2,2-dimethylbutane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 466) of reports.

H225 (99.8%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (99.8%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (99.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (20.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336 (99.4%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411 (99.8%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 466 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 466 reports by companies.

There are 20 notifications provided by 465 of 466 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations...

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. /Hexane isomers (excluding n-Hexane)/

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to it flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 def F). /Hexane isomers (excluding n-Hexane)/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Over time, pressure may increase causing containers to burst. Handle and open container with care. Moisture sensitive.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

...Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

500.0 [ppm]

1000 [ppm]

11000 [ppm]

66000 [ppm]

100 ppm (350 mg/m³)

510 ppm (1800 mg/m³) [15 minutes]

200.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 500 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 1000 ppm.

500 ppm [1979]

1000 ppm [1979]

Chronic Inhalation: 0.6 ppm (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Air-supplied apparatus or organic vapor cartridge; goggles or face shield; rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)

Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use of full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Handle with gloves...

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 1000 ppm: /Hexane isomers (excluding n-Hexane)/ [Table#205]

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 2500 ppm: /Hexane isomers (excluding n-Hexane)/ [Table#206]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Neohexane is a colorless liquid with an odor of gasoline. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Irritating vapor. Flash point -54 °F.

Colorless liquid with mild gasoline-like odor; [ACGIH]

Clear liquids with mild, gasoline-like odors.

Colorless liquid

121.5 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

121.5 °F

49.7 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-148 °F (NTP, 1992)

-99.9 °C

-98.2 °C

-54 °F (NTP, 1992)

-54 °F (-48 °C) closed cup

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 21.2 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether; very soluble in acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride

0.649 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.6444 g/cu cm at 25 °C

0.649 @25 °C

3 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.0 (Air = 1)

274 mmHg at 70 °F ; 400 mmHg at 87.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

319.0 [mmHg]

319 mm Hg at 25 °C

274 mmHg

319 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 3.82

797 °F (USCG, 1999)

761 °F (405 °C).

4159.5 kJ/mol

27.68 kg/mol at 25 °C

Index of refraction: 1.3688 at 20 °C/D

Octane rating: 100+

Heat capacity: 191.9 J/mol K at 25 °C

Heat of fusion: 1.61 cal/g

Air Pollution Factors: Manmade sources: evaporation from gasoline fuel tank: 0.1 vol % of total evaporated hydrocarbon's; evaporation from carburetor: 0.0-0.1 vol % of total evaporated hydrocarbon's.

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.32X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Activation energy

Boiling point

Chemical diffusion

Composition

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

NEOHEXANE may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. Charring may occur followed by ignition of unreacted material and other nearby combustibles. In other settings, mostly unreactive. Not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents. When heated sufficiently or when ignited in the presence of air, oxygen or strong oxidizing agents, burns exothermically to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Oxidizing agents

Hexane's toxicity is caused by it neurotoxic metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione. It damages the central and peripheral nervous system by causing axonal swelling and degeneration. 2,5-Hexanedione also reacts with lysine side-chain amino groups in axonal cytoskeletal proteins to form pyrroles. This results in neurofilament cross-linking and loss of function. (L175)

2,2-Dimethylbutane is found in gasoline, which is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (L135)

Hexane mainly affects the nervous system. It causes degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (and eventually the central nervous system), starting with damage to the nerve axons. Exposure to hexane may also damage the lungs and reproductive system. (L977, L978)

Oral (L175) ;inhalation (L175) ;dermal (L175)

Breathing large amounts of hexane causes numbness in the feet and hands, followed by muscle weakness in the feet and lower legs. Continued exposure may lead to paralysis of the arms and legs. However, if removed from the exposure, recovery occurs in 6 months to a year. Inhalation of high concentrations produces first a state of mild euphoria, followed by somnolence with headaches and nausea. (L175, A121)

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ ... 2,2-Dimethylbutane at conc of 100,000-250,000 ppm sensitizes the myocardium in dogs to epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias.

2,2-Dimethylbutane's production and use as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals and as a component of high-octane motor and aviation fuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,2-dimethylbutane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,2-dimethylbutane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. 2,2-Dimethylbutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2100. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7 atm-cu m/mole. 2,2-Dimethylbutane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation); however, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained) suggesting that biodegradation may occur via co-metabolism. If released into water, 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 57 minutes and 3.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 150 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2,2-dimethylbutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,2-dimethylbutane is produced or used. 2,2-Dimethylbutane is widely detected in vehicle exhaust and gasoline vapors. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,2-dimethylbutane via inhalation of ambient air, and as a result of handling gasoline. (SRC)

