Trichloroacetic Acid

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H400 (98.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 341 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Trichloroacetic acid solution/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Trichloroacetic acid, solid/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered water-filled containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Cautiously neutralize remainder with alkaline materials. Then wash away with plenty of water.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Wearing protective equipment and clothing, spread soda ash on spill and mop up with water. Shovel slurry into appropriate container. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for trichloroacetic acid: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis.

Pour on sufficient sodium bicarbonate. After mixing, transfer into a drum and fill with water for drainage after 24 hours.

STRICT PRECAUTIONS ARE NECESSARY FOR ... HANDLING. THEY SHOULD BE PREPARED AND USED IN ENCLOSED PLANT, OPENINGS IN WHICH SHOULD BE LIMITED TO NECESSITIES OF MANIPULATION. EXHAUST VENTILATION SHOULD BE APPLIED TO ENCLOSURE ... . /HALOGENATED ACETIC ACIDS/

In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. In case of accident, or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately. (Show the label where possible.)

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Trichloroacetic acid, solution or solid/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime. /Trichloroacetic acid solution/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

IN GENERAL, MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF ... SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED & MONITORED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.2 [ppm]

1.5 [ppm]

16 [ppm]

99 [ppm]

1 ppm (7 mg/m³)

TWA 1 ppm (7 mg/m3)

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.5 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

0.5 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

0.5 ppm [2013]

1.4 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Trichloroacetic acid:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

Trichloroacetic acid, solid is a colorless crystalline solid. It absorbs moisture from air and forms a syrup. It is soluble in water with release of heat. It is corrosive to metals and tissue.

Trichloroacetic acid, solution appears as clear colorless crystals dissolved in water. Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Colorless to white, crystalline solid with a sharp, pungent odor; [NIOSH] Deliquescent; [CHEMINFO]

COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to white, crystalline solid with a sharp, pungent odor.

Colorless to white, crystalline solid.

White deliquescent crystals

Hygroscopic, rhombohedral crystals

Slight characteristic odor

Sharp, pungent odor

385 to 387 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

195.5 °C

197.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

135 to 136 °F (NTP, 1992)

MP: >300 °C. Soluble in ethanol. /Sodium salt/

greater than 230 °F (NTP, 1992)

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

The acid has a solubility in water at 25 °C of 1,000 g/100 ml; it is soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether.

Sol in 0.1 part water; very sol in alcohol, ether

Sol in ethanol, ethyl ether; slightly sol in carbon tetrachloride

In methanol = 2143 g/100g at 25 °C; in ethyl ether = 617 g/100g at 25 °C; in acetone = 850 g/100g at 25 °C; in benzene = 201 g/100g at 25 °C; in o-xylene = 110 g/100g at 25 °C.

In water, 5.4X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

44 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: very good

Miscible

1.62 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.6126 at 64 °C

Sp Gr: 1.63 at 61/4 °C

1.6 g/cm³

1.62 @25 °C

5.6 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.6

1 mmHg at 123.8 °F ; 5 mmHg at 168.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.06 [mmHg]

VP: 1 kPa at 83.8 °C; 10 kPa at 130.0 °C; 100 kPa at 197.2 °C

6.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 51 °C: 133

1 mmHg at 124 °F

1 [mm Hg] @51 °C

(124 °F): 1 mmHg

It is soluble in water with release of heat.

Water soluble.

Acids, Carboxylic

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Water and Aqueous Solutions

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID is a strong acid; when heated, in the presence of water, decomposes forming phosgene and HCl. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 915]. The acid was added to copper wool and rinsed down with dimethyl sulfoxide. This caused what was thought to be an extremely exothermic dehydrohalogenation reaction that melted the neck of the flask, [Chem. Eng. News, 1981, 59(28), 4].

Strong acid; when heated, in the presence of water, decomposes forming phosgene and HCl [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 915]. The acid was added to copper wool and rinsed down with dimethyl sulfoxide. This caused what was thought to be an extremely exothermic dehydrohalogenation reaction that melted the neck of the flask, [Chem. Eng. News, 1981, 59(28), 4].

/Trichloroacetic acid/ was added to copper wool and rinsed down with dimethyl sulfoxide. Within 20 seconds, the contents of the flask were ejected and the neck was distorted by intense heat.

