Chloral

H302 (92.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (98.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (98.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (13.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (84.6%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 52 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Small fires: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or foam. (USCG, 1999)

This chemical is a combustible liquid. Poisonous gases are produced in fire; including hydrogen chloride. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined area may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Wntilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar non-organic materials and deposit in sealed containers. May also be covered with weak reducing agents; resulting sludge neutralized and flushed to sewer. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.

Absorb the spills with rags or other available absorbing materials.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U034, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

TO REMOVE CHLORAL FROM WASTE WATER, A STOICHIOMETRIC AMT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE OR CALCIUM HYDROXIDE WAS ADDED, AND THE WASTE WATER WAS THEN AERATED 60 MIN AT 40 °C.

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Prior to working with Chloroal you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Protect from light, moisture, air and acids. DEA regulations require storage in a locked storage area. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventialted area. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of ethylene oxide should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where ethlyene oxides is handled, used, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.65 [mg/m3]

7.2 [mg/m3]

43 [mg/m3]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special chemical protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Where the potential for exposure to chloral: SCBAF:PD,PP ( use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode); or SAF:PD,PP:ASCBA (any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary, self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode).

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

Trichloroacetaldehyde appears as a colorless oily liquid with a penetrating odor. Reacts with water and denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Used to make pesticides.

Colorless liquid with an irritating odor; [HSDB] Odor is pungent and irritating; [MSDSonline]

Colorless, mobile, oily liquid

Pungent, irritating odor

208 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

97.8 °C at 760 mm Hg

97.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-71.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

-57.5 °C

167 °F (NTP, 1992)

Reaction (NTP, 1992)

Freely soluble in water forming chloral hydrate

Soluble in ethanol, ether

Soluble in chloroform

In water, 8.3X10+6 mg/L at 25 °C

1.51 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.510 at 20 °C/4 °C; 1.404 at 25 °C/4 °C

1.512 @ 20°C

5.1 (Air = 1)

35 mmHg at 68 °F ; 40 mmHg at 68.4 °F; 760 mmHg at 207.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

50.0 [mmHg]

VP: 35 mm Hg at 20 °C

50 mm Hg at 25 °C

75 [mm Hg] @33.799999999999997 °C

Henry's Law constant = 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

UNSTABLE

97.1 BTU/Lb

POLYMERIZES UNDER INFLUENCE OF LIGHT & IN PRESENCE OF SULFURIC ACID FORMING WHITE SOLID TRIMER CALLED METACHLORAL.

Index of refraction = 1.45572 at 20 °C/D; 1.4512 at 21.4 °C/He

pKa = 9.66

Conversion factor: mg/cu m = 6.03 X ppm

Polymerizes under the influence of light and in the presence of sulfuric acid forming a white solid trimer called metachloral

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Boiling point

Chemical shift

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Heat of sublimation

Lineshape

Magnetic susceptibility

This compound is sensitive to exposure to moisture and light. Soluble in water. This compound reacts with water to form chloral hydrate.

Aldehydes

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Polymerizable Compounds

Polymerizable

TRICHLOROACETALDEHYDE reacts with water to form chloral hydrate. It polymerizes under the influence of light and in the presence of sulfuric acid forming a white solid trimer called metachloral. (NTP, 1992)

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chloral and chloral hydrate. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloral. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloral hydrate. Overall evaluation: Chloral and chloral hydrate are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

Volume 84: (2004) Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including Arsenic

Volume 106: (2014) Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) = 440 mg/m3/4h

LD50 Rat oral 480 mg/kg bw /Chloral hydrate/

LD50 Mouse ip 600 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 440 mg/cu m/4 hr /from table/

