Triphenyltin hydroxide

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361d ***: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311 (84.6%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (98.7%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (100%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H361 (62.8%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H361d (37.2%): Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371 (50%): May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372 (98.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 78 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P264+P265, P280, P305+P354+P338, and P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

/Use/ powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: face shield, chemical protection suit and particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

The compounds should not be allowed to enter drains or watercourses. /Triphenyltin compounds/

Do not wash away into sewer. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Do NOT take working clothes home.

Do not transport with food & feedstuffs.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. /Store/ separated from food & feedstuffs.

0.002 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Sn[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

0.1 [mg/m3], as Sn

25.0 [mg/m3], as Sn

0.2 [mg/m3], as Sn

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.2 mg/cu m, skin. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/

(as Sn): 0.1 mg/m

(as Sn): 0.002 mg/m

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance may have effects on the immune system. This may result in impaired functions. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide triphenyltin hydroxide in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: cattle, goats, hogs, horses and sheep, kidney and liver, 0.05 ppm; pecans, 0.05 ppm; potatoes, 0.05 ppm; and sugar beet, roots, 0.1 ppm.

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Ventilation, local exhaust, or breathing protection. Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Safety spectacles, face shield, or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

NO open flames.

AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Triphenyltin hydroxide is an odorless white powder. Stable at room temperature. Melting point 121-123 °C. Moderately soluble in most organic solvents (Farm Chemical Handbook). Insoluble in water. Non corrosive. Used as a fungicide.

Dry Powder

White odorless solid; [HSDB] Off-white powder; [MSDSonline]

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Crystalline solid

White solid

ODORLESS

244 to 248 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In ethanol ca. 10, dichloromethane 171, diethyl ether 28, acetone ca. 50 (all in g/l at 20 °C). In benzene 41 g/l (as bis(triphenytin)oxide).

Slightly sol in toluene and alcohol

In water, 1.2 ppm @ 20 °C.

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.0001 (very poor)

1.54 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.54 g/cu cm @ 20 °C

1.54 g/cm³

3.5e-07 mmHg at 122 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00000035 [mmHg]

3.53X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 3.53

STABLE IN THE DARK AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. DEHYDRATION MAY OCCUR ON HEATING ABOVE 45 °C... . SLOWLY DECOMP BY SUNLIGHT, & MORE RAPIDLY BY U.V. LIGHT ... .

Compatible with wettable powder formulations of fungicides and insecticides.

When heated to decomp it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Slowly decomposed by sunlight, and more rapidly by u.v. light to give inorganic tin via di- and mono- phenyltin compounds.

Decomposes below melting point at 80 °C.

Noncorrosive

pKa = 5.20

Thermally decomp to phenyltin, phenyltin oxide and water.

Dehydration to oxide occurs on heating above 45 °C.

Triorganotin hydroxides behave not as alcohols, but more like inorganic bases, although strong bases remove the proton in certain triorganotin hydroxides since tin is amphoteric. /Triorganotin hydroxides/

Metals -> Tin Compounds, Organic

Teratogens

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Fungicides, Herbicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticide (Triphenyltin hydroxide) -> USDA PDB

Insoluble in water.

Salts, Basic

Organometallics

TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE is sensitive to temperatures above 113 °F and prolonged exposure to light. Incompatible with strongly acidic compounds. Also incompatible with oils used in oil spray formulations (NTP, 1992).

Surfactants, spreaders, or stickers should not be added because phytotoxicity may result. Do not use with oil sprays.

/Incompatible with/ strongly acidic compounds. Incompatible with oils and liquid formulations.

IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyl tin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling products since the 1960's. Use of organotins in antifouling paints have been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effects on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports describe neurotoxic effects, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood, which in some cases had high triphenyltin compound concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily by the feces and partily in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, monomethyltin and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltins applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin compounds exert a variety of health effects in various animal species, including the effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near maternally toxic (most lowest observed adverse effect levels are in several mg/kg range or lower), hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are clastogenic. Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterious effects on aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered to be an endocrine disrupter, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs, is probably caused by hormonal disturbances. /Triphenyltin compounds/

IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyltin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling paints since the 1960s. Use of triorganotins in antifouling paints has been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effecys on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning the occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports does describe neurotoxic effecys, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood. Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily in the feces and partly in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, and monophenyltin, and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in the kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltin compounds, applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin exerts a variety of health effects in various animal species, including effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near those that are maternially toxic, ... hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells, and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are co-clastogenic. Triphenyltin compounds affect the immune system. A decrease in immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations (even at the lowest dose level, i.e. 0.3 mgtriphenyltin hydroxide/kg body weight per day in a 2 yr feeding study in rats), lymphopenia (at 0.3 mg triphenyltin hydroxide/kg body weight per day in another 2 yr feeding study in rats), spenic atrophy (at 5 mg triphenyltin hydroxide/kg body weight per day in a 28 day feeding study in mice) have been observed. Females are generally more susceptible than males. Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterous effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered an endocrine disruptor, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs. /Triphenyltin cmpd & Triphenyltin hydroxide/

Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Organic tin cmpd, as Sn/

Triphenyltin hydroxide

TR-139: Bioassay of Triphenyltin Hydroxide for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 76-87-9) (1978 )

06/29/78

No Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, there was no evidence for the carcinogenicity of triphenyltin hydroxide to Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Breathing or swallowing, or skin contact with organotins, can interfere with the way the brain and nervous system work, causing death in severe cases. Organic tin compounds may also damage the immune and reproductive system. (L307, L308)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Oral (L308) ; inhalation (L308) ; dermal (L308)

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

Inorganic or organic tin compounds placed on the skin or in the eyes can produce skin and eye irritation. (L308)

Chemical: TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

FAO/WHO ADI: 0.0005 mg/kg bw /Fentin/

Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH)

Children

General Population

0.0162-1.62

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 60.3 mg/m3/4h

LD50: 46 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LC50: 60.3 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T58)

LD50 RAT FEMALE ORAL 268 MG/KG

LD50 Rat male oral 171 mg/kg

LD50 Rat female oral 9268 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse female oral 209 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Exposure by inhalation: Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention. Exposure to skin: Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse & then wash skin with water & soap. Refer for medical attention. Exposure to eyes: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. Exposure by ingestion: Give plenty of water to drink. Refer for medical attention. /from table/

Hypersensitivity reaction to a series of 36 triphenyltin-containing pesticide formulations was surveyed among 652 subjects in Italy. Among them, 180 were agricultural & 43 were ex-agricultural workers. Of the 652 subjects, 274 had contact dermatitis, mostly on the hands, & the other 378 were hospitalized for non-allergic skin disorders. Patch tests were performed on the upper back, & irritant & allergic reactions were evaluated. Irritant & allergic reactions were seen in 45 of 350 subjects & in 1 out of 350 subjects, respectively, with a patch of 1% TPTH. At 0.5% TPTH, irritant reactions were seen in 5 of 109 subjects, whereas no allergic reactions were seen in any of the 109 subjects. The report showed that TPTH is a moderately strong irritant.

... /TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE WAS/ TESTED ON EYES OF ANIMALS FOUND TO BE EXTREMELY IRRITATING, EVEN IF EYES ARE IRRIGATED 2 SEC AFTER APPLICATION. ALTHOUGH ... EXTREMELY INSOL, IT HAS PRODUCED CORNEAL OPACITIES IN ALL TEST ANIMALS.

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus (scud) 66 ug/l/96 hr @ 15 °C (95% confidence limit 42-103 ug/l), mature /Technical, 100%/ /Static bioassay/

LC50 Salmo Gairdneri (rainbow trout) greater than 28 ug/l/96 hr @ 13 °C, wt 0.8 g /Technical, 100%/ /Static bioassay/

LC50 Carassius auratus (goldfish) 62 ug/l/96 hr @ 18 °C (95% confidence limit 49-75 ug/l), wt 1.0 g /Technical, 100%/ /Static bioassay/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill) 23 ug/l/96 hr @ 24 °C (95% confidence limit 19-28 ug/l), wt 0.5 g /Technical, 100%/ /Static bioassay/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TRIPHENYLTIN HYDROXIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and molluscs. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Triphenyltin hydroxide's production and former use as an agricultural fungicide and insect antifeedant and as a biocide in marine antifouling paints may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 3.5X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates triphenyltin hydroxide will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase triphenyltin hydroxide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days. Particulate-phase triphenyltin hydroxide will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, triphenyltin hydroxide is expected to have low mobility because triphenyltins are strongly attached to soil. In moist soil and water, triphenyltin hydroxide will dissociate to form triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations; these species are not expected to volatilize from moist soil or water surfaces. If released into water, triphenyltin hydroxide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Triphenyltin hydroxide may undergo biodegradation in the environment. A structurally similar compound, triphenyltin acetate, degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions. A BCF of 800 for rainbow trout suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Occupational exposure to triphenyltin hydroxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triphenyltin hydroxide is produced or used. (SRC)

Triphenyltin hydroxide's production and former use(1) as an agricultural fungicide(3) and insect antifeedant(4), and as a biocide in marine antifouling paints(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Triphenyltin hydroxide will either exist as or be rapidly converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or cations are not expected to leach through soil(SRC). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin acetate) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin hydroxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.53X10-7 mm Hg(7). Triphenyltin hydroxide may undergo biodegradation in the environment(SRC). For example, bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in structurally similar triphenyltin acetate(4). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(5).

