parts per trillion volume (67.7 minimum and 10,826.6 part per trillion volume maxiumum)(6).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U075, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dichlorodifluoromethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for dichlorodifluoromethane: Concentration process: Solvent extraction.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1028; Dichlorodifluoromethane

IMO 2.2; Dichlorodifluoromethane

49 045 16; Dichlorodifluoromethane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Non-Flammable Gas

Special insulated cylinder.

UN Hazard Class: 2.2