2,2-Dimethylbutane's production and use as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals and as a component of high-octane motor and aviation fuels(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.82(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,2-dimethylbutane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 319 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 21.2 mg/L(5). 2,2-Dimethylbutane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon it's vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation); however, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained) suggesting that biodegradation may occur via co-metabolism(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.82(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 319 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 2.12 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(7), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 57 minutes and 3.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 150(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation); however, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained) suggesting that biodegradation may occur via co-metabolism(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: 2,2,-Dimethylbutane, which has a vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,2-dimethylbutane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(2), calculated from its rate constant of 2.32X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 2,2-Dimethylbutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation). However, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained; comparable to the abiotic control where 89% remained) suggesting that its degradation may occur via co-metabolism(1). In another aerobic biodegradation study of gasoline hydrocarbons in water from a domestic sewage treatment plant, a degradation half-life for 2,2-dimethylbutane was calculated as 26.5 days(2). Under optimal conditions, biodegradation results for gasoline in activated sludge indicate that 2,2-dimethylbutane constituted a recalcitrant portion of the mixture(3).

AEROBIC: Incubation with natural flora in the groundwater - in presence of the other components of high-octane gasoline (100 uL/L): biodegradation: 25% after 192 hr at 13 °C (initial concentration 0.28 uL/L).

PURE CULTURE: Using the Clark oxygen electrode, a resting cell suspension of Corynebacterium sp. oxidized 2,2-dimethylbutane with an activity of 41% that of n-octane; the study indicated that the compound was utilized as a growth substrate by the microorganism(1). Therefore, this compound may have the potential to biodegrade, but is not expected to biodegrade rapidly(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,2-dimethylbutane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.32X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). 2,2-Dimethylbutane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2,2-Dimethylbutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 150 was calculated in fish for 2,2-dimethylbutane(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Koc of 2,2-dimethylbutane is estimated as 2100(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to have slight mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2,2-dimethylbutane is estimated as 1.7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 319 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 21.2 mg/L (2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 57 minutes(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.7 days(SRC). 2,2-Dimethylbutane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 2,2-dimethylbutane from dry soil surfaces may exist (SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg(1).

SURFACE WATER: 2,2-Dimethylbutane was measured in eight samples of sea water taken during a cruise on the Indian Ocean; concentrations ranged from 0.24-1.91 nanoliters of vapor per liter of water at approximately 30 °C(1).

In Southern California, the 2,2-dimethylbutane profile for various emissions for vehicle exhaust was 0.44, 0.35, 1.01, 0.00, 0.85, and 1.73 wt% for: an EPA 46 car study, mean composite of 13 samples from the Caldecott Tunnel, cold start, stabilized, hot start, and from an older fleet, respectively(1). The average concentration of 2,2-dimethylbutane in the exhaust of 6 cars in the UK, 1988, was 1733 ppb(2). Gasoline engine exhaust (noncatalyst and catalyst equipped), and unburned gasoline (whole and headspace vapors) profiles include 2,2-dimethylbutane at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.2, and 0.3 wt%, respectively(3). Source composition profiles for exhaust from an FTP test of 46 in-use passenger vehicles for 1975-1982 model years, Vancouver gasoline, Vancouver gasoline vapor, Whatcom County gasoline and Whatcom County gasoline vapor included 2,2-dimethylbutane at 0.440, 0.218, 0.334, 0.192, 0.345% NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons)(4). Emission rates of 2,2-dimethylbutane from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles in the Fort McHenry tunnel(Baltimore, MD; collected June 1992) were measured as 4.5 and 15.9 mg/vehicle-mile, respectively; air concentrations at the east portal ranged from 1.9 to 67.8 ppbC. Emission rates of 2,2-dimethylbutane from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles in the Tuscarora tunnel (Pennsylvania; collected September 1992) were measured as 2.3 and 12.1 mg/vehicle-mile, respectively; air concentrations ranged from 9.4 to 2.1 ppbC (5). 2,2-Dimethylbutane was emitted from the tailpipe of automobiles at a rate of 800 ug 2,2-dimethylbutane per kilometer (vehicles equipped with catalytic converters) and 195,000 ug 2,2-dimethylbutane per kilometer (vehicles without catalytic converters)(6). Vehicle emissions were analyzed in the Maria Maluf Tunnel in Sao Paulo, Brazil in May 2004. Average emission factors for 2,2-dimethylbutane were reported; May 5 morning, 10.2 mg/kg; May 5 evening, 16.4 mg/kg; May 6 morning, 122.9 mg/kg; May 6 evening, 26.2 mg/kg(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The 2,2-dimethylbutane concentration ranged from 0 to 1 ppbV at a downtown Los Angeles location where it was detected in 4 of 17 samples in the Fall of 1981(1). The average concentration of 2,2-dimethylbutane at street level in London, 1988, was 16 ppb(2). The average and range of concentrations of 2,2-dimethylbutane measured in southern California over September 8-9, 1993 were 0.90 and 0.00-2.30 ug/cu m, respectively(3). 2,2-dimethylbutane has been detected in roadway air, airport facility air, and 'near' aircraft air in concentrations of 0.495, 0.50, and 0.172 ppb, respectively(4). 2,2-Dimethylbutane was detected at a mean concentration of 0.8 mg/cu m in the atmosphere of Porto Alegre, Brazil from March 1996 to April 1997(5). The arithmetic and geometric means were 47.9 and 43.9 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric 2,2-dimethylbutane content at urban locations in NW England(6). 2,2-dimethylbutane was detected at a mean concentration of 1.1 ug/cu m around the Los Angeles, CA area during a smog event on September 8-9, 1993(7).