Moisture, iron, zinc, aluminum, strong oxidizers (Note: Decomposes on heating to form phosgene & hydrogen chloride. Corrosive to metals.)

Moisture, iron, zinc, aluminum, strong oxidizers [Note: Decomposes on heating to form phosgene & hydrogen chloride. Corrosive to metals.]

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Environment: A potential risk to the aquatic compartment is identified due to high toxicity to algae and local exposure from use as auxiliary in textile dyes, waste water from electroplating facilities, textile washing and pulp mills. A potential risk to the terrestrial environment is identified due to high toxicity to plants and global exposure from the decomposition of C2-chlorocarbons. Human health: The chemical is reprotoxic, corrosive and an eye irritant but adequate protection measures are currently being applied. Trichloroacetic acid is currently considered of low potential risk and low priority for further work. SHORT SUMMARY WHICH ...TCA is mostly used in the production of TCA Na-salt used as a herbicide. TCA is also used as an auxiliary in textile dying processes. ... The most sensitive environmental species to TCA is the alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (14d-NOEC = 0.01 mg/L) and pine (60d-EC10 = 0.12 mg/kg).The acute oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity is low. This chemical is corrosive and strongly irritant to the eyes. The NOEL in a 90-day study in dogs - the most sensitive species tested - was determined as 500 ppm (approx. 30 mg/kg bw/day). The NOEL for repeated dose toxicity in a 4-month feeding study with rats was 4000 ppm (365 mg/kg bw/day), the NOEL in a 2-year feeding study in rats was 1600 ppm (80 mg/kg bw/day). An inconsistent picture was found in tests on genotoxic action. Point-mutation tests were predominantly negative. In-vivo tests of chromosome mutations were mostly positive, but effects only appeared after high loading of the animals. The SCE test in mice was negative. The results of a micronucleus test in mice are apparently not reproducible. The end point of the sperm anomaly test is not necessarily due to genetic damage. The validity of the positive test results described for the clastogenic effects in mice suffers from the partly insufficient experimental procedure. Drinking water studies in male and female mice to 52 or 61 weeks gave an increased incidence of tumors in the livers of the male mice only. A 2-year feeding study with rats and a drinking water study over 100 - 104 weeks in rats showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. Reproduction toxicology investigations in rats showed maternal and embryonic toxicity from 330 mg/kg body weight and from 800 mg/kg also embryo-lethality. In all dose-groups there was a dose dependent increase in visceral anomalies, particularly in the cardiovascular system. The mean frequency of soft tissue malformations ranged from 9% at the low dose (330 mg/kg) to 97% at the high dose (1800 mg/kg/day). A NOAEL could not be established. Based on these findings TCA was considered to be developmentally toxic in the pregnant rat at doses of 330 mg/kg and above. ... Considering the low exposure potential to humans, available toxicity data support a low risk to human health. The tumorigenic action in male mouse liver corresponds to the type, which leads to liver tumors preferentially in male mice via peroxisome proliferation, hepatotoxicity and liver cell proliferation.

Trichloroacetic acid

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Pesticide

The total for five haloacetic acids, from the 1998 Final Rule for Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of trichloroacetic acid. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of trichloroacetic acid. Overall evaluation: Trichloroacetic acid is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: The classification is based on a lack of human data and limited evidence of an increased incidence of liver neoplasms in both sexes of one strain of mice. No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in rats. Results from genotoxicity studies are mixed; trichloroacetic acid does not appear to be a point mutagen. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

Volume 84: (2004) Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including Arsenic

Volume 106: (2014) Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation

No information is available on the clinical use of trichloroacetic acid on the skin during breastfeeding. Because it is unlikely to be appreciably absorbed or appear in breastmilk, it is considered safe to use during breastfeeding. Avoid application to areas of the body that might come in direct contact with the infant's skin or where the drug might be ingested by the infant via licking.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Blisters. Skin burns.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; cough, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), delayed pulmonary edema; eye, skin burns; dermatitis; salivation, vomiting, diarrhea

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

IRIS Current

LD50 Rat oral 400 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 3200-5000 mg/kg /Sodium salt/

LD50 Rat oral 3.32 g/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 5640 mg/kg /Sodium salt/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