LC50 Dog inhalation 5900 mg/cu m/4 hr /from table/

THE CONCURRENT INGESTION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE AND ALCOHOL CAUSES TWO CLINICALLY IMPORTANT INTERACTIONS. ONE IS AN ALLEGED ENHANCEMENT OF THE CNS DEPRESSANT EFFECTS OF CHLORAL HYDRATE & ALCOHOL; THE OTHER IS A PROFOUND VASODILATION. /CHLORAL HYDRATE/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Lung function tests. Serum trichloroethanol level.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ It is corrosive to tissue.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The causative interrelationship between long-term, low level exposure to chlorinated volatile organic solvents (VOSs) and neurodegenerative diseases (polyneuropathy, encephalopathy) are still an issue of controversial debate. Endogeneously formed chlorinated tetrahydro-beta-carbolines found by Bringmann 1995 (TaClo hypothesis) may contribute, in particular, to the development of (idiopathic) Parkinson's disease (PD) in the presence of the sufficient amount of trichloroacetaldehyde, an intermediate in metabolism of trichloroethylene (TRI). Long-term storage of specific VOSs over years, evident frrom exhalation pattern during the postexposure period, may serve as a promoting factor to form continuously TaClo non-enzymatically from tryptamine and trichloroacetaldehyde. Thus, the induction of TaClo-mediated neurotoxic processes extends over years. The onset of Parkinson's disease in three chronic TRI-exposed individuals during the postexposure period could be associated with the presence of TaClo in ng-range. Consequently, determination of TaClo and its derivatives in blood of humans exposed to chlorinated VOSs may serve as a marker of risk indicating either causative or supportive processes of neurodegeneration that may lead to manifestation of PD after many years.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Exposure of female CD1 mice to 100 ppm [603 ug/L] chloral for 6 hr induced deep anaesthesia, which was fully reversible on cessation of exposure. Vacuolation of lung Clara cells, alveolar necrosis, desquamation of the bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar edema were observed. Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity was reduced, although the activities of ethoxycoumarin O-diethylase and glutathione S-transferase were unaffected.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ CD-1 mice treated daily /for 90 days/ with 14.4 and 144 mg/kg/day (1/100 and 1/10 LD50) by gavage. lllOragan weight at 144 mg/kg/day (related to body weight): liver +18%, spleen -27%. Not significant at 14.4 mg/kg/day. Hematological and coagulation values within control values for both groups. Clinical biochemistry: only LDH depressed (20%) at 144 mg/kg/day.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... Mice were exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE) (1000 ppm) by inhalation for 6 hr/day for 5 days/wk for a total of 19 days. Exposure after the first week was interspersed by a "weekend." ... Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), an enzyme involved in TCE metabolism, was localized in the epididymal epithelium and testicular Leydig cells, and was found at higher levels in the former than the latter. Immunoblotting confirmed that CYP2E1 protein was present in greater amounts in epididymis than in testis. ... Chloral, a major TCE metabolite, was generated in microsomal incubations at significantly higher levels in epididymis than in testis. Antibody inhibition of CYP2E1 reduced chloral formation, which was more pronounced in epididymis than in testis. After 4 weeks of TCE exposure, damage to the epididymis was manifested as sloughing of epithelial cells. These results indicated that TCE is metabolized in the male reproductive tract, leading to adverse effects that are more severe in the epididymis than in the testis.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... Gemale MRL+/+ mice were treated for 40 weeks with trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate (TCAH), a metabolite of trichloroethylene in the drinking water. The results were compared with the data from an earlier study in which MRL+/+ mice were exposed to TCAH for 4 weeks. Following a 40-week exposure, the mice developed skin inflammation and dose-dependent alopecia. In addition, TCAH appeared to modulate the CD4(+) T-cell subset by promoting the expression of an activated/effector (i.e., CD62L(lo)) phenotype with an increased capacity to secrete the proinflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma. However, unlike what was observed after only 4 weeks of exposure, TCAH did not significantly attenuate activation-induced cell death (AICD) or the expression of the death receptor FasL in CD4(+) T cells. Some metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to play a role in susceptibility to AICD by inducing FasL shedding. Thus, both the 4- and 40-week sera were tested for MMP-7 levels in an attempt to explain the disparate results of TCAH on AICD and FasL expression. Serum MMP-7 levels were significantly higher in mice exposed to TCAH for 4 weeks. In contrast, the serum MMP-7 levels were increased in all the mice by 40 weeks when compared with a nonautoimmune strain. Taken together, a chronic exposure to TCAH promotes alopecia and skin inflammation. The early effects of TCAH on MMP-7 levels may provide a mechanism by which TCAH promotes skin pathology.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORAL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=75-87-6]

