hydrogenchloride (anhydrous)

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 5109) of reports.

H280 (24.3%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H290 (22.8%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H314 (99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (20%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (49.4%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (59%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P234, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P363, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 5109 reports by companies from 116 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 5109 reports by companies.

There are 115 notifications provided by 5108 of 5109 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P342+P316, P363, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P342+P316, P363, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

INHALATION: remove person to fresh air; keep him warm and quiet and get medical attention immediately; start artificial respiration if breathing stops.

INGESTION: have person drink water or milk; do NOT induce vomiting.

EYES: immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 min. and get medical attention; continue flushing for another 15 min. if physician does not arrive promptly.

SKIN: immediately flush skin while removing contaminated clothing; get medical attention promptly; use soap and wash area for at least 15 min. (USCG, 1999)

Warning: Hydrogen chloride is extremely corrosive. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Hydrogen Chloride Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute ingestion of hydrogen chloride may be severe and include salivation, intense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, chills, pain, and shock. Oral, esophageal, and stomach burns are common. Vomitus generally has a coffee-ground appearance. The potential for circulatory collapse is high following ingestion of hydrogen chloride. Acute inhalation exposure of hydrogen chloride may result in sneezing, hoarseness, choking, laryngitis, and respiratory tract irritation. Bleeding of nose and gums, ulceration of the nasal and oral mucosa, bronchitis, pneumonia, dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and pulmonary edema may also occur. If the eyes have come in contact with hydrogen chloride, irritation, pain, swelling, corneal erosion, and blindness may result. Dermal exposure may result in dermatitis (red, inflamed skin), severe burns, and pain.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to hydrogen chloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to hydrogen chloride.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to hydrogen chloride.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

3. Rinse mouth with large amounts of water. Victims should not attempt to swallow this water.

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

5. Activated charcoal is of no value.

6. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

7. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Hydrogen chloride:

• IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY (SOLUTION) - If this chemical in solution contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

• FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.

• WATER FLUSH IMMEDIATELY (SOLUTION) - If this chemical in solution contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

• FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY (SOLUTION) - If this chemical in solution has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

SMALL FIRE: CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Neutralize with chemically basic substances such as soda ash or slaked lime.

Normal fire fighting procedures may be used. Do not get water inside containers. Move containers from fire area. Keep containers that are exposed to the fire cool with water that is sprayed from the side until well after the fire is out. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. /Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid/

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Hydrochloric acid/

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Confined fires with high fuel loads of polyvinyl chloride, such as a fire in a vault with a high load of polyvinyl chloride coated electrical wiring, may generate sufficient hydrogen chloride to cause irritation in fire fighters. Rapid combustion of relatively large amt of polymer may yield ... hydrogen chloride ... .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Tables 1 and 3 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1050 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

SPILL: See ERG Tables 1 and 3 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2186 datasheet.

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all Directions:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Cool. Fireproof if in building. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Gases

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, organic materials, and alkalies. /Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid/

Store in a dry place no lower in tersperature than 50 °F or higher than 120 °F. /Emulso Germicidal Bowl Cleaner Disinfectant/

The acid should not be stored in the vicinity of flammable or oxidizing substances, eg nitric acid or chlorates, or near metals and metal hydrides that may be attacked by the acid ... Electrical equipment should be flameproof and protected against corrosive action. ... /Hydrochloric acid/

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

309.0 [ppm]

2.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

1.8 [ppm]

22 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

5 ppm (7 mg/m³)

C 5 ppm (7 mg/m3)

50 ppm [From NPG: Hydrogen chloride] (NIOSH, 2024)

50 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

50.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other human data: It has been reported that 50 to 100 ppm for 1 hour is barely tolerable and that 35 ppm causes irritation of the throat [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. It has also been reported that work is impossible at 50 to 100 ppm but is difficult but possible at 10 to 50 ppm [Flury and Zernik 1931].