RURAL/REMOTE: For the atmospheric 2,2-dimethylbutane content at rural locations in NW England, the arithmetic and geometric means were 1.8 and 1.8 ppbC, respectively(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: In oil field emissions measured in Tulsa, OK, 2,2-dimethylbutane was detected at average concentration of 7.0 ppbC(1). The arithmetic and geometric means were 11.2 and 4.4 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric 2,2-dimethylbutane content at polluted rural locations in northwest England(2). 2,2-Dimethylbutane was detected in air samples collected in June 2004 from a gasoline service station located in Brazil at an average concentration of 19.5 ug/cu m(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 2,2-dimethylbutane is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Occupational exposure to 2,2-dimethylbutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,2-dimethylbutane is produced or used. 2,2-Dimethylbutane is widely detected in vehicle exhaust and gasoline vapors. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,2-dimethylbutane via inhalation of ambient air, and as a result of handling gasoline. (SRC)

2,2-Dimethylbutane's production and use as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals and as a component of high-octane motor and aviation fuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2,2-dimethylbutane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,2-dimethylbutane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. 2,2-Dimethylbutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2100. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7 atm-cu m/mole. 2,2-Dimethylbutane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation); however, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained) suggesting that biodegradation may occur via co-metabolism. If released into water, 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 57 minutes and 3.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 150 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2,2-dimethylbutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,2-dimethylbutane is produced or used. 2,2-Dimethylbutane is widely detected in vehicle exhaust and gasoline vapors. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,2-dimethylbutane via inhalation of ambient air, and as a result of handling gasoline. (SRC)

2,2-Dimethylbutane's production and use as an intermediate for agricultural chemicals and as a component of high-octane motor and aviation fuels(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.82(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,2-dimethylbutane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 319 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 21.2 mg/L(5). 2,2-Dimethylbutane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon it's vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation); however, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained) suggesting that biodegradation may occur via co-metabolism(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.82(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 319 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 2.12 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(7), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 57 minutes and 3.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 150(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation); however, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained) suggesting that biodegradation may occur via co-metabolism(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: 2,2,-Dimethylbutane, which has a vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,2-dimethylbutane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(2), calculated from its rate constant of 2.32X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 2,2-Dimethylbutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Under aerobic conditions, 2,2-dimethylbutane was shown to degrade after a 15 day lag period when tested as a mixture of light hydrocarbons in activated sludge (14% of the initial amount remained after 34 days of incubation). However, when tested as the single carbon source little degradation was observed (86% of the initial amount remained; comparable to the abiotic control where 89% remained) suggesting that its degradation may occur via co-metabolism(1). In another aerobic biodegradation study of gasoline hydrocarbons in water from a domestic sewage treatment plant, a degradation half-life for 2,2-dimethylbutane was calculated as 26.5 days(2). Under optimal conditions, biodegradation results for gasoline in activated sludge indicate that 2,2-dimethylbutane constituted a recalcitrant portion of the mixture(3).

AEROBIC: Incubation with natural flora in the groundwater - in presence of the other components of high-octane gasoline (100 uL/L): biodegradation: 25% after 192 hr at 13 °C (initial concentration 0.28 uL/L).

PURE CULTURE: Using the Clark oxygen electrode, a resting cell suspension of Corynebacterium sp. oxidized 2,2-dimethylbutane with an activity of 41% that of n-octane; the study indicated that the compound was utilized as a growth substrate by the microorganism(1). Therefore, this compound may have the potential to biodegrade, but is not expected to biodegrade rapidly(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,2-dimethylbutane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 2.32X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). 2,2-Dimethylbutane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2,2-Dimethylbutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 150 was calculated in fish for 2,2-dimethylbutane(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Koc of 2,2-dimethylbutane is estimated as 2100(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.82(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to have slight mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 2,2-dimethylbutane is estimated as 1.7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 319 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 21.2 mg/L (2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,2-dimethylbutane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 57 minutes(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.7 days(SRC). 2,2-Dimethylbutane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 2,2-dimethylbutane from dry soil surfaces may exist (SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 319 mm Hg(1).

