Tetramethyllead

H226 (90.5%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H300+H310+H330 (90.5%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302+H332 (90.5%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332 (90.5%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360 (100%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed for hours to days. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Tetramethyllead Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to tetramethyllead may be severe and include anxiety, irritability, headache, insomnia, disorientation, violent/frightening dreams, hyperexcitability, delusions, and hallucinations. Muscular weakness, tremor, incoordination, convulsions, cerebral edema, and coma may occur. A metallic taste may be noted. Sneezing, bronchitis, and pneumonia may be noted. Bradycardia (slow heart rate), hypotension (low blood pressure), hypothermia, and pallor may also occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea. Tetramethyllead may irritate moist skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to tetramethyllead may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to tetramethyllead.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to tetramethyllead.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Use water to keep fire exposed containers cool. If leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors or flush spill. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzle; if this is impossible withdraw from area and let fire burn.

On fires in which containers are not exposed, use water spray, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Use dry CO2, water spray, or foam extinguishers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Poisonous gases including lead, lead oxides and carbon monoxide are produced in fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

If tetramethyl lead is spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3) For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from other combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Tetramethyl lead should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

... The cleaning of tanks which contain, or in the past have contained, leaded gasoline is a hazardous operation owing to the presence of flammable and toxic vapors in the tank. The sludge and scale removed from the tanks should also be regarded as hazardous due to the presence of toxic lead cmpd.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Adjust pH to neutral (pH=7). Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixtures; Motor fuel anti-knock compounds/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides, which may be recycled. It is also possible to recover alkyl lead compounds from wastewaters as an alternative to disposal.

Tetramethyl lead may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possiblity of skin contact with liquids of > 1.06% content. Wear eye protection to prevent any reasonable probability of eye contact. Work clothing should be changed daily if it is possible that clothing is contaminated. Remove nonimpervious clothing immediately if wet or contaminated with liquids containing > 1.06%. Provide emergency showers and eyewash if liquids containing > 1.06% are involved.

For control of general room air, biologic monitoring is essential for personnel control.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Caution : Flammable liquid. Avoid sources of extreme heat or ignition including sparks or fire. When burned, toxic fumes of lead oxide will be emitted.

Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: take up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Fireproof. Store only in original container. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.004 [mg/m3], as Pb[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

The compound is currently at the Holding Status AEGLs which have been reviewed by the NAC/AEGL Committee and are on hold due to insufficient data to develop AEGL values.

AEGLs Status: Holding

0.10 [mg/m3]

4.0 [mg/m3]

40 [mg/m3]

0.075 mg/m³

TWA 0.075 mg/m3 [skin]

0.07 [mg/m3], as Pb

40 mg Pb/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

40.0 [mg/m3], as Pb

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: It has been reported that signs of acute tetramethyl lead intoxication in rats were similar to that seen after acute poisoning with tetraethyl lead [ACGIH 1991].

40 mg/cu m (as Pb)

40 mg/m³

40 mg/m3 (as Pb)

See: 75741

0.15 [mg/m3], as Pb

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.15 mg/cu m, skin /As Pb/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /as Pb/

0.15 mg/m

0.15 mg/m³ [1992]

0.075 mg/m³ [1992]

(as Pb): 0.004 mg/m

Chronic Inhalation: 0.05 mg/m3 (L134)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION (MAC): 0.15 MG/CU M (SKIN)

Australia: 0.15 mg/cu m, as Pb, skin (substance under review) (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 0.075 mg/cu m, as Pb, short-term level 0.15 mg/cu m, as Pb, 30 min, 4 times per shift, skin (1991); Sweden 0.05 mg/cu m, as Pb, short-term value 0.2 mg/cu m, as Pb, 15 min, skin (1990); United Kingdom: lead and lead compounds except for tetraethyl lead, 0.15 mg/cu m, as Pb (1991).

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in nervous disorders and unconsciousness. The effects may be delayed. Exposure could cause death. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the nervous system. This may result in mental and memory disturbances, nervous system impairment, peripheral nerve damage and cardiac disorders. May cause toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Tetramethyl lead (as Pb):

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT (>0.1%) - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. (>0.1%)

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED (>0.1%) - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. (>0.1%)

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED (>0.1%) - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. (>0.1%)

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: QUICK DRENCH (>0.1%) - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (>0.1%) (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. />0.1%/

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.) />0.1%/

Tetramethyllead appears as colorless liquid, dyed red, orange or blue. Has a slight musty odor. Used as an antiknock additive for gasolines; component of mixed alkyl leads for gasoline additives. (EPA, 1998)

Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a fruity odor. [Note: Main usage is in anti-knock additives for gasoline.] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a fruity odor.

Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a fruity odor. [Note: Main usage is in anti-knock additives for gasoline.]

Colorless liquid (/often/ dyed red, orange, or blue /for use in coimmercial gasoline/)

In commerce it is usually dyed red, orange, or blue

Fruity odor

230 °F at 10 mmHg Decomposes above 212 °F (EPA, 1998)

at 1.33kPa: 110 °C

230 °F at 10 mmHg (decomposes above 212 °F)

110 °C @760 [mm Hg]

212 °F (Decomposes)

-17.5 °F (EPA, 1998)

-30.2 °C

-27.5 °C

-17.5 °F

100.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

100 °F (open cup)

100 °F (38 °C) (closed cup)

37.8 °C c.c.

Insoluble (NTP, 1992)

Slightly soluble in benzene, petroleum ether, alcohol

SLIGHTLY SOL IN ETHYL ETHER; MISCIBLE IN FATS & OILS

In water, 15 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

1.995 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.995 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 2.0

1.99 @25 °C

6.5 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.5 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 6.5

22 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

26.0 [mmHg]

26 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 3.0

0.2 [mm Hg] @20 °C

log Kow = 2.97

SOMEWHAT MORE STABLE THAN TETRAETHYL CMPD.

Highly flammable.

Organometallics

Highly Flammable

Strong Reducing Agent

TETRAMETHYLLEAD is sensitive to heat. This compound can react with strong oxidizers. (NTP, 1992)

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, such as sulfuryl chloride or potassium permanganate

Interaction /with tetrachlorotrifluoromethylphosphorane/ under vacuum to form methyltrichlorotrifluoromethylphosphorane is hazardous, violent explosions having occurred twice after 30 min at ambient temperature.

It is incompatible with strong acids, especially nitric acid and chemically active metals.

Strong oxidizers such as sulfuryl chloride or potassium permanganate

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of inorganic lead cmpd. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of organic lead cmpd. There is sufficient evidence in exptl animals for the carcinogenicity of inorganic lead cmpd ... There is inadequate evidence in exptl animals for the carcinogenicity of organic lead cmpd ... Inorganic lead cmpd are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Organic lead cmpd are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). The working group noted that organic lead cmpd are metabolized, at least in part, to ionic lead both in humans and animals. The the extent that ionic lead, generated from organic lead, is present in the body, it will be expected to exert the toxicities associated with inorganic lead.

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

Organic lead compounds are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). To the extent that organic lead compounds are metabolized in part to ionic lead, they are expected to exert the toxicities associated with inorganic lead (Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans). (L135)

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Vomiting. Convulsions. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness.

Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Vomiting. Convulsions. Diarrhoea. Unconsciousness. Further see Inhalation.

insomnia, bad dreams, restlessness, anxious; hypotension; nausea, anorexia; delirium, mania, convulsions; coma

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

central nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Hemolytic anemia - Decreased hemoglobin or number of red blood cells.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

LC50 (mice) = 8,500 mg/m3/30M

LD50: 109 mg/kg (Oral, Guinea pig) (T67)

LD50: 90 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rabbit) (T67)

LD50: 88 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rat) (T67)

LC50: 8500 mg/m3 (Inhalation, Mouse) (T67)

LD50 Rat oral 105 mg/kg /80.33% TML and 19.67% Toluen/

LD50 Rat ip 90.1 mg/kg /80.33% TML and 19.67% toluene/

LD50 Rat iv 88 mg/kg

LD50 Rat iv 90.1 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. (L21)