See: 7647010

Ceiling Limit: 2 ppm.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

2 ppm as STEL; A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

2 ppm [2000]

3.0 mg/m

Occupational exposure limits for hydrogen chloride (gas) have been set at 5 ppm

· Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

Small Fire

· CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Hydrochloric acid, solution is a colorless watery liquid with a sharp, irritating odor. Consists of hydrogen chloride, a gas, dissolved in water. Sinks and mixes with water. Produces irritating vapor. (USCG, 1999)

Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous appears as a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. Fumes strongly in moist air. Nonflammable. Corrosive to metals and tissues and irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Heavier than air. Long-term inhalation of low concentrations or short-term inhalation of high concentrations has adverse health effects. Prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat may result in the violent rupture and rocketing of the container. Used in the manufacture of rubber, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and in gasoline refining and metals processing. Rate of onset: Immediate Persistence: Minutes to hours Odor threshold: 0.77 ppm Source/use/other hazard: Ore, other metal refining/cleaning; food/pickling; petroleum; corrosive liq.

Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid appears as a colorless liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. Vapors are heavier than air. Long-term inhalation of low concentrations of vapors or short-term inhalation of high concentrations has adverse health effects. Exposure of the container to intense heat may cause its violent rupture and rocketing.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid; CBI; Gas Vapor; Dry Powder; Wet Solid

Clear, colourless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having a pungent odour

Colorless to slightly yellow gas with a pungent, irritating odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to slightly yellow gas with a pungent, irritating odor.

Colorless to slightly yellow gas with a pungent, irritating odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas.]

Colorless gas

Pungent, irritating odor

Taste threshold: 1.60X10-4 moles/L (recognition in water, chemically pure); 1.30X10-4 M/L (recognition in water, chemically pure); 1.10X10-4 M/L (recognition in water, chemically pure)

123 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-121 °F at 760 mmHg (A constant boiling azeotrope with water containing 20.22% hydrogen chloride boils at 227 °F.) (EPA, 1998)

-121 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

-85.05 °C at 760 mm Hg

-85.1 °C

-85 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-174.6 °F (Melting point is -13.7 °F for a 39.17% weight/weight solution.) (EPA, 1998)

-174 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

-114.22 °C

-114.2 °C

-114.17 °C

82.3 g/100 g at 32 °F (NTP, 1992)

67 % at 86 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Soluble in water and in ethanol

Solubility in water, 82.3 g/100 g water at 0 °C; 67.3 g/100 g water at 30 °C; 63.3 g/100 g water at 40 °C; 59.6 g/100 g water at 50 °C; 56.1 g/100 g water at 60 °C

Solubility in methanol: 54.6 g/100 g solution at -10 °C; 51.3 g/100 g solution at 0 °C; 47.0 g/100 g solution at 20 °C; 43.0 g/100 g solution at 30 °C; solubility in ethanol: 45.4 g/100 g solution at 0 °C; 42.7 g/100 g solution at 10 °C; 41.0 g/100 g solution at 20 °C; 38.1 g/100 g solution at 30 °C; solubility in ether: 37.52 g/100 g solution at -10 °C; 35.6 g/100 g solution at 0 °C; 24.9 g/100 g solution at 20 °C; 19.47 g/100 g solution at 30 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 30 °C: 67 (moderate)

(86 °F): 67%

1.05 at 59 °F for 10.17% weight/weight solution (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.639 g/L

Chemical/Physical Properties for Hydrogen chloride.[Table#1587]

Density (gas): 1.00045 g/l

1.49 @25 °C

1.27(relative gas density)

1.268 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.27 (NIOSH, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.268 (Air = 1.000)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.3

An aqueous solution. Dilution may generate heat. Fumes in air.

Fumes strongly in moist air, generating corrosive hydrochloric acid vapors. Soluble in water with evolution of heat.

Fumes in air as vapors boil away. Very soluble in water to give hydrochloric acid. Rapid mixing with water generates heat that drives off considerable gaseous hydrogen chloride.