LD50 Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged blackbird) oral (by gavage) 100 mg/kg bw

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 170000 ug/L for 1 hr; Effect: decreased enzyme activity

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 246000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 112000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

Chloral's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a chemical intermediate will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chloral will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloral will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days. Chloral exhibited a photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months; therefore, it is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chloral is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 0.68. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Chloral may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test, indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, chloral is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate, with which it is in equilibrium. Occupational exposure to chloral may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloral is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloral via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

Chloral's production and use in the manufacture of chloral hydrate and DDT(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Trichloroacetaldehyde has been found at low concentrations in spent chlorination liquor from bleaching of various sulphite pulps. Effluents from wood processing plants, therefore, may be a source of trichloroacetaldehyde release to the environment(2). It has been suggested that trichloroacetaldehyde is formed during chlorination by the reaction of chlorine with residual organic compounds in the water(3) and trichloroacetaldehyde was identified as a reaction product of soil humus and aqueous chlorine(4). Chloral was formed as a result of chlorination of soil humic material using samples from the Ao horizon of a forest at Gifu City, Japan, forested predominantly with Chemaecyparis obtusa (Hinko) and Pinus densiflora (Pine wood)(4). The humic substances contained 34.0% carbon, 4.0% hydrogen, 4.1% nitrogen, and 11.6% ash with a C/N ratio of 8.3(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.68(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloral is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloral from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chloral is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg(5). The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test(2), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.68(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloral is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate(4), with which it is in equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant of chloral to chloral hydrate reaction is 3.6X10-5, very little chloral will remain in solution(5). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.2(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(2), indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloral, which has a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloral is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(3). Chloral exhibited a photodissociation rate of 4.61 to 6.11X10-5/sec, corresponding to photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months(4) and therefore is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Chloral, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1).

THE PHOTOOXIDATION REACTIONS OF CHLORAL IN A GLASS CELL WERE INVESTIGATED BY USE OF IR ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. THE MAJOR PRODUCTS WERE HCL, CO, CO2, AND COCL2. THE PHOTOOXIDATION WAS A CHAIN REACTION AND THE CHAIN CARRIER WAS CHLORINE.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloral with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate(2), with which it is in equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant of chloral to chloral hydrate reaction is 3.6X10-5, very little chloral will remain in solution(3). Chloral exhibited a photodissociation rate of 4.61 to 6.11X10-5/sec, corresponding to photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months(4) and therefore is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

LD50 Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged blackbird) oral (by gavage) 100 mg/kg bw

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 170000 ug/L for 1 hr; Effect: decreased enzyme activity

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 246000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, <24 hr neonate); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 112000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

Chloral's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a chemical intermediate will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chloral will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloral will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days. Chloral exhibited a photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months; therefore, it is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chloral is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 0.68. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Chloral may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test, indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, chloral is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate, with which it is in equilibrium. Occupational exposure to chloral may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloral is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloral via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

Chloral's production and use in the manufacture of chloral hydrate and DDT(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Trichloroacetaldehyde has been found at low concentrations in spent chlorination liquor from bleaching of various sulphite pulps. Effluents from wood processing plants, therefore, may be a source of trichloroacetaldehyde release to the environment(2). It has been suggested that trichloroacetaldehyde is formed during chlorination by the reaction of chlorine with residual organic compounds in the water(3) and trichloroacetaldehyde was identified as a reaction product of soil humus and aqueous chlorine(4). Chloral was formed as a result of chlorination of soil humic material using samples from the Ao horizon of a forest at Gifu City, Japan, forested predominantly with Chemaecyparis obtusa (Hinko) and Pinus densiflora (Pine wood)(4). The humic substances contained 34.0% carbon, 4.0% hydrogen, 4.1% nitrogen, and 11.6% ash with a C/N ratio of 8.3(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.68(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloral is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloral from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chloral is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg(5). The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test(2), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.68(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloral is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate(4), with which it is in equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant of chloral to chloral hydrate reaction is 3.6X10-5, very little chloral will remain in solution(5). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.2(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(2), indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloral, which has a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloral is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(3). Chloral exhibited a photodissociation rate of 4.61 to 6.11X10-5/sec, corresponding to photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months(4) and therefore is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Chloral, present at 100 mg/L, reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1).