Ethyl alcohol is known to affect the functional integrity of the limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, and to alter behaviors which are thought to be mediated through limbic function. Organometals also compromise the limbic system and result in deficits in learning and memory. Since both alcohol and organoleads are present in the environment and seem to influence limbic integration, the interaction of these two compounds was assessed in the present experiment. Thirty male rats of the Fischer-344 strain were divided into three equal groups and were given injections of trimethyl lead (8.0 or 17.0 mg/kg/ml sc) or the saline vehicle. Fourteen days later, all animals were challenged with a single hypnotic dose of ethanol (3.5 g/kg ip). The 20% v/v solution of alcohol was prepared in water from a stock solution of 95% ethanol. The latency to loss of the righting reflex and duration of sleep time were recorded while the rats were kept in sound attenuating chambers. The rats treated with the highest dose of trimethyl lead manifested significantly longer latencies to lose the righting reflex and shorter durations of sleep than did controls. These results suggest that exposure to environmental lead may alter the biological and behavioral responsiveness of an animal to alcohol. /Trimethyllead/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Moderate hyperventilation (20 respiration per minute) may be beneficial for increased intracranial pressure. Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and related compounds/

- Remove the patient from further exposure, send for medical assistance. - Remove and discard contaminated clothing. - Exposed eyes should be irrigated with copious amounts of water. - Wash skin with soap and copious amount of water. - Control convulsions with appropriate drug regimen. - In case of ingestion, unless vomiting is extensive, perform gastric lavage and administer a cathartic. If the patient is obtunded, convulsing, comatose, insert an oro- or a naso-gastric tube and lavage after endotracheal intubation. - Open and maintain at least one intravenous route. - Administer intravenous fluids. - Chelation is indicated only if blood levels are high. Penicillamine and calcium disodium edetate have been used and the increased urinary excretion of lead does not correspond with clinical improvement. - In case of encephalopathy, BAL and edetate calcium disodium are indicated. - In cases of inhalation of vapours and fumes, symptomatic and supportive treatment are indicated. Ensure patient's airway and ventilation. Supportive measures include oxygen and artificial respiration. /Organic lead/

ALERT ... MEDICAL SUPERVISION OF WORKMEN WITH RESPECT TO BOTH SYMPTOMATOLOGY & URINARY LEAD EXCRETION.

A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system should be stressed. Urinalysis: Normal kidney function is considered necessary for biologic monitoring. A urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum: specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic /examination of/ centrifuged sediment. The concentration of lead should be determined. Urine specimens with a specific gravity of less than 1.020 should be discarded and another sample obtained. The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis, except that the determination of the concentration of lead in the urine should be repeated quarterly.

... ORG LEAD EXPOSURE IS REFLECTED BETTER IN URINARY LEVELS THAN IN BLOOD LEVELS.

The laboratory studies to confirm the diagnosis are: In blood: complete blood-count, whole blood-count lead level, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, red cell delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity. In urine: 24-hour urine lead levels, delta aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin. Sample collection: a 24-hour specimen of urine is preferable to a single specimen; the blood sample should be taken and stored in specially cleaned glassware... Lead in urine after calcium disodium EDTA mobilization test ... In case of recent exposure or poisoning: whole-blood levels rarely exceeds 500 ug/L. Red cell delta-aminolevulinic dehydratase activity is inhibited (normal 30 to 60 IU). The concentration of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes may be increased (normal: 600 ug/L), but the results are inconsistent. In severe organic lead poisoning the concentration of lead in urine is rarely less than 3500 ug/L. The urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-U) (normal: 4.5 mg/L) and the urinary coproporphyrin (CP-U) (normal: 150 ug/L) may be increased. The urinary lead excretion is increased by calcium disodium EDTA or D-penicillamine). Anaemia and basophilic stippling are uncommon. These findings occur in chronic exposure, as in gasoline sniffing cases, but the chemical and morphological abnormalities in blood are absent in acute exposure ... Other biomedical (diagnostic) investigations and their interpretation: Serum creatinine, urinalysis, 24-hour creatinine and protein (evaluation of renal function). Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT): muscle and hepatic damage. Peripheral motor nerve conduction velocity (damage to peripheral nerves) only in cases of chronic exposure. Intelligence and personality tests: evaluation of psychological and neurological impairment. Electroencephalogram: in cases of lead encephalopathy ... /Organic lead/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Intoxication by tetramethyl lead ... is now rare; owing to vigorous industrial health measures, hazard resulting from contact with leaded gasoline is minimal. Lead poisoning occurs among "gasoline sniffers." continued absorption of small amt ... can result in classical syndrome of chronic lead poisoning.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Lead: Possible neurotoxicity. /From table/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In severe cases, muscle, hepatic and renal damage may occur.