Acids, Strong Non-oxidizing

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Known Catalytic Activity

Water-Reactive

CSL00043

FORMALDEHYDE + PARAFORMALDEHYDE + HCl gas + HYDROCHLORIC ACID

Generation of bis(chloromethyl) ether (potent carcinogen)

Harmful,Toxic

ALDEHYDE

Chlorination

User-Reported

CSL00176

Sodium hypochlorite + Hydrochloric acid

Chlorine gas was produced and accidentally released from the containment system

Gas Emitter

Not Available

User Reported

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

CSL00180

Sodium chlorite + Hydrochloric acid

Reaction resulted in an explosion

Explosive

CSL00206

(SP-4-1)-[29H,31H-Phthalocyanine-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxamidato(2-)-κN29,κN30,κN31,κN32]zinc + Zincate(4-), [29H,31H-phthalocyanine-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxylato(6-)-κN29,κN30,κN31,κN32]-, hydrogen (1:4), (SP-4-1)- + Trimellitic anhydride + Urea + Zinc acetate + Ammonium chloride + Ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24) + Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid

"An explosion accident occurred when synthesizing Zn(II)-2,9,16,23-tetracarboxyphthalocyanine from trimellitic anhydride, urea, and zinc acetate. In this work, we discuss the direct causes of this explosion by investigating the thermal stability of the reaction with differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, four factors leading to explosions in closed systems have been summarized, including vessel damage, system volume reduction, increasing temperature, and gas generation. Finally, we propose technical and managerial measures for preventing explosions in a closed system, aiming to help scientific researchers prevent potential explosion accidents in academic laboratories." (abstract of paper)

Explosive,Gas Emitter

Medium (up to 100g)

10.1021/acs.chas.9b00028

Literature Reference

10/22/2022

HYDROCHLORIC ACID is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, an acidic gas. Reacts exothermically with organic bases (amines, amides) and inorganic bases (oxides and hydroxides of metals). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Mixtures with concentrated sulfuric acid can evolve toxic hydrogen chloride gas at a dangerous rate. Undergoes a very energetic reaction with calcium phosphide [Mellor 8:841(1946-1947)].

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Undergoes a very energetic reaction with calcium phosphide [Mellor 8:841(1946-1947)]. Corrosive to metals and tissues and irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Corrodes galvanized or copper-alloy metals (brass, bronze); fittings of stainless steel or mild or cast steel must therefore be used. Reacts with calcium carbide with incandescence [Mellor 5:862(1946-1947]. Absorption on mercuric sulfate becomes violent at 125 °C. [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:462(1956)].

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE, REFRIGERATED LIQUID is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Undergoes a very energetic reaction with calcium phosphide [Mellor 8:841(1946-1947)]. Corrosive to metals and tissues and irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Corrodes galvanized or copper-alloy metals (brass, bronze); fittings of stainless steel or mild or cast steel must therefore be used. Contact between the cold liquid and water may result in vigorous or violent boiling and rapid vaporization. If the water is hot, a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980].

The aqueous solution is a strong acid. Corrosive fumes emitted on contact with air. Reacts violently with bases, oxidizers forming toxic chlorine gas. Reacts, often violently, with acetic anhydride, active metals, aliphatic amines, alkanolamines, alkylene oxides, aromatic amines, amides, 2-aminoethanol, ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, epichlorohydrin, isocyanates, metal acetylides, oleum, organic anhydrides, perchloric acid, 3-propiolactone, uranium phosphide, sulfuric acid, vinyl acetate, vinylidene fluoride. Highly corrosive to most metals, forming flammable hydrogen gas. Attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings.

Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride react violently with many metals, with the generation of highly flammable hydrogen gas, which may explode. Reaction with oxidizers such as permanganates, chlorates, chlorites, and hypochlorites may produce chlorine or bromine gas.

Anhydrous hydrogen chloride is rapidly absorbed in water to form corrosive hydrochloric acid. Aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions are quite reactive. Reacts vigorously with alkalies and with many organic materials. Strong oxidizing materials cause release of chlorine. /Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid/