THE PHOTOOXIDATION REACTIONS OF CHLORAL IN A GLASS CELL WERE INVESTIGATED BY USE OF IR ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. THE MAJOR PRODUCTS WERE HCL, CO, CO2, AND COCL2. THE PHOTOOXIDATION WAS A CHAIN REACTION AND THE CHAIN CARRIER WAS CHLORINE.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloral with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate(2), with which it is in equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant of chloral to chloral hydrate reaction is 3.6X10-5, very little chloral will remain in solution(3). Chloral exhibited a photodissociation rate of 4.61 to 6.11X10-5/sec, corresponding to photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months(4) and therefore is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for chloral(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.2(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of chloral is estimated as 0.68(SRC), using a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that chloral is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for chloral is 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that chloral is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Chloral is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Chloral was identified, not quantified, as a drinking water disinfection by-product formed as a result of treatment using chlorine with ozone or chloramine with ozone(1,5). Chloral was reported in the drinking water supplies of several US cities as follows: Philadephia, PA - 5 ug/L; Seattle, WA - 3.5 ug/L; Cincinnati, OH - 2 ug/L; Terrebonne Parish, LA - 1 ug/L; New York City, NY - 0.02 ug/L; Grand Forks, ND - 0.01 ug/L(2). Since chloral reacts rapidly with water to form chloral hydrate, it is probable that it was this latter compound which was in the water and that the chloral was formed during the analytical "purge and trap" procedure(SRC). Chloral is formed as a result of chlorinating agents reacting with naturally occurring nitrogenous aquatic humic materials; it is the major volatile product of the chlorination of uracil(3). The expected median concentration in drinking water is 2 ug/L with a highest reported concentration being 19 ug/L(4).

SURFACE WATER: Chloral was reported at a mean concentration of 1.0 ug/L in water from the New Orleans/Baton Rouge area(1). Chloral was detected not quantified in water samples collected in 6 of 10 US cities as part of the US National Organics Reconnaissance Survey initiated in 1974(2). The compound was identified in treated water samples tested in the United Kingdom(3). Since chloral reacts rapidly with water to form chloral hydrate, it is probable that it was this latter compound which was in the water and that the chloral was formed during the analytical "purge and trap" procedure(SRC).

Chloral was reported in the spent chlorination liquor from bleaching of sulfite pulp at high lignin content and pulp at normal lignin content after oxygen treatment (approximate concentrations of < 0.1-0.5 g/ton pulp)(1,2).

/Chloral/ has been found in trace amounts after photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in water

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,757 workers (1,563 of these were female) were potentially exposed to chloral in the US(1). Occupational exposure to chloral may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloral is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloral via ingestion of drinking water(SRC).

Chloral has been detected in the work environment during spraying and casting of polyurethane foam ... also has been identified as an autoxidation product of trichloroehtylene during the extraction of vegetable oil ... identified in the output of etching chambers in semiconductor processing

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U034, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

TO REMOVE CHLORAL FROM WASTE WATER, A STOICHIOMETRIC AMT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE OR CALCIUM HYDROXIDE WAS ADDED, AND THE WASTE WATER WAS THEN AERATED 60 MIN AT 40 °C.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHLORAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2075; Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited

IMO 6.1; Chloral

UN 1760; Chloral (corrosive liquid, not otherwise specified)

49 355 15; Chloral (corrosive liquid, not otherwise specified)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.