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill, 5 to 10 cm, 5g) 2.2 mg/L/48 hr; Conditions: static, pH 6.9 to 7.5, hardness 84 to 163 mg CaCO3/L. /Chemically pure/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) 84 mg/L/96 hr; Conditions: static, 23 °C, pH 7.6 to 7.9, hardness 55 mg CaCO3/L. /68% TML in Toluene/

LC50 Menidia beryllina (inland silverside) 13.5 mg/L/96 hr; Conditions: static, 20 °C. /68% TML in Toluene/

LC50 Pleuronectes platessa (European plaice) 0.065 mg/L/96 hr; Conditions: flow through /50.82% TML, 17.86% 1,2-dibromethane, 18.81% 1,2-dichlorethane, 12.45% toluene/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of tetramethyl lead (Me4Pb) towards freshwater algae was studied by bubbling biologically generated Me4Pb from one flask containing 5 mg of Pb/L as Me3PbOAc into the culture medium in another flask where a test alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was grown. As Me4Pb is not soluble in water and is volatile, the exposure of an alga to this lead compound was only momentary. It was estimated that <0.5 mg of Pb (Me4Pb) had passed through the culture medium. The primary productivity and cell growth (determined by dry weight), however, decreased by 85% and 32% respectively, as compared with the controls without exposure to Me4Pb. Furthermore, cells exposed to Me4Pb tended to clump together and striking alterations in cell fine-structure were observed. An electron microscopic analysis by an energy dispersive spectrometer revealed that Pb ions had penetrated the cell and were deposited within concretion bodies. Similar results were obtained with the green algae Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Momentary bubbling of less than 0.5 mg of lead as tetramethyl lead (TML) into a culture of the Scenedesmus quadricauda (green alga) decreased primary productivity and cell growth by 85 and 32%, respectively.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Changes to the Golgi apparatus and tubular structures were observed /in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) from the exposure to tetramethyl lead/ at 78 mg Pb/L /for/ 1 days.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Changes to the Golgi apparatus, protoplastids, ER and mitochondria, and mitosis failures were observed /in Lactuca sativa (lettuce) from the exposure to tetramethyl lead/ at 7.74 mg Pb/L /for/ 1 days. At 77.4 mg Pb/L, after 24 hr no cells were capable of division.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ After /Tritium aestivum (wheat) exposed to TML/ at 70 mg Pb/L there was almost complete inhibition of germination. At above 7, there was a reduction in grain yield to 10%. From 0.7 to 70, lead enrichment in straw, grain and bracts was observed.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Tetramethyl lead's production and use as an anti-knock agent in fuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 26 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates tetramethyl lead will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetramethyl lead will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days. Particulate-phase tetramethyl lead will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Half-lives for the direct photolysis of vapor-phase tetramethyl lead exposed to bright sunlight at solar zenith angles of 40 and 75 deg in air are 8.3 and 34 hours. If released to soil, organic matter in the soil will influence tetramethyl lead's mobility because possibilities exist for inhibited mobility by sorption to soil organic matter and for enhanced mobility by the formation of soluble chelate complexes with soluble organic anions. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.61 atm-cu m/mole. Tetramethyl lead may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data are not available for tetramethyl lead. If released into water, organic matter in the suspended solids and sediment may influence tetramethyl lead's mobility. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.8 hours and 6.5 days, respectively. BCF values ranging from 20 to 700 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high. Tetramethyl lead is expected to undergo hydrolysis based on a reported hydrolysis half-life of 4.38 days in seawater. Occupational exposure to tetramethyl lead may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetramethyl lead is produced or used. The use of tetraalkyl lead additives in on-road automotive gasoline is no longer permitted in the United States; however tetraethyl lead is still used in leaded aviation gasoline. When burned, tetraethyl leaded fuels can produce other alkyllead compounds (such as tetramethyl lead). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to tetramethyl lead via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing tetramethyl lead, such as leaded gasoline. (SRC)

... TETRAMETHYL LEAD (TML) /DOES NOT OCCUR/ ... IN NATURE.

Tetramethyl lead's production and use as an anti-knock agent in fuels(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The use of tetraalkyl lead additives in on-road automotive gasoline is no longer permitted in the United States; however tetraethyl lead is still used in leaded aviation gasoline(2). When burned, tetraethyl leaded fuels can produce other alkyllead compounds (such as tetramethyl lead)(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Organic matter in the soil will influence tetramethyl lead's mobility because possibilities exist for inhibited mobility by sorption to soil organic matter and for enhanced mobility by the formation of soluble chelate complexes with soluble organic anions(1). Volatilization of tetramethyl lead from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.61 atm-cu m/mole(2), calculated from a vapor pressure of 26 mm Hg(2) and a water solubility of 15 mg/L(2). Tetramethyl lead is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).