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Hydrogen chloride is a colorless gas with pungent, irritating odor. it is used as tuberculocide, disinfectant (bactericide/germicide/purifier, limited, general or broad-spectrum, hospital or medical), sanitizer, virucide, fungicide/fungistat, and microbicide/microbiostat (slime-forming bacteria). It is also used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical hydrochlorides, vinyl chloride from acetylene, alkyl chlorides from olefins, and arsenious chlorides from arsenious oxide. In the chlorination of rubber. In organic reactions involving isomerization, polymerization, and alkylation. For making chlorine where economical. Hydrochloric acid has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a pH adjuster. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Hydrogen chloride will rapidly dissociate and its effects are thought to be a result of pH change (local deposition of H+) rather than effects of hydrogen chloride/hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen chloride is corrosive to the skin and severe effects can be expected from exposure to the eyes. No skin sensitization has been reported. The irritation of hydrogen chloride to mucous is so severe that workers evacuate from the work place shortly after detecting its odor. In humans, no association between hydrogen chloride exposure and tumor incidence was observed. In one of eight asthmatic volunteers exposed to an aerosol of unbuffered hydrochloric acid at pH 2 for 3 min during tidal breathing, airway resistance was increased by 50%. Short term exposures have been reported to induce transitory obstruction in the respiratory tract, which diminishes with repeated exposure, suggesting adaption. Acclimatized workers can work undisturbed with a hydrogen chloride level of 15 mg/cu m (10 ppm). Exposure to hydrochloric acid can produce burns on the skin and mucous membranes, the severity of which is related to the concentration of the solution. Subsequently, ulceration may occur, followed by keloid and retractile scarring. Contact with the eyes may produce reduced vision or blindness. Frequent contact with aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid may lead to dermatitis. Dental decay, with changes in tooth structure, yellowing, softening and breaking of teeth, and related digestive diseases are frequent after exposures to hydrochloric acid. ANIMAL STUDIES: For repeated dose toxicity, local irritation effects were observed in the groups of 10 ppm and above in a 90-day inhalation study. For genetic toxicity, a negative result has been shown in the Ames test. A positive result, which is considered to be an artifact due to the low pH, has been obtained in a chromosome aberration test using Hamster ovary cells. For carcinogenicity, no pre-neoplastic or neoplastic nasal lesions were observed in a 128-week inhalation study with male rats at 10 ppm hydrogen chloride gas. No evidence of treatment related carcinogenicity was observed either in other animal studies performed by inhalation, oral or dermal administration. Hydrogen chloride is not expected to have developmental toxicity. In addition, no effects on the gonads were observed in a good 90- day inhalation study up to 50 ppm. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The hazard of hydrochloric acid for the environment is caused by the proton (pH effect). For this reason the effect of hydrochloric acid on the organisms depends on the buffer capacity of the aquatic ecosystem. Also the variation in acute toxicity for aquatic organisms can be explained for a significant extent by the variation in buffer capacity of the test medium. For example, LC50 values of acute fish toxicity tests varied from 4.92 to 282 mg/L

Both hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are highly corrosive. Many strong acids cause tissue burns through the denaturation of proteins and partial hydrolysis of proteins. Most proteins denature at pH values of less than 3-4. The large-scale denaturation of proteins, de-esterification of lipids and subsequent desiccation of tissues leads to chemical burns. Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin or tissues, blistering and burning sensations.

Hydrogen chloride

Respiratory

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/m^3

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in humans of hydrochloric acid. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity in experimental animals of hydrochloric acid. Overall evaluation: Hydrochloric acid is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Hydrochloric acid

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 54: (1992) Occupational Exposures to Mists and Vapours from Strong Inorganic Acids; and Other Industrial Chemicals

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Hydrogen chloride forms corrosive hydrochloric acid on contact with water found in body tissue. Inhalation of the fumes can cause coughing, choking, inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory system failure, and death. Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Both hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if hydrochloric acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (fuming hydrochloric acid) forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines irreversibly. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach, NaClO) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced. Chronic exposure to hydrogen chloride can lead to liver damage, bleeding of nose and gums, nasal and oral mucosal ulceration, conjunctivitis, yellowing of teeth and erosion of tooth enamel as well as dermatitis.

Serious local effects by all routes of exposure. The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, ingestion (solution), skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation; Ingestion; Dermal; Eyes

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing.

Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe burns. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

irritation nose, throat, larynx; cough, choking; dermatitis; solution: eye, skin burns; liquid: frostbite; In Animals: laryngeal spasm; pulmonary edema

Inhalation of HCl fumes can cause coughing, choking, inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema, circulatory system failure, and death. Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Hydrogen chloride may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if hydrochloric acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 3,124 ppm/1 hr

LD50 [oral, rat]; 700 mg/kg; LD50 [rat]; 3124 ppm (1 hour)

LC50 Rat inhalation 3124 ppm/1 hr

LC50 Mouse inhalation 1108 ppm/1 hr

LD50 Mouse ip 1449 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 900 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The mainstay of treatment of any acid burn is copious irrigation with large amounts of tap water. To be most effective, treatment should be started immediately after exposure, preferably before arrival in the emergency department. Remove any contaminated clothing. Do not attempt to neutralize the burn with weak reciprocal chemicals (i.e. alkali for acid burns), because the heat generated from the chemical reaction may cause severe thermal injury.

Helicobacter pylori is the major causative factor of ulcer but the use of ibuprofen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have also been implicated in development of ulcer. The purpose of the present study was to determine the anti-ulcer effect of glucosamine. The protective effect of glucosamine on ibuprofen-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats was studied with respect to changes in the volume of gastric juice, acid output, pepsin activity, activities of membrane bound ATPases, protein content, glycoprotein components and histopathology. Oral administration of ibuprofen caused significant increase in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa, increases in the volume of gastric juice and acidity, and decreased activity of pepsin. The levels of protein content and glycoprotein components (hexose, hexosamine and sialic acid) and ATPase activities were also observed. Oral pretreatment with glucosamine resulted in significant reduction in the number of lesions in the gastric mucosa and decreases in the volume of gastric juice and acidity. The pepsin activity was also maintained at near normalcy. Prior oral administration of glucosamine significantly prevented the ibuprofen-induced depletion of protein and glycoprotein components and maintained the activities of membrane bound ATPases as compared to untreated ulcer induced group of rats. The anti-ulcerogenic activity of glucosamine might be ascribable to its ability to neutralize the hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach and to its capability to strengthen the mucosal barrier by increasing mucosal glycoprotein synthesis and to its free radical scavenging property. Histopathological investigations of the mucosal tissue also support the anti-ulcerogenic effect of glucosamine.

The mechanism by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) suppress gastric mucosal blood flow is not fully understood, although the depletion of mucosal prostaglandin E2 has been proposed as one possible explanation. We investigated the role of gastric acid on gastric mucosal blood flow in NSAID-treated rats. A rat stomach was mounted in an ex vivo chamber, and gastric mucosal blood flow was measured sequentially in a 5 cu mm area of the gastric corpus using a scanning laser Doppler perfusion image system. Results showed that diclofenac (5 mg/kg s.c.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg s.c.) did not affect gastric mucosal blood flow, although both strongly decreased mucosal prostaglandin E2 when saline was instilled into the gastric chamber. On replacement of the saline in the chamber with 100 mM hydrochloric acid, these drugs caused a decrease in gastric mucosal blood flow levels within 30 min. The specific cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors celecoxib (50 mg/kg s.c.) and rofecoxib (25 mg/kg s.c.) did not affect mucosal prostaglandin E2 level, nor did they decrease gastric mucosal blood flow, even when hydrochloric acid was added to the chamber. Furthermore, measurement of vasoconstrictive factors present in the mucosa showed that endothelin-1 levels increased after administration of diclofenac s.c. in the presence of intragastric hydrochloric acid. This indicates that the presence of mucosal hydrochloric acid plays an important role in the NSAID-induced decrease in gastric mucosal blood flow, while the COX-1-derived basal prostaglandin E2, which is unlikely to control gastric mucosal blood flow itself, protects microcirculatory systems from mucosal hydrochloric acid.

A large quantity of white gas containing titanium dioxide and hydrogen chloride was generated unexpectedly during an experiment in a chemical laboratory. Fourteen students and staff complained of nausea, dyspnea, or respiratory irritation immediately after inhaling the gas. On arrival at Saint Luke's International Hospital, more than half of the patients presented with low-grade fever. Symptoms spontaneously resolved soon after admission, although the low-grade fever persisted until the following morning. Low-grade fever after inhalation exposure is not explicable byhydrogen chloride inhalation and therefore appeared to be caused by titanium dioxide inhalation, manifesting as metal fume fever. Titanium dioxide is thought to have no remarkable human toxicity and is considered to be safe clinically. To our knowledge, this is the first report of titanium dioxide inhalation as the potential cause of metal fume fever in humans. Correlations between the degree of fever and quantity and concentration of inhaled titanium dioxide remain to be determined.

