Camphor

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (2 of 1988) of reports.

H228 (97.6%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H302 (15.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (10.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332 (93.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H371 (73.3%): May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373 (19.6%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P240, P241, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1988 reports by companies from 73 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 1988 reports by companies.

There are 72 notifications provided by 1986 of 1988 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 7.6% (37 of 487) of reports.

H228 (83.2%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H302 (19.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (10.3%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (35.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (21.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (13.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (15.2%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (74.1%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (13.1%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H371 (77.6%): May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H411 (21.4%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P240, P241, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 487 reports by companies from 34 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 37 of 487 reports by companies.

There are 33 notifications provided by 450 of 487 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P354+P338, P317, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P240, P241, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P337+P317, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Camphor (synthetic):

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING METAL PIGMENTS OR PASTES (E.G. "ALUMINUM PASTE"): Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see ERG Guide 170.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides. Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulation... Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal...

Environmental precautions: prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Waste treatment methods: product: burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Precautions for safe handling: avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong reducing agents, chlorinated solvents and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Separated from strong oxidants, strong reducing agents, chlorinated solvents, food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TWA 2 mg/m3

2.0 [mg/m3]

200 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

200.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that concentrations during camphor processing and packaging ranged from 33 to 194 mg/m3; workers had no complaints other than slight eye irritation and afternoon drowsiness [Gronka et al. 1969].

200 mg/cu m

200 mg/m³

200 mg/m3

See: 76222

12.0 [mg/m3]

19.0 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 3 ppm. /Camphor, synthetic/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Camphor, synthetic/

2 ppm as TWA; 3 ppm as STEL; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metal Pigments or Pastes (e.g. "Aluminum Paste")

· Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory depression. Ingestion could cause death.

Residues of camphor are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Deodorant, melting point adjustment. Limit: Not more than 5% weight to weight (w/w) of pesticide formulations.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Camphor (synthetic):

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Skin Protection: handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Camphor appears as a colorless or white colored crystalline powder with a strong mothball-like odor. About the same density as water. Emits flammable vapors above 150 °F. Used to make moth proofings, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings.

Liquid; CBI; Other Solid

Colorless or white crystals with a penetrating, aromatic odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

White to pale yellow crystalline solid, Camphoraceous aroma

Colorless or white crystals with a penetrating, aromatic odor.

Colorless or white crystals, granules, or crystalline masses; or as colorless to white, translucent, tough masses

Colorless or white crystals or crystalline masses

Fragrant and penetrating odor

Penetrating aromatic odor

Pungent aromatic taste

399 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

Sublimes at boiling point

345 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

174-179 °C

150 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

150 °F; 66 °C (Closed Cup)

66 °C c.c.

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 1.6X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

At 25 °C one gram dissolves in about 800 mL water, in 1 mL alcohol, 1 mL ether, 0.5 mL chloroform. Freely soluble in carbon disulfide, petroleum benzin, fixed and volatile oils. Also soluble in concentrated mineral acids, in phenol, in liquid ammonia and in liquid sulfoxide

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.12

Slightly soluble

Soluble (in ethanol)

Insoluble

0.99 (NIOSH, 2024) - Less dense than water; will float

0.992 at 25 °C/4 °C

0.99 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1

5.24 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.24

0.2 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

0.65 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 27 Pa at 20 °C (= 0.20 mm Hg)

0.65 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 27

0.2 mmHg

log Kow = 2.38 /measured/

871 °F (466 °C)

Odor Threshold Low: 0.0026 [mg/m3]

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Highly Flammable

Naphthalene, CAMPHOR, glycerol, or turpentine will react violently with chromic anhydride [Haz. Chem. Data 1967 p. 68].

Reacts violently with ...strong reducing agents and chlorinated solvents, causing fire and explosion hazard.

Strong oxidizers (especially chromic anhydride & potassium permanganate).

Strong oxidizers (especially chromic anhydride & potassium permanganate)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Camphor is a solid, translucent, white crystal with penetrating aromatic odor used as a rubefacient/counter-irritant medication. It is also used in liniments as a counter-irritant for fibromyalgia, neuralgia, and similar conditions. In dermatology, when it is applied as lotion (0.1 to 3%), it is an anti-pruritic and surface anesthetic (when applied gently, it creates a feeling of coolness). Camphor is no longer used as a pesticide in the US. Other uses of camphor include insect repellant use (particularly to control clothes moths); cosmetic ingredient. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The main target organs of camphor exposure are the CNS and kidneys. Convulsions, depression, apnea, asystole, gastric irritation, colic, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anxiety, excitement, delirium, and severe post-convulsive coma may occur after intake of camphor. The symptoms may appear 5 to 90 min after ingestion depending on the product ingested (solid or liquid). Poisoning by camphor is associated with an initial excitatory phase, with vomiting, diarrhea and excitement, followed by CNS depression and death. Toxic effects appear after the ingestion of approximately 2 g (lethal dose adults: 4 g, children: 0.5-1 g, infants: 70 mg/kg of pure camphor). There have been reports of instant collapse in infants after camphor has been applied to their nostrils. Camphor is irritating to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. When camphor is applied on the skin, it is analgesic. Taken internally, it is an irritant and carminative /SRP: an agent used to reduce gas in the GI tract/. It has been used as a mild expectorant. Camphor is a CNS stimulant whose effects range from mild excitation to grand-mal convulsions or status epilepticus. These effects result from excitation of the cerebrum and lower structures of the CNS. Gastric irritation, together with cortical and medullary stimulation, frequently causes vomiting and diarrhea. It is not clear whether camphor toxicity is due to the parent compound, a metabolite (secondary alcohols, including borneol and isomers of hydroxy-camphor), or both. Camphor is used exclusively because of its local effects. When rubbed on the skin, it acts as a rubefacient and causes localized vasodilatation (mediated by way of an axon reflex), which gives feelings of comfort and warmth. As an anti-pruritic gent, when applied gently on the skin, it may create a feeling of coolness, and a mild, local anesthetic effect, which may be followed by numbness. When ingested in small amounts, it creates feelings of warmth and comfort in the stomach, but given in large doses it acts as an irritant. Camphor is not a human carcinogen, and the topical use of camphorated oil in pregnancy was not associated with teratogenic effects. However, camphor ingestion may lead to abortion and/or a death of the fetus because camphor crosses the placenta and fetuses lack the enzymes needed to hydroxylate and conjugate with glucuronic acid. ANIMAL STUDIES: Carcinogenicity tests in animals have been negative. Neuronal necrosis produced experimentally in mice by administration of multiple doses. In developmental studies, D-camphor elicited no evidence of teratogenicity when administered orally during the fetal period of organogenesis to pregnant rats at doses up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, and to pregnant rabbits at doses up to 681 mg/kg bw/day. Camphor is not mutagenic with the Ames test but sister chromatid exchange has been reported in mice given 80 mg/kg doses of camphor ip, demonstrating possible genotoxicity.

Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Camphor, synthetic/

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Further see Ingestion.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Headache. Confusion. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; headache, dizziness, excitement, epileptiform convulsions

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LCLo (mice) = 400 mg/m3/3H

...fatalities in children have been recorded from 1g.

Adults have survived ingestions of up to 42 g, but usually doses in excess of 2 g produce dangerous effects. Fatal doses in children have ranged from 0.7-1.0 g.

LD50 Mouse oral 1310 mg/kg

LD50 Rat subcutaneously 70 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 3000 mg/kg

Five tested plant volatile oils and their mixtures were evaluated for controlling the Margarodid, Icerya seychellarum seychellarum (Westw.) on growing Sago palms in Antoniades public gardens, Alexandria, Egypt. The tested volatile oils at concentration rates of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % (v/v) were as follows: Camphor 20%; Dill 20%; Rose 30%; Peppermint 20% and Clove 30% (v/v). Their mixtures were Camphor/Peppermint; Camphor/Rose; at a rate of 1:1 Camphor/Rose/ Peppermint at 1:1:2 and Camphor/Rose/Dill at 2:1:1. The calculated results as general mean of residual reduction percent for the whole inspection periods of the test indicated that the superior volatile oils in reducing mealybugs were both Camphor and Rose, followed by Dill, Peppermint and the least efficient was Clove volatile oil. The evaluated volatile oils mixtures showed that each of Camphor/Rose/Peppermint, Camphor/Rose, and Camphor/Peppermint mixtures occupied a higher rank of efficiency against the treated mealybugs. /Mixture/

The aim of this work was to examine the antigenotoxic potential of plant monoterpenes: camphor, eucalyptol and thujone in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and to elucidate their effect on DNA repair. /The study/ compared the effect of monoterpenes on spontaneous, UV- and 4NQO-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli K12 repair proficient, and MMR and NER deficient strains. Positive controls tannic acid and vanillin were included in bacterial tests. /The study/ also examined protective effect of monoterpenes against 4NQO-induced genotoxicity in Vero cell line by alkaline comet assay. The results obtained in repair proficient strain indicated antimutagenic potential of monoterpenes against UV- and 4NQO-induced mutagenesis, which was diminished with NER deficiency. Camphor and eucalyptol maintained UV-induced SOS response longer than in controls, while thujone decreased SOS response and reduced general protein synthesis and the growth rate. The three monoterpenes increased spontaneous and UV-induced recombination in recA730 and camphor additionally in recA(+) cells. Incubation of 4NQO-pretreated Vero cells with monoterpenes resulted in significant reduction of tail moment. However, higher concentrations of monoterpenes induced DNA strand breaks. Obtained results indicate that by making a small amount of DNA lesions camphor, eucalyptol and thujone can stimulate error-free DNA repair processes and act as bioantimutagens.

...The radiation-induced SCE frequency was significantly low after a single dose of camphor (0.5 uM/g bw) administered 30, 45 or 60 min before irradiation; the effect was enhanced with increasing time intervals.

Treatment of camphor intoxication is primarily supportive with a focus on airway management and seizure control. No antidotes are available. Activated charcoal should be administered for gastrointestinal decontamination, although its efficacy is doubtful. Due to prominent CNS effects, the induction of emesis is contraindicated. If liquid camphor is ingested, a nasogastric tube can be used to aspirate gastric contents before instillation of activated charcoal. Alcohols and oil solutions should be avoided because they have been reported to enhance absorption of camphor. Although not readily available, lipid hemodialysis and resin hemoperfusion have been reported to lower blood camphor concentrations in severely poisoned patients. Benzodiazepines such as lorazepam or diazepam are indicated for symptoms of CNS hyperactivity, such as agitation, tremors, and seizures. Phenobarbital can be used for recurrent or prolonged seizures.

If lavage is deemed necessary following recent ingestion of a camphor-containing solution, nasogastric suctioning and lavage are preferable to orogastric lavage. Because camphor-containing solutions are so rapidly absorbed, the benefit of gastrointestinal decontamination is expected to rapidly diminish as the time following ingestion increases. Emetics should not be administered because camphor-induced seizures can occur rapidly prior to the onset of emesis, raising the risk of pulmonary aspiration.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Camphor and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and minimize all external stimuli. Treat seizures as necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Camphor and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Camphor applied to the skin of volunteers as a 20% solution in alcohol produced no significant sensation of irritation or pain at normal skin temperatures. ...It did appear to have a slight sensitising effect on the perception of temperature change during heating and cooling, and increased the sensation of burning at high temperatures.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Camphor administered in doses of 60 mg-4 g was reported to cause flickering, darkening or veiling of vision along with noises in the ears. Corneal erosions have been reported in association with the use of inhalant capsules containing camphor.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute camphor toxicity begins with nausea and vomiting and quickly progresses to CNS depression, seizures, respiratory failure, and death from respiratory arrest or status epilepticus.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ With chronic dermal exposure, systemic effects and contact dermatitis can occur as well as significant allergic responses. Ocular exposure results primarily in irritation only, although oral intake has been associated with visual problems.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In urethane-anesthetized rabbits, ... camphor had a vasodilating action in the isolated rabbit-ear vessels when directly applied to the vessel at 50%.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ...Female Swiss albino mice (8-9 wk old) were treated daily by oral route for 20 days with 50, 150 or 300 mg/kg bw of camphor dissolved in 0.1 mL of olive oil. Camphor only at the 300 mg/kg bw dose level caused a significant increase in the activities of cytochrome P450 (P<0.05), cytochrome b5 (P<0.05), aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (P<0.05) and glutathione S-transferase (P<0.05).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In tests for the carcinogenicity of camphor, no tumors were elicited in rats injected subcutaneously once monthly for 18 months with amounts making a 3-mm bleb.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ ...D-Camphor elicited no evidence of teratogenicity when administered orally during the fetal period of organogenesis to pregnant rats at doses up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, and to pregnant rabbits at doses up to 681 mg/kg bw/day. The NOEL for the fetal organism for the rat was above 1000 mg/kg bw, and for the rabbit above 681 mg/kg bw. /D-Camphor/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 145 mg/L for 1 hr; 112 mg/L/24 hr; 111 mg/L/48 hr; 110 mg/L/72 hr; 110 mg/L/96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 112 mg/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 111 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 110 mg/L for 72 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Camphor's production and use as a flavoring and fragrance compound, as a plasticizer in cosmetics and other applications, as a preservative and as starting reagent for organic syntheses may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Camphor occurs in many plants and is released to the environment through emissions from various plant and tree species. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.65 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates camphor will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase camphor will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days. Camphor absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, camphor is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 117. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.31X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Camphor is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 94% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. However, slow biodegradation has been observed in various aeration lagoons and wastewater treatment facilities. If released into water, camphor is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 17 hours and 9 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 17 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to camphor may occur through inhalation of volatilized camphor and camphor dust as well as dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where camphor is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to camphor via inhalation of ambient and indoor air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing camphor. (SRC)

Camphor has been detected in numerous species of plants in leaves, roots, stems, flowers, shoot, fruits and rhizomes(1).

Obtained from camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora (L), Lauraceae, which is native to China, Formosa, and Japan along with related varieties. /from table/

Camphor safrole, Hon-Sho variety /Japan and Formosa/: ... Oil from leaves, wood, and stumpwood contains free crystalline camphor. ... Camphor linalool, Ho-Sho variety ... Contains 42% camphor.

GC/MS analysis of Indian patchouli oil revealed the presence of 39 volatile compds /including camphor/.

For more Natural Pollution Sources (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Camphor's production and use as a flavoring and fragrance compound, as a plasticizer in cosmetics and other applications, as a preservative and as starting reagent for organic syntheses(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 117(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that camphor is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of camphor from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.30X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.65 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 1.570X10+3 mg/L(4). Camphor is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). A 94% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, slow biodegradation has been observed in various aeration lagoons and wastewater treatment facilities(6,7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 117(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that camphor is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.30X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.65 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.570X10+3 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 17 hours and 9 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 17(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.38(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 94% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). However, slow biodegradation has been observed in various aeration lagoons and wastewater treatment facilities(9,10). Camphor is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), camphor, which has a vapor pressure of 0.65 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase camphor is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(2). Based on laboratory measurements, the atmospheric lifetime of camphor for reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals is estimated to be >235 days and >300 days respectively(3). Camphor absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Camphor, at an influent concentration of 4.08 mg/L, was degraded to below detection limits (not specified) during a 20 hour aeration period in an aerobic activated sludge system(1). Camphor did not concentrate in the activated sludge solids. However, the loss of camphor in this process cannot be definitely attributed to biodegradation since there may have been loss due to volatilization(1). Monoterpine ketones were more resistant to biodegradation in aerated lagoon samples than monoterpine hydrocarbons or alcohols(2). The concentration of camphor actually increased in some of the samples which suggests that camphor was being produced in the lagoon. Camphor was on the list of very difficult to biodegrade compounds in a study of organic chemicals found in effluents(3). Camphor, present at 100 mg/L, reached 94% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(4).

ANAEROBIC: Camphor, at an influent concentration of 5.23 mg/L, was degraded to below detection limits (not specified) during a 3 day period in an anaerobic activated sludge system under denitrifying conditions(1). Camphor did not concentrate in the activated sludge solids. However, the loss of camphor in this process cannot be definitely attributed to biodegradation since there may have been loss due to volatilization(1). Camphor was not degraded after 450 days in anaerobic leachate samples from the Vejen landfill in Denmark(2). The initial concentration of camphor in this study was 110 ug/L in samples under denitrifying conditions, 1500 ug/L in samples under iron-reducing conditions, and 1300 ug/L in samples under methanogenic/sulfate-reducing conditions(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of camphor with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 4.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Based on laboratory measurements, the atmospheric lifetime of camphor for reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals is estimated to be >235 days and >300 days respectively(3). Camphor absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Camphor is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5).

An estimated BCF of 17 was calculated in fish for camphor(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 2.38(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of camphor can be estimated to be 117(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that camphor is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for camphor is estimated as 8.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.65 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.570X10+3 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that camphor is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 17 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 9 days(SRC). Camphor's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Camphor is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Camphor was detected at a concentration range of 1-203 ug/L in a groundwater leachate plume downgradient from the Grindsted Landfill in Denmark(1).

DRINKING WATER: In a study that tested drinking water from ten cities in 1975, camphor was present in samples from Cincinnati, Ohio; Miami, Florida; Ottumwa, Iowa; and Seattle, Washington with concentrations of 0.1 ug/L, 0.5 ug/L, 0.1 ug/L, and 0.5 ug/L, respectively(1,2). Camphor was not identified in samples from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Grand Forks, North Dakota; Lawrence, Massachusetts; New York, New York; Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana; and Tucson, Arizona. In a separate study, camphor was detected (concentration not reported) in treated drinking water from the Torresdale Water Treatment Plant in Philadelphia during April, 1975(3). In a study of the drinking water quality of Zuruch, Switzerland, camphor was detected at the surface of Lake Zuruch, at 30 meters depth in Lake Zuruch, in local springs, and in tap water with concentrations of 12 ng/L, 2 ng/L, 2 ng/L, and 2 ng/L, respectively(4).

SURFACE WATER: The concentration of camphor in seawater samples from Resurrection Bay, AK, was 292 ng/L in June 1985 and 4.8 ng/L in June, 1986(1). Water samples collected from Spirit Lake and Smith Creek shortly after the eruption of Mount Saint Helens, 1980, contained camphor, concentration and detection limit not provided(2). During a study of water quality in the Great Lakes Basin, camphor was detected in water samples below an unspecified quantification limit in the Maumee River at Toledo, Ohio in 1976(3). Camphor was also detected in the St. Clair River at Port Huron, Michigan. Camphor was identified in trace quantities in samples from the Lee Valley Catchment which serves North London(4). Samples collected from the Brunnisach river waters in Southwest Germany contained camphor at unspecified concentrations(5). Camphor was detected (0.5 ug/L limit) in 5% of all water samples collected from streams in the area of 10 wastewater treatment plants from across the US with a maximum value of 0.13 ug/L(6).

Camphor was detected in samples from seven out of nine biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent sites with concentrations ranging from 3 to 100 ug/L and an approximate mean concentration of 40 ug/L(1). The approximate concentration of camphor at the inlet and outlet of one mill's aerated lagoon was 90 ug/L and 10 ug/L, respectively. These samples were collected during the winter of 1980-1981. Mean camphor concentrations in grab samples from the effluent of two unbleached treated kraft paper mills in Georgia were 0.060 mg/L and 0.040 mg/L(2); samples were collected in 1972 and 1974(2). Camphor was identified in the effluent of a Finnish bleached kraft pulp mill, though the concentration was not given(3).

The concentration of camphor in leachate from 60 landfills in Canada and the United States was 0.9 mg/L in municipal landfill leachate and from less than 0.01 mg/L to 7.6 mg/L in industrial landfill leachate(1). Camphor was identified in the groundwater from a landfill well in Norman, Oklahoma with an estimated concentration of 0.9 ug/L(2). Concentrations of camphor in secondary effluent samples at a rapid infiltration site at Fort Polk, LA were 0.33 and 0.28 ug/L(3). The samples were collected November 4-5, 1980. Camphor was detected in a pool of water on a drum storage site near Wilson Creek in Louisville, Kentucky with a concentration of 230 ug/L during February, 1979(4). Camphor was identified (concentration not given) in trench leachates from Maxey Flats radioactive disposal site in Morehead, Kentucky and West Valley radioactive disposal site in New York(5).

The concentrations of camphor in the groundwater leachate from a landfill in Grindsted, Denmark ranged from 1 to 203 ug/L at 0 to 37 meters down gradient and from 1 to 4 ug/L at 50 to 114 meters down gradient(1). Camphor concentrations were less than 1 ug/l at locations greater than 170 meters down gradient. Camphor was detected in alkaline, anaerobic landfill leachates with concentrations of 30 and 3,500 ug/L(2). The concentration of camphor in aerobic, slightly acidic landfill leachate was 2,000 ug/L. Leachate samples collected in May 1990 from a municipal landfill in Gryta, Vasteras, Sweden contained camphor at an unspecified concentration(3). Camphor was identified at an unspecified concentration in the leachate below a municipal waste tip in Ambt-Delden, Netherlands(4). Camphor concentrations in the percolate of a waste tip in Noordwijk, Netherlands at various distances away were 1000 ug/L at 0 meters distance, 100 ug/L at 100 meters distance, 10 ug/L at 100 meters distance, and 3 ug/L at 130 meters distance(5). The estimated half-life of camphor in the waste tip was 0.1 years assuming a first order reduction process. The concentrations of camphor in leachate samples taken at various distances from a landfill in Vejen, Denmark were 426 ug/L at 5 meters distance, 474 ug/L at 19 meters distance, and 46 ug/l at 39 meters distance(6). During a study in Denmark, samples were taken from waste trucks after collection of garden waste. Camphor was identified (concentration not reported) in the waste exudate as well as in the waste head space in the laboratory(7).

INDOOR: Camphor was detected in indoor air samples from 26 houses with a 39 percent occurrence(1). This same study found camphor concentrations in the indoor air of 50 normal (not sick) houses to range from 0.00 to 1.32 ug/cu m with an average concentration of 0.30 ug/cu m. Camphor concentrations in 7 sick houses ranged from 0.00 to 3.05 ug/cu m with a mean of 1.2 ug/cu m. Camphor was detected in indoor air samples from two out of six buildings(2). Camphor concentrations were 14 and 3 ug/cu m. Camphor has been detected in the headspace of kitchen waste exudate(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: Camphor was detected in ambient air samples from Whitaker's Forest, Sierra Mountains, CA collected in 1990(1). Camphor concentration was not specified. In a study of the forest air of the southern Black Forest, camphor concentrations in air from Kalbelesheuer, Germany were 16, 41, and 8.8 ng/cu-m during September, October, and December, respectively(2). Camphor concentrations in forest air from Haldenhof, Germany during September and Rehauer, Germany during August were 21 ng/cu-m at both locations.

Camphor was identified in the juice of Japanese Kogyoku apples(1).

Camphor was detected as major emissions from Black Sage and California Sagebrush plants located in California's South Coast Air Basin(1). The normalized emission rate of camphor from mature spruce was 0.05 (Pinus glauca), 0.03 (P. abies), and 0.01 (P. pungens) ugC/g-hr(2). Camphor was detected in the emissions of 6 out of 63 vegetation species in forests near Atlanta, GA, Rhinelander, WI, and Hayden CO(3). The species that contained camphor were white spruce, north white cedar, Subalpine fir, big sagebrush, Englemann spruce, and Lodgepole pine. Measured camphor emission rates from these species ranged from less than 0.1 to 1.0 ug/hr-gr dry weight with an average rate of 0.3 ug/hr-gr dry weight during the summer of 1993(3). Camphor has also been identified as a volatile emission from European fir(4).

The top 40 plants containing camphor(1).[Table#25]

ENVIRONMENTAL: One of eight samples of mother's milk collected from 4 urban/industrial areas in the United States was positive for the presence of camphor(1).

Camphor was detected with an 11 percent relative abundance in liquid wax for marble, ceramic, and linoleum(1). It was detected in a different liquid floor wax with a 21 percent relative abundance and in a third liquid wax for ceramic floors with a 19 percent relative abundance. Camphor has been detected in consumer adhesives(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 153,554 workers (53,187 of these are female) are potentially exposed to camphor in the US(1). NIOSH has estimated that 427 workers (100 of these are female) are potentially exposed to camphor dust in the US(1). Dietary exposure to camphor arises from the consumption of foods flavored by using either herbs (e.g. basil, coriander, marjoram, rosemary, sage), their essential oils or the chemically defined flavoring substance d-camphor(2). Occupational exposure to camphor may occur through inhalation of volatilized camphor and camphor dust as well as dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where camphor is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to camphor via inhalation of ambient and indoor air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer products containing camphor(SRC).

Based on food consumption data collected on the French population by the Observatoire des Consommations alimentaires (OCA), the dietary exposure to camphor was estimated to be 1.5 mg/person/day(1). Assuming an average body weight of 60 kg, this corresponds to an exposure of 25 ug/kg bw/day(1).

One of eight samples of mother's milk collected from 4 urban/industrial areas in the United States was positive for the presence of camphor(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Waste treatment methods: product: burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Health: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2717; Camphor, synthetic

IMO 4.1; Camphor, synthetic

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Solid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 4.1; UN Pack Group: III