AQUATIC FATE: Organic matter in the suspended solids and sediment may influence tetramethyl lead's mobility(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(2) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.61 atm-cu m/mole(3), derived from its vapor pressure, 26 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 15 mg/L(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(2), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.8 hours and 6.5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), BCF values ranging from 20 to 700(5,6), suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high(SRC). Tetramethyl lead is expected to undergo hydrolysis based on a reported hydrolysis half-life of 4.38 days in seawater(8). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), tetramethyl lead, which has a vapor pressure of 26 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tetramethyl lead is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constants for the direct photolysis of vapor-phase tetramethyl lead exposed to bright sunlight at solar zenith angles of 40 and 75 deg have been experimentally determined to be 1.4X10-3/min and 3.38X10-4/min, respectively(4). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 8.3 and 34 hours, respectively(SRC).

Atmospheric Fate: Most /particulate lead from automobile exhaust, emitted in the form of lead halides,/ ... settles very closely to roadways. Smaller particles are widely dispersed so that the avg residence time of lead in the atmosphere is about 10 days. Complex chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere transform lead halides to relatively insoluble salts (ie, lead carbonate (PbCO3), lead oxide (PbO), lead sulfate (PbSO4)). Atmospheric lead particles are removed by sedimentation, dry deposition, and precipitation. /Tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead, lead halides & salts/

Microorganisms capable of degrading tetraalkyl lead compounds have not been reported. Failure to isolate tetraalkyl lead degrading microorganisms from waters, soils, and sediments may result from low water solubilities for this group of chemicals(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tetramethyl lead with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the hydrolysis degradation of tetramethyl lead in seawater has been reported to be 1.83X10-6/sec(3), which corresponds to a half-life of 4.38 days(SRC). Degradation of tetramethyl lead in seawater leads to the formation of trimethyl lead chloride(4). Tetramethyl lead is expected to hydrolyze in fresh water based on the half-life hydrolysis rate in fresh water for tetraethyl lead, a chemical analogue, of 8 days(5). The rate constants for the direct photolysis of gas-phase tetramethyl lead exposed to bright sunlight at solar zenith angles of 40 and 75 deg have been experimentally determined to be 1.4X10-3/min and 3.38X10-4/min, respectively(6). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 8.3 and 34 hours, respectively(SRC).

The degradation of tetramethyl lead in distilled water solutions was examined in both dark and sunlight conditions(1). After 22 days, 16% of the tetramethyl lead in the dark conditions had reacted to yield trimethyl lead while 59% of the tetramethyl lead in sunlight had reacted to yield trimethyl lead(1). A laboratory study has shown that sunlight accelerates tetramethyl lead degradation in water(2). Degradation of tetramethyl lead in water yields trialkyl and dialkyl lead compounds(2). In the dark, tetramethyl lead was completely decomposed within 5 days when present in environmental water(3). Photolytic degradation of tetramethyl lead in seawater has also been observed(4). Laboratory studies indicate that alkyl lead compounds decompose fairly rapidly in the environment to the more stable tri-alkyl lead species(5).

BCF values of 20-170 in shrimp, mussel, and plaice, and 100 to 700 in fish have been measured for tetramethyl lead(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this range of BCF values suggests bioconcentration of tetramethyl lead in aquatic organisms is low to high(SRC). Exposure of eastern oysters to tetraethyl lead concentrations of 0.1-0.8 ug Pb/L resulted in bioconcentration factors (BCF) of 17,600-18,138; however, similar exposure to tetramethyl lead showed little bioaccumulation(4).

Mobility of tetramethyl lead may be inhibited by sorption to soil organic matter; however, it may also be enhanced by the formation of soluble chelate complexes with soluble organic anions(1). During spills of leaded gasoline onto soils, the nonpolar nature of gasoline serves as a mobile solvent capable of transporting lead alkyl compounds through the soil(1).