In one of eight asthmatic volunteers exposed to an aerosol of unbuffered hydrochloric acid at pH 2 for 3 min during tidal breathing, airway resistance was increased by 50%. Bronchoconstriction was increased in all eight subjects after inhalation of a mixture of hydrochloric acid and glycine at pH 2.

Hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide, and unsaturated carbon cmpd interactions account for the extreme toxicity of gases from polyvinyl chloride and other chloride containing polymers.

/PREHOSPITAL/ Consult with the base station physician or the regional poison control center for advice regarding triage of multiple victims. Patients with evidence of significant exposure such as skin or eye irritation, pain, or breathing difficulties should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation. Others may be discharged from the scene after their names, addresses, and telephone numbers are recorded. Those discharged should be advised to seek medical care promptly if symptoms develop

LC50; Species: Shrimp; Concentration: 100 to 330 ppm for 48 hr (salt water) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Carcinus maenas (Green or Europeon shore crab) adult; Conditions: saltwater, renewal, 15 °C; Concentration: 240 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Crangon crangon (Common shrimp) adult; Conditions: saltwater, renewal, 15 °C; Concentration: 260 mg/L for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Osteichthyes (Bony fish) 6 taxa; Conditions: freshwater, flow through; Concentration: 0.000014 M for < or = 560 min; Effect: chemical avoidance

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The hazard of hydrochloric acid for the environment is caused by the proton (pH effect). For this reason the effect of hydrochloric acid on the organisms depends on the buffer capacity of the aquatic ecosystem. Also the variation in acute toxicity for aquatic organisms can be explained for a significant extent by the variation in buffer capacity of the test medium. For example, LC50 values of acute fish toxicity tests varied from 4.92 to 282 mg/L.

/PLANTS/ The concn of hydrochloric acid that was found to be injurious to crops (irrigable) is 350 mg/L.

/PLANTS/ Water that contains hydrogen chloride/hydrochloric acid in a dilution of 1:175,000 or about 6 mg/L inhibits growth of the radical (stem) in plants.

/PLANTS/ Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in air can also be a phytotoxicant. Tomatoes, sugar beets, and /certain/ fruit trees are sensitive to HCl in air.

2.80e+07

1.20e+08

2.10e+01

8.80e+01

4.20e+01

5.00e+01

2.00e-02

Volatile

8.50e+07

3.60e+08

6.30e+01

2.60e+02

1.30e+02

Hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid's production and use as a chemical intermediate and laboratory reagent, disinfectant and sanitizer, in the production of metals, in refining, leather tanning, rubber production, in food processing and as a pharmaceutical aid may result in the release of hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid to the environment through various waste streams. Hydrogen chloride's use in oil and gas well treatment, formation during the burning of many plastics and combustion of fossil fuel, use as a fungicide and slimicide and use in hydraulic fracturing will result in its direct release to the environment. Hydrochloric acid is found in the gases that evolve from volcanoes. Hydrochloric acid is also found in the digestive tract of most mammals. If released to air, hydrogen chloride will be removed by rainfall. If released to soil, it dissociates into chloride and hydronium ions in moist soil. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.90X10-10 atm-cu m/mole. Hydrogen chloride will evaporate from dry soil surfaces. If released to water, hydrogen chloride dissociates readily in water to chloride and hydronium ions. The dissociation results in a decreasing of the pH of the water. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Hydrogen chloride does not accumulate in the food chain. Occupational exposure to hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with these compounds at workplaces where hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid is produced or used. While hydrogen chloride does occur naturally in humans, use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid via inhalation and dermal contact with consumer products containing these compounds. (SRC)

Hydrochloric acid is found in the gases evolved from volcanoes(1,2), particularly those located in Mexico and South America(2). Hydrogen chloride was detected in the atmosphere of the planet Venus(2). It is also found in the digestive tract of most mammals(2).

Hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid's production and use as a chemical intermediate and laboratory reagent, production of metals, refining, leather tanning, rubber production(1) in food processing(2,3), disinfectant and sanitizer(4) and as a pharmaceutical aid(3) may result in the release of hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Hydrogen chloride's use in oil and gas well treatment, formation during the burning of many plastics(1) and combustion of fossil fuel(5) use as a fungicide and slimicide(5) and use in hydraulic fracturing to dissolve minerals and initiate cracks in the rocks(6) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, hydrogen chloride will evaporate from dry soil surfaces and dissociate into chloride and hydronium ions in moist soil(1).

AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, hydrogen chloride dissociates readily in water to chloride and hydronium ions(1). The dissociation results in a decrease of the pH of the water(1). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(2) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.90X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(3). Hydrogen chloride does not build up in aquatic organisms(4).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Anhydrous hydrogen chloride released into the air will be in the vapor form. Once released to the environment it will react with atmospheric moisture and standing water to form hydrochloric acid(1). Hydrogen chloride is removed from air by wet deposition as chloride salts with an atmospheric lifetime of 1-5 days(2).

Hydrogen chloride is removed from air by wet deposition as chloride salts with an atmospheric lifetime of 1-5 days(1). Hydrogen chloride dissociates readily in water to chloride and hydronium ions, decreasing the pH of the water(2).

Hydrogen chloride dissociates readily in water to chloride and hydronium ions(1). Therefore, hydrogen chloride does not accumulate in the aquatic organisms(1,2).

Hydrogen chloride dissociates into chloride and hydronium ions in moist soil(1).

The Henry's Law constant for hydrogen chloride is 2.04X10+6 mol/L atm (4.90X10-10 cu m atm/mol)(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that hydrogen chloride is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Hydrogen chloride will evaporate from dry soil surfaces(3).

SEAWATER: Hydrogen chloride was identified as one of the chemicals contributing to the chemical stress of coastal waters in the Gulf of Mexico(1).

Hydrogen chloride was estimated to be present at a concentration of 88 ppm in smokestack emissions from a coal-burning industrial power plant near Dayton, Ohio(1). Hydrogen chloride, as a pharmaceutical component, was not detected in influent or effluent samples to a sewage treatment plant in southern England sampled in June 2004(2).

Hydrochloric acid is found in the digestive tract of most mammals(1).

Hydrochloric acid is found in the gases evolved from volcanoes, particularly those located in Mexico and South America. Hydrogen chloride was detected in the atmosphere of the planet Venus. The dissociation of hydrogen chloride is considered the source of chlorine detected in the spectra of distant stars(1).

Hydrogen chloride levels in the emissions from an automobile fire(1).[Table#1588]

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 109 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the manufacturing, processing, or use of hydrogen chloride in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 9999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,238,572 workers (388,130 of these were female) were potentially exposed to hydrochloric acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with these compounds at workplaces where hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid is produced or used(SRC). Hydrogen chloride is produced mainly as a co-product in hydrocarbon chlorination and dehydrochlorination processes, which are closed system processes; under normal operating conditions the likelihood of workers being exposed to hydrogen chloride is low. Process sampling, maintenance, and breakdowns may result in limited short-term exposure to hydrogen chloride(2). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid via inhalation and dermal contact with consumer products containing these compounds(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.

Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Pesticide disposal: Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal Law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. Container disposal:- Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, or incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke. /Emulso Germicidal Bowl Cleaner Disinfectant/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous ID: 1050 [Table#1578]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Hydrogen chloride: Large Spills/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances For Different Quantities in Hydrogen chloride: Large Spills ID:1050 [Table#1579]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid ID: 2186 [Table#1580]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Hydrogen chloride,refrigerated liquid:Large Spills/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances For Different Quantities in Hydrogen chloride,refrigerated liquid:Large Spills ID:2186 [Table#1581]

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1050 125(anhydrous)

1789 157(solution)

UN 1050; Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous

UN 1789; Hydrochloric acid

UN 2186; Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid.

IMO 8; Hydrochloric acid

IMO 2.3; Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous; Hydrogen chloride, refrigerated liquid

49 042 70; Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous

49 302 28; Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid

49 302 31; Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid, spent)

49 302 29; Hydrochloric acid mixture

49 302 30; Hydrochloric acid solution, inhibited

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Poison Gas Corrosive

Symbol: T, C; R: 23-35; S: (1/2)-9-26-36/37/39-45

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8