B6C3F1 mice were administered 0, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/L chloroform in drinking water and 500 mg/kg dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) -administered daily by gavage. DCA, TCA and to a lesser extent chloroform decreased the methylation and increased the mRNA expression of the c-myc gene. Co-administering chloroform prevented only DCA and not TCA-induced hypomethylation and increased mRNA expression of the gene. The effect of chloroform on tumor promotion by DCA and TCA was determined in female and male B6C3F1 mice initiated on day 15 of age with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Starting at 5 weeks of age, the mice received in their drinking water DCA (3.2 g/L) or TCA (4.0 g/L) with 0, 800 or 1600 mg/L chloroform until they were killed at 36 weeks. Liver tumors promoted by DCA and TCA were predominantly basophilic ... Chloroform prevented DCA, but not TCA promotion of liver foci and tumors. In male mice, TCA promoted kidney tumors...

... The ability of trichloroacetate (TCA) or dichloroacetate (DCA) pretreatment to alter the metabolism of bromodichloroacetate (BDCA) and the disposition of its metabolites was examined in male B6C3F1 mice. Two-week pretreatment with 1 g/L DCA and TCA in the drinking water of mice alters the initial hepatic metabolism of BDCA and the further metabolism of its metabolite DCA. DCA pretreatment inhibits cytosolic metabolism of both 1 mM DCA or BDCA up to 70%. In contrast, DCA pretreatment stimulates hepatic microsomal BDCA metabolism 1.3-fold but has little effect on microsomal metabolism of DCA. Increased microsomal metabolism of BDCA appears to be attributable to the induction of a metabolic pathway that produces CO2 and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) as metabolites. TCA pretreatment inhibits BDCA metabolism up to 70% in the cytosol and 30% in microsomes but has little effect on DCA metabolism. These results indicate that the hepatic metabolism of the haloacetate becomes quite complex at the high doses that have been employed in cancer bioassays. BDCA serves as a good example, because it is metabolized to at least two carcinogenic metabolites that have different modes of action, BDCM and DCA. As doses approach those that induce cancer in mice, the proportion of and amounts of these metabolites as a fraction of the dose administered will change substantially. This article demonstrates that those interactions will occur from mixed treatment with haloacetates as well.

Admin of chloral hydrate, the hypnotic part of dichloralphenazone, decr steady-state plasma warfarin concn due to accum of TCA which displaced warfarin from plasma protein binding sites.

EC50 Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/ 2000 mg/L/48 hr; static; Effect: immobilization

LC50 Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/ 2000 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, age <1 yr); Conditions: freshwater; static, 20 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 192 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 138 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 2000 mg/L for 96 hr /48.2% EC/

LC50 Cyprinus carpio (carp) 2500 mg/L for 96 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a ring test involving 21 laboratories, the acute toxicity of TCA to the earthworm Eisenia fetida according to EEC-Guideline was tested. The mean result was: 14d-LC50 >1140 mg/kg dw. In the same manner a contact filter paper test was performed by 33 laboratories. The mean result was: 48h-LC50 0.0964 mg/cm2.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ TCA at 20 kg/ha had no effect on the growth of Allolobophora caliginosa /earthworm/ grown in clay, farmyard manure, and peat; but reduced the mean wt at 40 kg/ha. TCA at 40 kg/ha tended to slow A rosea growth in clay. All levels of TCA were lethal to this species in sand.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The results from a long-term test are available: Cyprinus carpio 63 day LOEC /was/ 7 mg/L. The weight loss was about 10% compared to the controls. No other behavioral or clinical changes were observed. Histopathological changes were muscular atrophy and hyaline degeneration as well as cell necrosis in the gills.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A statistically significant increase of the respiration rate (+27%) was determined /in Somatochlora cingulata (aquatic arthropod)/ at 0.01 mg/L /for 8 hours in a flow-through system/. Respiration rate was related to wet weight of the organisms. .../Also/ a statistically significant increase of the ammonia excretion rate (+15%) was determined at 0.01 mg/L /for 24 hr/; excretion rate was related to wet weight of the organisms. ...Temperature: 21 + or -1 °C. /98% purity/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A statistically significant increase of the respiration rate was determined /in Aeschna umbrosa (dragonfly nymphs)/ at 0.1 mg/L /for 8 hours in a flow-through system with 99% water replacement in <4 hr/. Respiration rate was related to wet weight of the organisms. ... Temperature: 21 + or -1 °C.

7.80e+00

3.30e+01

1.10e+00

6.0E+01(G)

2.20e-04

1.20e-02

7.00e-02

2.00e-02

Volatile

7.80e+02

3.30e+03

1.10e+02

6.0E+01 (G)

Trichloroacetic acid's production and use in organic synthesis and pharmacy may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use in the US as a herbicide resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates trichloroacetic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase trichloroacetic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 hrs. Trichloroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trichloroacetic acid is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 130. The pKa of trichloroacetic acid is 0.51, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.35X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. A half-life of trichloroacetic acid in soil reported as 119.6 days in a laboratory experiment indicates that biodegradation is not a fast environmental fate process. If released into water, trichloroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. A pKa of 0.51 indicates trichloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. BCF values of 0.1 to 1.7 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to trichloroacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichloroacetic acid is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trichloroacetic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound in pharmaceutical products containing trichloroacetic acid. (SRC)

Trichloroacetic acid's production and use as an etching or pickling agent in the surface treatment of metals, as a swelling agent and solvent in the plastics industry, as an albumin precipitating agent in medicine, as an auxiliary in textile finishing, as an additive to improve high-pressure properties in mineral lubricating oils, to remove warts and hard skin, and as starting material in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It's former use primarily for the production of its sodium salt(1), which was used in the US as a selective herbicide(2), resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

Trichloroacetic acid is produced photoxidatively when chlorinated ethenes and ethanes are converted to trichloroacetylchloride and finally hydrolyzed to the acid ... can also be formed during anthropogenically induced combustion processes if chloride and redox-sensitive elements such as Fe or Cu are present, e.g. forest fires, wood burning, waste incineration, etc. ... also one of the main disinfection byproducts during drinking water chlorination

PERSISTENCE IN THE SOIL IS VARIABLE, 21 DAYS TO ABOUT 90 DAYS, DEPENDENT ON SOIL, MOISTURE, TEMP, AND RATE APPLIED.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 130(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroacetic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of trichloroacetic acid is 0.51(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of trichloroacetic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.35X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(6). Trichloroacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.0X10-2 mm Hg(7). A half-life of trichloroacetic acid in soil reported as 119.6 days in a laboratory experiment(8) indicates that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 130(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.35X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4). A pKa of 0.51(5) indicates trichloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF range of 0.4 to 1.7(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 7% theoretical BOD after 4 weeks incubation with activated sludge and the Japanese MITI test(8) indicates that biodegradation is not a fast environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trichloroacetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 6.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trichloroacetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Trichloroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

GENERAL SOIL STUDIES INDICATE THAT BOTH DALAPON AND TCA ARE SUBJECT TO MICROBIAL DECOMP, BUT THAT TCA IS DEGRADED MORE SLOWLY THAN DALAPON. ... REPORTED THAT DISAPPEARANCE OF TCA FROM SOIL WAS FAVORED BY WARM, MOIST CONDITIONS. /IT WAS/ ALSO FOUND THAT BREAKDOWN BY TCA IN SOILS WAS MOST RAPID UNDER CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO HIGH MICROBIAL ACTIVITY. TCA BREAKDOWN WAS LOW IN SANDY SOILS.

AEROBIC: Trichloroacetic acid, present at 100 mg/L, reached 7% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). The rate of degradation of trichloroacetic acid was studied in untreated, fertilized, and limed fine sand and humus soil. The soils were treated with 12.6 mg/kg radioactively labeled TCA and the total count of bacteria able to utilize trichloroacetic acid for growth was determined after two weeks of inoculated bacteria incubation at 14-15 °C. Bacteria able to grow in trichloroacetic acid fine sand samples ranged from about 25 to 275 C.F.U. (colony forming units) X10+5/g soil; growth on trichloroacetic acid humus samples ranged from about 15 to 60 C.F.U X10+6/g soil. Liming increased the rate of trichloroacetic acid degrading bacteria, especially in sandy soil(2). A half-life of trichloroacetic acid in soil was reported as 119.6 days in a laboratory experiment(3). General soil studies indicated that trichloroacetic acid was subject to microbial decomposition. Disappearance of trichloroacetic acid was favored by warm moist conditions and trichloroacetic acid breakdown in soils was most rapid under conditions conducive to high microbiological activity. Trichloroacetic acid breakdown was low in sandy soils. Trichloroacetic acid experienced a lag period in biodegradation: a period in which low degradation was followed by rapid degradation(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of trichloroacetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 31 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Trichloroacetic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Trichloroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(2).