The Henry's Law constant for tetramethyl lead is estimated as 0.61 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 26 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 15 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that tetramethyl lead is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.8 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.5 days(SRC). Tetramethyl lead's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of tetramethyl lead from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Tetramethyl lead was not detected in groundwater (detection limit of 0.2 ng/L) collected from Colchester, England in 1986(1).

DRINKING WATER: Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit of 0.04 ng Pb/L) in 12 potable waters samples collected in five cities in England(1).

SURFACE WATER: Tetramethyl lead was detected in freshwater samples from the Thames, Colchester, and Dedham rivers, UK at 0.09 ng/L, 0.05 ng/L, 0.02 ng/L, respectively(1). It was also detected in a freshwater lagoon in England at 0.70 ng/L(1). It was detected in estuarine water at St. Osyth, Wivenhoe, and Rowhedge at 0.7 ng/L, 0.09 ng/L, and 0.02 ng/L, respectively(1). At a fresh water reservoir surrounded by roads in Ardeleigh, England tetramethyl lead was detected at 0.30 ng/L(1). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.50 ng/g) in surface waters collected from Lake Ontario(2). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.50 ng/g) in 32 water samples collected from various lakes and rivers in Ontario(3).

SEAWATER: Tetramethyl lead was also detected in sea water in the North Sea near Walton, Frinton, and Clacton, England at 0.30 ng/L, 0.30 ng/L, and 0.40 ng/L, respectively(1). Tetramethyl lead was not detected in seawater (detection limit 0.20 ng/L) collected near Colchester, England in 1986(2).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: Analysis of rainwater from various locations in England and Ireland in 1985 and 1986 found tetramethyl lead levels generally below detection limits (0.04-20 ng Pb/L), although one sample from Colchester, England contained tetramethyl lead at a concentration of 78 ng Pb/L(1). Rainwater sampled from July 24-Oct 24, 1985 at Essex University, England contained tetramethyl lead at a concentration of 78 ng/L(2).

Tetramethyl lead was detected in exhaust gas from a Ford Transit 2.0 liter displacement ranging from 1.04-25.88 ug/cu m and from a Ford Escort 1.1 liter displacement ranging from <0.01-8.5 ug/cu m(1). The highest concentrations occurred when the vehicle was stationary and choked while the lowest concentrations occurred at 70 mph(1). Both cars ran on gasoline containing 21.8 mg/cu dm of tetramethyl lead(1). Tetramethyl lead concentrations of 240 and 650 ng/cu m were measured in the exhaust of two unspecified vehicles(2).

SEDIMENT: Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ng/g) in sediments collected from Lake Ontario(1). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ng/g) in 50 sediment samples collected from various lakes and rivers in Ontario(2). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 15 ng/g) in sediment collected from the St. Lawrence River near Maitland, Ontario(3). Tetramethyl lead levels of 0.36-5.3 mg/kg (dry wt basis) were detected in sediments from drainage grids at two gasoline stations in England(4). Analysis of roadside dust, roadside soil and sediment from various locations in England for alkylleads found tetramethyl lead concentrations varying from below detection limits (0.2 ng Pb/g) to 12 ng Pb/g(5).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The concentration of tetramethyl lead measured between September 1995 and May 1996 in the air of Bordeaux, France ranged from 0.09 to 95.2 ng/cu m(1). In Stockholm, Sweden tetramethyl lead was detected in air samples along urban streets at concentrations ranging from 14-99 ng/cu m(2). In Copenhagen, Denmark tetramethyl lead was detected along urban and suburban streets at concentrations ranging from 180-195 ng/cu m and 1.2-75 ng/cu m, respectively(2). In Colchester, England, tetramethyl lead was detected in atmospheric aerosol particles at a concentration of 0.292 ng/cu m and in background urban air at concentrations ranging from 1.3-14.1 ng/cu m, respectively(2). In Lancaster, England, tetramethyl lead was detected in urban air samples ranging from 25.2-49.7 ng/cu m(2). The concentration of tetramethyl lead in the urban air of Stockholm, Sweden in 1981 has been reported to be 11-77 ng Pb/cu m(3). The concentration of tetramethyl lead in urban air at various locations in England in 1985 and 1986 has been reported to be 0.7-38.5 ng Pb/cu m(3). Analysis of atmospheric aerosol particles collected from England and Ireland in 1985 and 1986 found tetramethyl lead levels of <0.02 (detection limit) to 0.226 ng Pb/cu m(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: In Stockholm, Sweden, tetramethyl lead was detected in rural air samples at concentrations ranging from 0.6-3.2 ng/cu m(1). In Antwerp, Belgium tetramethyl lead was detected in rural air samples at concentrations ranging from 0.25-3.3 ng/cu m(1). It was also detected at a University laboratory, office room, residential area, and shopping area at concentrations ranging from 3.6-4.0 ng/cu m, 1.8-5.9 ng/cu m, 4.6-4.8 ng/cu m, and 20.6-22.7 ng/cu m, respectively(1). In Lancaster, England, tetramethyl lead was detected in rural air samples at concentrations ranging from 0.3-1.7 ng/cu m(1). The concentration of tetramethyl lead in rural air at various locations in England from 1985-1986 has been reported to range from <0.1-3.5 ng Pb/cu m(2). Ambient air in a rural Belgium location contained a tetramethyl lead level of 0.33 ng/cu m(3).