SURFACE WATER: 2,2-Dimethylbutane was measured in eight samples of sea water taken during a cruise on the Indian Ocean; concentrations ranged from 0.24-1.91 nanoliters of vapor per liter of water at approximately 30 °C(1).

In Southern California, the 2,2-dimethylbutane profile for various emissions for vehicle exhaust was 0.44, 0.35, 1.01, 0.00, 0.85, and 1.73 wt% for: an EPA 46 car study, mean composite of 13 samples from the Caldecott Tunnel, cold start, stabilized, hot start, and from an older fleet, respectively(1). The average concentration of 2,2-dimethylbutane in the exhaust of 6 cars in the UK, 1988, was 1733 ppb(2). Gasoline engine exhaust (noncatalyst and catalyst equipped), and unburned gasoline (whole and headspace vapors) profiles include 2,2-dimethylbutane at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6, 0.2, and 0.3 wt%, respectively(3). Source composition profiles for exhaust from an FTP test of 46 in-use passenger vehicles for 1975-1982 model years, Vancouver gasoline, Vancouver gasoline vapor, Whatcom County gasoline and Whatcom County gasoline vapor included 2,2-dimethylbutane at 0.440, 0.218, 0.334, 0.192, 0.345% NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons)(4). Emission rates of 2,2-dimethylbutane from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles in the Fort McHenry tunnel(Baltimore, MD; collected June 1992) were measured as 4.5 and 15.9 mg/vehicle-mile, respectively; air concentrations at the east portal ranged from 1.9 to 67.8 ppbC. Emission rates of 2,2-dimethylbutane from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles in the Tuscarora tunnel (Pennsylvania; collected September 1992) were measured as 2.3 and 12.1 mg/vehicle-mile, respectively; air concentrations ranged from 9.4 to 2.1 ppbC (5). 2,2-Dimethylbutane was emitted from the tailpipe of automobiles at a rate of 800 ug 2,2-dimethylbutane per kilometer (vehicles equipped with catalytic converters) and 195,000 ug 2,2-dimethylbutane per kilometer (vehicles without catalytic converters)(6). Vehicle emissions were analyzed in the Maria Maluf Tunnel in Sao Paulo, Brazil in May 2004. Average emission factors for 2,2-dimethylbutane were reported; May 5 morning, 10.2 mg/kg; May 5 evening, 16.4 mg/kg; May 6 morning, 122.9 mg/kg; May 6 evening, 26.2 mg/kg(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The 2,2-dimethylbutane concentration ranged from 0 to 1 ppbV at a downtown Los Angeles location where it was detected in 4 of 17 samples in the Fall of 1981(1). The average concentration of 2,2-dimethylbutane at street level in London, 1988, was 16 ppb(2). The average and range of concentrations of 2,2-dimethylbutane measured in southern California over September 8-9, 1993 were 0.90 and 0.00-2.30 ug/cu m, respectively(3). 2,2-dimethylbutane has been detected in roadway air, airport facility air, and 'near' aircraft air in concentrations of 0.495, 0.50, and 0.172 ppb, respectively(4). 2,2-Dimethylbutane was detected at a mean concentration of 0.8 mg/cu m in the atmosphere of Porto Alegre, Brazil from March 1996 to April 1997(5). The arithmetic and geometric means were 47.9 and 43.9 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric 2,2-dimethylbutane content at urban locations in NW England(6). 2,2-dimethylbutane was detected at a mean concentration of 1.1 ug/cu m around the Los Angeles, CA area during a smog event on September 8-9, 1993(7).

RURAL/REMOTE: For the atmospheric 2,2-dimethylbutane content at rural locations in NW England, the arithmetic and geometric means were 1.8 and 1.8 ppbC, respectively(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: In oil field emissions measured in Tulsa, OK, 2,2-dimethylbutane was detected at average concentration of 7.0 ppbC(1). The arithmetic and geometric means were 11.2 and 4.4 ppbC, respectively, for the atmospheric 2,2-dimethylbutane content at polluted rural locations in northwest England(2). 2,2-Dimethylbutane was detected in air samples collected in June 2004 from a gasoline service station located in Brazil at an average concentration of 19.5 ug/cu m(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 2,2-dimethylbutane is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Occupational exposure to 2,2-dimethylbutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,2-dimethylbutane is produced or used. 2,2-Dimethylbutane is widely detected in vehicle exhaust and gasoline vapors. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2,2-dimethylbutane via inhalation of ambient air, and as a result of handling gasoline. (SRC)

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Hexanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Hexanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Hexanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Hexanes/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1208; Hexanes

IMO 3.1; Hexanes

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid