Acetone Cyanohydrin

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310+H330 (19.9%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370 (46.4%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 211 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Effects, including skin reactions, may be delayed. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely. Heart palpitation may begin within minutes after exposure.

Note: Acetone cyanohydrin is very readily absorbed through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms of Acetone Cyanohydrin Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to acetone cyanohydrin may include hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Cherry-red mucous membranes and blood, cardiac arrhythmias, and other cardiac abnormalities are common. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) is not a consistent finding. Tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate) may be followed by respiratory depression. Lung hemorrhage and pulmonary edema may also occur. Headache, vertigo (dizziness), agitation, and giddiness may be followed by combative behavior, convulsions, paralysis, protruding eyeballs, dilated and unreactive pupils, and coma. Acetone cyanohydrin is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Lacrimation (tearing) and a burning sensation of the mouth and throat are common. Excessive salivation, nausea, and vomiting may also occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to acetone cyanohydrin may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to acetone cyanohydrin.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with acetone cyanohydrin-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning.

3. RUSH to a health care facility!

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to acetone cyanohydrin.

4. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

5. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

6. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with acetone cyanohydrin contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning.

2. RUSH to a health care facility!

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

Wear air-supplied mask with canister approved for use with acrylonitrile in less than 2 percent concentration, rubber or plastic gloves, cover goggles or face mask, rubber boots, slicker suit, safety helmet.

Water may cause frothing if it gets below surface of liquid and turns to steam. Water fog gently applied to surface will cause frothing which will extinguish fire. Use water spray, dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool, from a safe distance. (EPA, 1998)

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Use dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

HCN - when spill Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized into water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1541 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

When spilled in water

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 60 m (200 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.5 km (0.3 mi)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use surface active agent (e.g., detergent, soaps, alcohols), if approved by EPA. If dissolved , in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P069, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong bases, acids, water and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Separate from acids, alkalies, oxidizing materials, and reducing agents. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

2.0 [ppm]

7.1 [ppm]

15 [ppm]

C 1 ppm (4 mg/m3) [15-minute]

See: IDLH INDEX

5.0 [mg/m3], as CN

Ceiling Limit: 5 mg/cu m, skin. /Acetone cyanohydrin, as CN/

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Table: AEGLs for ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN (ppm) [Table#2606]

Finland (1975), West Germany (1976), & Yugoslavia (1971): 5 mg/cu m; (Czechoslovakia (1976) & Romania (1975): 3 mg/cu m; Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland & USSR in 1970: 0.3 mg/cu m. /Cyanide cmpd, as CN/

West Germany (1974), Sweden (1975), Finlands, Great Britain, Japan, UAR & Yugoslavia (1970): 10 ppm; East Germany (1973): 4.5 ppm; Czechoslovakia (1969): 2.7 ppm; USSR (1972), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland & Romania (1970): 0.27 ppm. /Hydrogen cyanide/

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 2 ppm, skin; Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) 5 ppm, 15 min, skin.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system. This may result in asphyxia, cardiac disorders, convulsions, cyanosis and respiratory failure. Exposure could cause death. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the central nervous system and thyroid. This may result in impaired functions.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Acetone cyanohydrin:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized appears as a colorless liquid. Flash point 165 °F. Lethal by inhalation and highly toxic or lethal by skin absorption. Density 7.8 lb / gal (less dense than water). Vapors heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

Colorless liquid with a faint odor of bitter almond. (Note: Forms cyanide in the body.) [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a faint odor of bitter almond. [Note: Forms cyanide in the body.]

Colorless liquid

Distinct strong cyanide odor

The pure compound is practically odorless but usually has an odor of bitter almonds because of traces of hydrogen cyanide.

Characteristic odor

180 °F at 23 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

BP: 82 °C at 23 mm Hg

95 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-2.2 °F (EPA, 1998)

165 °F (EPA, 1998)

165 °F (74 °C) (closed cup)

74 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Freely soluble in usual organic solvents; insoluble in petroleum ether and carbon disulfide.

Very soluble in water, ethanol and ethyl ether; soluble in acetone, benzene and chloroform

Miscible with water

Solubility in water: freely soluble, but decomposes in water

Miscible

0.9267 at 77 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

Specific gravity: 0.9267 at 25 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.93

0.932 @ 19°C

(77 °F): 0.93

2.93 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.96 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.93

0.8 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

1.1 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 0.8 mm Hg at 20 °C

1.1 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 3.0

0.8 mmHg

1270 °F (USCG, 1999)

1270 °F (688 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen cyanide/.

DECOMPOSES READILY TO EMIT HYDROGEN CYANIDE GAS, WHICH IS FLAMMABLE.

-2.2391X10+9 J/kmol /Estimated, Std Net Heat of Comb/

Soluble in water. May decompose on contact with water to form acetone and poisonous hydrogen cyanide.

Based on a scenario where the chemical is spilled into an excess of water (at least 5 fold excess of water), half of the maximum theoretical yield of Hydrogen Cyanide gas will be created in 12 minutes. Experimental details are in the following: "Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Distances for the 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook", ANL/DIS-09-2, D.F. Brown, H.M. Hartmann, W.A. Freeman, and W.D. Haney, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, June 2009.

Alcohols and Polyols

Nitriles

Water-Reactive

ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN readily decomposes to acetone and poisonous hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with water, acids (sulfuric acid) or when exposed to heat. Should be kept cool and slightly acidic (pH 4-5) [Sax, 2nd ed., 1965, p. 388]. Slowly dissociates to acetone, a flammable liquid, and hydrogen cyanide, a flammable poisonous gas, under normal storage and transportation conditions. Rate of dissociation increased by contact with alkalis and/or heat.

Sulfuric acid, caustics [Note: Slowly decomposes to acetone & HCN at room temperatures; rate is accelerated by an increase in pH, water content, or temperature].

Addition of sulfuric acid to the cyano-alcohol caused a vigorous reaction which pressure ruptured the vessel.

Vigorous reaction with sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric acid, caustics [Note: Slowly decomposes to acetone & HCN at room temperatures; rate is accelerated by an increase in pH, water content, or temperature.]

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Convulsions. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. Irregular heartbeat. Chest tightness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. See Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal cramps. Burning sensation. Convulsions. Unconsciousness. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), headache, confusion, convulsions; liver, kidney injury; pulmonary edema, asphyxia

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Acetone Cyanohydrin

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Archive

LCLo (rat) = 63 ppm/4h

LD50: 9 mg/kg (Oral, Guinea pig) (T14)

LD50: 17 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (T14)

LD50: 1 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 8500 ug/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 0.17 g/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 15 mg/kg.

LD50 Rat oral 19,300 ug/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 14 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Artificial respiration, oxygen, and inhalation of amyl nitrite every 5 minutes have been recommended in the first aid of victims poisoned with acetone cyanohydrin. Intravenous injection of ... sodium nitrite, followed by ... sodium thiosulfate and, if necessary, oral administration of ... sodium thiosulfate every hour have been recommended in the management of acetone cyanohydrin-poisoned individuals.

/CASE REPORTS/ /A worker/ purportedly drank an unknown quantity of ethanol containing "trace" quantities of acetone cyanohydrin. The man was discovered unconscious; although he received unspecified doses of thiosulfate and sodium nitrite, he died 12 hours later.

/CASE REPORTS/ The case of a plant operator who was splashed with acetone cyanohydrin from an overflowing tank /is described/. He complained of nausea 3 hours later. At approximately 6.5 hours after initial contact, he lost consciousness, developed convulsions, and subsequently died.