AQUATIC FATE: If triphenyltin hydroxide is released to water, it probably either exists as, or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(2). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride(2). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(1). Cations, such as triphenyltin cation, generally adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin cation may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(3). Un addition, structurally similar triphenyltin acetate is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl-, and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm on a watch glass(1). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 800 for rainbow trout(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration of triphenyltin cation in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Triphenyltin hydroxide may undergo biodegradation in the environment(SRC). For example, bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in structurally similar triphenyltin acetate(6). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triphenyltin hydroxide, which has a vapor pressure of 3.5X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase triphenyltin hydroxide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase triphenyltin hydroxide may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). The residence time of triphenyltin hydroxide is estimated to be 27 hours over land and 19 hours over sea(4). Its typical traveling distance from source of release is 501 km(4). These estimates are based on the fraction of the mass in the particulate phase, 0.13, dry deposition rate, scavenging ratio, and estimated photodegradation rate(4).

Triphenyltin hydroxide may be susceptible to biodegradation based upon the biodegradability of other triphenyltin compounds in soil(SRC). For example, 14C-phenyl ring-labelled triphenyltin acetate is degraded to inorganic tin in soil presumably by biodegradation since carbon dioxide was evolved and the breakdown did not occur in sterile soil(1). Also, triphenyltin fluoride has been observed to degrade in soil faster under aerobic than anaerobic conditions(1).

In the fields in which a variety of crops were grown, the half-life of triphenyltins has been reported to be 3-14 days(1). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(2). Triphenyltin hydroxide, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum and the Japanese MITI test(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of triphenyltin hydroxide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Triphenyltin compounds in environmental waters exist as, or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(2). Upon dissolution, triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(3). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride in the mixture of triphenyltin species(3). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(2). Triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process and diphenyltin species were the only products observed(4). Triphenyltins undergo rapid stepwise photochemical dephenylation in UV light(2,5). In the dark, phenyltins in aqueous solution undergo similar stepwise degradation, but at a lower rate; the final product is inorganic tin(2,5).

In rainbow trout, a BCF of about 800 was observed after a 4-day exposure(1). The uptake and elimination rates of radiolabeled triphenyltin hydroxide in guppies were 41 l/kg-day and 0.014/day, giving a BCF (uptake: elimination ratio) of 2900 l/kg (wet weight) during 30 days of exposure(1). For rainbow trout larvae the uptake and elimination rates were 22 l/kg-day and 0.031/day, respectively giving a BCF of 650 ml/g after 4 days; the lower BCF in the trout than the guppies being a result of the higher elimination rate. Since equilibrium was not reached, the bioconcentration factor was underestimated. The log BCFs of triphenyltin in crucian carp obtained in a 7-day experiment were 1.70 (muscle), 1.70 (vertebra); 2.05 (liver); and 1.49 (kidney)(2). In studies in which the bioaccumulation and elimination of triphentyltin in Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) was by direct uptake from water, from diet, and from both simultaneously, about a quarter of the bioaccumulation was due to dietary uptake(3). The bioaccumulation factor was 0.257(3). The elimination rate was 0.020/day and was independent of the source of uptake, water or diet. Bioaccumulation was also independent of the form of triphenyltin in the diet(3). Minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) embryos/larvae and freshly hatched larvae were exposed to triphenyltin chloride in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland water at 16 °C(4). The BCF for embryo larvae was 530 at the end of a 192 hr uptake period. Newly hatched larvae had BCFs of 457 and 930 after 96 and 144 hours. At this time the BCF had not reached a plateau so the actual BCF was higher(4). While uptake of triphenyltin from water was rapid, elimination was absent during a 96-hr depuration period. The concn of the metabolites monophenyltin and diphenyltin were very low(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc for triphenyltin hydroxide is 2,000(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 3.53(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that triphenyltin hydroxide is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). If triphenyltin hydroxide is released to soil, it either exists as, or is rapidly converted to oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or hydrated cations(4). Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or cations are not expected to leach through soil into groundwater(SRC). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(5). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin hydroxide) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(6).

Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). No volatilization loss of triphenyltin was observed over a period of 6 days from a 1 ppm distilled water solution of triphenyltin hydroxide at pH 8.2 (unbuffered) and 32 °C with a solution surface area of 54 sq cm(2). Triphenyltin compounds in environmental waters exist as or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Triphenyltin hydroxide is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3).

SEDIMENT: The concentrations of triphenyltin in harbor sediment in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland were high, up to 380 ug/g(1). High concentrations were restricted to the upper 4 cm and decreased significantly below. The dating of cores suggest that triphenyltin may persist for more than a decade in sediment. Small amounts of the mono- and di-phenyltin were also found in the upper layers of sediment(1).

Inhalation, skin contact, swallowing.

Occupational exposure to triphenyltin hydroxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where triphenyltin hydroxide is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

UN 3146; Organotin cmpd, solid, not otherwise specified

UN 2788; Organotin cmpd, liquid, not otherwise specified

IMO 6.1; Organotin cmpd, liquid or solid, not otherwise specified

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 24/25-26-37/38-40-41-48/23-50/53-63; S: (1/2)-26-28-36/37/39-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II