INDOOR: air sampled within an analytical laboratory in Baltimore, Maryland contained a level of 7 ng/cu m(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: The atmospheric concentration of tetramethyl lead near two gas stations in Belgium was found to range from 0.05-0.55 ug/cu m(1). Six air samples collected in Baltimore, MD during 1977 were found to have a mean tetramethyl lead concentration of 3.5 parts per trillion(2). Analysis of urban and rural air from Beijing, China during 1980 found tetramethyl lead levels to be below the analytical detection limit of 0.1 ng Pb/cu m(3). Air sampled in the Baltimore Tunnel and at USA Highway 1 in 1977 contained tetramethyl lead levels of 12-66 ng/cu m(4). Air levels of tetramethyl lead at various locations in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1981 have been reported as follows in ng Pb/cu m: urban, 140-150; suburban, 0.9-58; rural, 0.5-2.5; petrol station, 1100(5).

Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ng/g) in vegetation collected from Lake Ontario(1). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 7.5 ng/g) in aquatic weeds collected from the St. Lawrence River near Maitland, Ontario(2). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ng/g) in 44 vegetation, algae, and weed samples collected from various lakes and rivers in Ontario(3).

Four fish samples collected from Lake Ontario contained tetramethyl lead at levels of 0.5-1.7 ppb(1). The concentration of tetramethyl lead measured in carp collected from the St. Lawrence River near Maitland, Ontario was 137 ng/g wet weight(2). Tetramethyl lead was not detected (detection limit 7.5 ng/g) in pike, white sucker, or small mouth bass collected at this location(2). Tetramethyl lead was detected in fish caught within five miles off the coast of Eastern England near Essex. The mean concentration (wet weight) in herring was 0.2 ng/g, skate 0.2 ng/g, squid 0.06 ng/g, and cod 0.06 ng/g(2). In July 1974 the cargo ship Cavtat sank in the Adriatic Sea with a cargo of tetramethyl lead and tetraethyl lead drums(3). Salvaging operations reclaimed all but 7% of the cargo(3). Analysis of various fish at the site of the accident 3 years after the sinking detected tetramethyl lead levels ranging from below detection limits (0.002 ppm) to 0.11 ppm(3).

Mussels collected from off the coast of Roving, Croatia from Feb 1992-June 1994 in the Adriatic Sea contained levels of tetramethyl lead ranging from 0.7-1.0 ng/g wet weight(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7 workers (0 of these were female) were potentially exposed to tetramethyl lead in the United States(1). Occupational exposure to tetramethyl lead may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where tetramethyl lead is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to tetramethyl lead via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing tetramethyl lead, such as leaded gasoline(SRC).

The use of tetraalkyl lead additives in on-road automotive gasoline is no longer permitted in the United States; however, tetraethyl lead is still used in leaded aviation gasoline(1). When burned, tetraethyl leaded fuels can produce other alkyllead compounds (such as tetramethyl lead)(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Controlled incineration with scrubbing for collection of lead oxides, which may be recycled. It is also possible to recover alkyl lead compounds from wastewaters as an alternative to disposal.

Tetramethyl lead may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixture/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixture/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixture/

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Motor fuel anti-knock mixture/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TETRAMETHYL LEAD (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1649; Motor fuel antiknock mixtures

IMO 6.1; Motor fuel antiknock mixtures

49 214 45; Motor fuel antiknock mixtures

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Flammable Liquid

Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I