/CASE REPORTS/ A number of nonfatal instances of plant operators who had contact with acetone cyanohydrin while packing pumps leading from storage tanks /were reported/. At least three workers lost consciousness during these operations, but the men were revived after being moved into fresh air and washing their hands. The initial signs of intoxication following "mild" exposure to acetone cyanohydrin were listed as tachycardia, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... The consequences of dermal exposure to acetone cyanohydrin that were experienced by a 23-year-old man who was filling drums with a rubber hose connected to a tank car when his cloth glove became soaked with the nitrile /is reported/. He removed his wet glove and placed it in his pocket; 5 minutes later, he vomited; 10 minutes later, he lost consciousness. His breathing became labored and irregular; despite artificial respiration and inhalation of amyl nitrite, tonic-clonic convulsions followed. He subsequently received intravenous sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite. He was bathed, then received a second sodium thiosulfate/nitrite injection; he quickly improved and gradually recovered.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) can decompose spontaneously or enzymatically into acetone and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and be potentially toxic to people contacting it. Limited forensic studies and case reports on fatal ACH poisoning are available, and these authors provide a report of two fatal cases of ACH poisoning in which the two victims, with postmortem cyanide blood concentrations of 4.22 μg/ml and 4.07 μg/ml, suffered from acute poisoning of ACH due to a traffic accident. The authors also provided a literature review of cyanide poisoning case reports from 2000 to 2020, and 28 subjects with cyanide poisoning were presented, including the age, sex, cause of poisoning, autopsy findings and the cyanide concentration in the blood. They noted that ACH poisoning lacks specific and reliable autopsy findings for diagnosis, and relevant toxicological studies are necessary. Also, due to the chemical properties of ACH that allow it to easily decompose, the toxicological analysis of acetone and cyanide in biological samples is essential for the diagnosis of ACH poisoning.

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) length 33-75 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 570 ug/L for 96 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina (Inland Silverside) length 40-100 mm; Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.6-7.9, hardness 55 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 500 ug/L for 96 hr /formulation/

2.80e+06

1.20e+07

2.10e+00

8.80e+00

2.00e-03

Volatile

8.50e+06

3.60e+07

6.30e+00

2.60e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Acetone cyanohydrin's production and use as chemical intermediate in the production of organic compounds, especially methyl methacrylate, insecticide intermediates and hydrocyanating reagents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acetone cyanohydrin will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetone cyanohydrin will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days. If released to soil, acetone cyanohydrin is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. However, acetone cyanohydrin dissociates readily in contact with water to form acetone and hydrogen cyanide; the hydrolysis rate is 4.47 1/hr (half-life of 9 minutes) observed in aqueous solution at pH 7.02 and 26 °C. Therefore, leaching of acetone cyanohydrin in moist soils or volatilization from moist soils are not expected to be important fate process due to hydrolysis. Acetone cyanohydrin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A 53-64% theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test classifies acetone cyanohydrin as readily biodegradable, although the test may have been evaluating the acetone hydrolysis product. If released into water, hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant fate process. Due to hydrolysis, adsorption to sediment, volatilization, and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes. Adsorption to suspended solids and sediment is not expected based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to acetone cyanohydrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetone cyanohydrin is produced or used. (SRC)

Acetone cyanohydrin's production and use as chemical intermediate in the production of organic compounds, especially methyl methacrylate, insecticide intermediates and hydrocyanating reagents(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).[

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetone cyanohydrin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, acetone cyanohydrin dissociates readily in contact with water to form acetone and hydrogen cyanide(3); the hydrolysis rate is 4.47 1/hr (half-life of 9 minutes) observed in aqueous solution at pH 7.02 and 26 °C(3). Therefore, leaching of acetone cyanohydrin in moist soils or volatilization from moist soils are not expected to be important fate processes due to hydrolysis(SRC). Acetone cyanohydrin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 53-64% theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) classifies acetone cyanohydrin as readily biodegradable(5), although the test may have been evaluating the acetone hydrolysis product(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acetone cyanohydrin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.23X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(4), and assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.03(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The dominant fate process in water is hydrolysis (dissociation), forming acetone and hydrogen cyanide, which has rate constant of 4.47 1/hr at pH 7.02 and 26.0 °C(7) which corresponds to a half-life of about 9 minutes(SRC). Due to hydrolysis, adsorption to sediment, volatilization, and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC). A 53-64% theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) classifies acetone cyanohydrin as readily biodegradable(8), although the test may have been evaluating the acetone hydrolysis product(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acetone cyanohydrin, which has a vapor pressure of 1.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acetone cyanohydrin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.17X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, determined using a structure estimation method(3).

AEROBIC: Acetone cyanohydrin was only partially biodegradable in aqueous activated sludge screening tests by the standard bottle dilution method(1). Acetone cyanohydrin, present at 100 mg/L, reached 53-64% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(2). Acetone cyanohydrin dissociates in water (an equilibrium reaction), with half-life of 9 minutes at neutral pH, to form acetone and hydrogen cyanide(3); using the same Japanese MITI test, acetone has theoretical BOD of 98%(2) which might suggest the presence of hydrogen cyanide decreases the biodegradation rate with respect to acetone cyanohydrin in this test(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acetone cyanohydrin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.17X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The measured rate constant for dissociation of acetone cyanohydrin to acetone and hydrogen cyanide in aqueous solution at pH 7.02 and 26.0 °C is 4.47 1/hr(2) which corresponds to a half-life of about 9 minutes(SRC). The rates of dissociation of cyanohydrins, such as acetone cyanohydrin, increase with increasing pH and cyanohydrins which rapidly dissociate at basic pH's generally are more stable at acidic pH's(3,4). Cyanohydrins, such as acetone cyanohydrin are unstable at high pHs(3); when acetone cyanohydrin reacts with an alkali, hydrocyanic acid is formed(5).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for acetone cyanohydrin(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.03(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In addition, acetone cyanohydrin dissociates in water, 4.47 1/hr (half-life 9 minutes)(3), so bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will not be an important process(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of acetone cyanohydrin can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that acetone cyanohydrin is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, if released to soil, based on a hydrolysis rate of 4.47 1/hr (half-life 9 minutes) at pH 7.02 at 26 °C(3), acetone cyanohydrin will dissociate rapidly with water forming acetone and hydrogen cyanide(3) and make it unlikely that the parent acetone cyanohydrin will be the mobile compound(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for acetone cyanohydrin is estimated as 1.23X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), and assigned value for water solubility of 1X10+6 mg/L (miscible)(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acetone cyanohydrin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). In addition, a hydrolysis rate of 4.47 1/hr (half-life 9 minutes) at pH 7.02 at 26 °C(4) indicates that volatilization from water is unlikely to occur. Acetone cyanohydrin is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of acetone cyanohydrin is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,016 workers (187 of these are female) are potentially exposed to acetone cyanohydrin in the US(1). Occupational exposure to acetone cyanohydrin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acetone cyanohydrin is produced or used(SRC).

This publication is a study of the frequency of cassava consumption among three groups of people representing students from traditional and nontraditional cassava-consuming environments and cassava processors. 44% of the cassava processors consumed cassava products at least once a day, while 4, 35, and 28% of the groups, respectively, were moderate consumers (4-6 times a week). The serum thiocyanate level of the processors was significantly higher than those of the students; however, there was no significant difference in the urinary thiocyanate level of the three groups. Analysis of cassava and its intermediate and final products for free cyanide, acetone cyanohydrin, and intact glucosides during the production of such cassava products as gari, fufu, and lafun found that while the finished products might be safe for human consumption, the workers were probably exposed at different stages of processing to nondietary sources of cyanide.

Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) is mainly used in the production of methyl methacrylate (MMA). It also exists in cassava roots, the main calorie source in some tropical countries.

In cassava, the final step in cyanide production is the conversion of acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) to cyanide plus acetone. This process occurs spontaneously at pH greater than 5.0 or enzymatically and is catalyzed by hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL). ACH is present in poorly processed cassava root food products. Analyses of the distribution of HNL activity and protein indicate that the accumulation of ACH in roots is due to the absence of HNL. The authors proposed that the lack of HNL in cassava roots accounts for the high ACH levels in poorly processed cassava food products.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P069, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized (when spilled in water) [Table#2598]

/GUIDE 155: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (FLAMMABLE/WATER-SENSITIVE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. /Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized/

/GUIDE 155: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (FLAMMABLE/WATER-SENSITIVE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns, or death. ... Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat which will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized/

/GUIDE 155: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (FLAMMABLE/WATER-SENSITIVE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1541 155(stabilized)

UN 1541; Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized

IMO 6.1; Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized

49 214 01; Acetone cyanohydrin

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Inhalation Hazard

Airtight. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 26/27/28-50/53; S: (1/2)-7/9-27-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I