BCF values of 0.4 to 1.0 and <1.7 were measured in fish for trichloroacetic acid at concentrations of 200 and 20 ppb, respectively, using carp (Cyrpinus carpio) which were exposed over an 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The uptake of organic xenobiotics from soil by plants was studied in a closed aerated laboratory soil-plant system(1). Trichloracetic acid was transported via both the roots and the leaves after evaporation. Sandy agricultural soil was used and an initial concn of 1.0 mg/kg dry soil trichloroacetic acid was determined in barley and oats. Seven days after application of carbon-14 labeled chemicals to soil, bioconcentration factors (concns of carbon-14, equivalent to the parent compounds, in plant dry matter divided by concns of carbon-14 in dry soil at the time of sampling) were determined. For barley, roots in treated soil had a BCF of 660 and shoots had a BCF of 970; in untreated soil, roots had a BCF of 330 and shoots had a BCF of 753. For oats, roots in treated soil had a BCF of 518 and shoots had a BCF of 760; in untreated soil, roots had a BCF of 335 and shoots had a BCF of 606(1).

... In basic soil types: Not tightly adsorbed; leached by heavy rains.

The Koc of trichloroacetic acid is estimated as 130(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that trichloroacetic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of trichloroacetic acid is 0.51(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

Nine Danish soils were analyzed for adsorption and phytoxicity. Trichloroacetic acid showed little or no adsorption. Increasing exchangeable acidity and field water capacity decreased phytotoxicity of TCA(1). The mobility of trichloroacetic acid in Hagerstown silt clay loam was determined using soil thin layer chromatography. Results showed an Rf value of 0.96, corresponding to a classification of 5, high mobility(2). Trichloroacetic acid was found to have a Koc value of 1, very high mobility in soil, and a short half-life of 20 days in soil. The pH of the soil was not recorded(3). Trichloroacetic acid was applied to stands of Typha spp. and Phragmites australis in earthen supply canals in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas and Districts of New South Wales, Australia. The dissipation interval of 17-19 days showed that the trichloroacetic acid was eluted from the sediment into the flowing water in proportion to the square root of time, giving average concns over three days of discharge of more than 0.4 g/cu m(4). After preplant application of 60 kg/ha of trichloroacetic acid to strawberries, the level of total nitrogen in the soil had decreased 1.3 to 2 fold; the level of potassium and phosphorus had decreased 1.5 to 8 fold. Ammonium and nitrate disappeared almost completely. The effect of trichloroacetic acid lasted for 3.5 to 4 months(5).

The Henry's Law constant for trichloroacetic acid is 1.35X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that trichloroacetic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). A pKa of 0.51(3) indicates trichloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Trichloroacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.0X10-2 mm Hg(4).

... REPORTED THAT NEGLIGIBLE CONCN OF ... TCA WOULD REMAIN IN WATER AFTER THE WATER TRAVELED A DISTANCE OF 32.2-40.2 KM, BUT THAT THE LOW CONCN LIKELY WOULD NOT BE HAZARDOUS TO CROPS OR ANIMALS. MAX CONCN OF TCA WERE DETECTED WITHIN THE FIRST HR OF WATER FLOW, & NO TCA WAS DETECTED AFTER 48 HR @ 14.5 KM BELOW THE TREATMENT SITE ... .

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for trichloroacetic acid: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis.

Pour on sufficient sodium bicarbonate. After mixing, transfer into a drum and fill with water for drainage after 24 hours.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Trichloroacetic acid; Trichloroacatic acid, solution/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Trichloroacetic acid; Trichloroacatic acid, solution/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Trichloroacetic acid; Trichloroacatic acid, solution/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Trichloroacetic acid; Trichloroacatic acid, solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1839 153(solid)

2564 153(solution)

UN 1839; Trichloroacetic acid, solid

UN 2564; Trichloroacetic acid, solution

IMO 8.0; Trichloroacetic acid, solid or solution

49 314 71; Trichloroacetic acid, solution

49 314 70; trichloroacetic acid, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

Symbol: C, N; R: 35-50/53; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: II