ammonia

H221: Flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3570) of reports.

H221 (87.8%): Flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (30.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H314 (> 99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331 (87.7%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (11.5%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (11.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (> 99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (30.4%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P363, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3570 reports by companies from 59 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3570 reports by companies.

There are 58 notifications provided by 3569 of 3570 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P342+P316, P363, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P210, P222, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P342+P316, P363, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P363, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts. In case of skin contact with hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous (UN1052), if calcium gluconate gel is available, rinse 5 minutes, then apply gel. Otherwise, continue rinsing until medical treatment is available. (ERG, 2024)

Warning: Ammonia is extremely corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contact with the liquified gas may cause frostbite. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Ammonia Exposure: Inhalation of ammonia may cause irritation and burns of the respiratory tract, laryngitis, dyspnea (shortness of breath), stridor (high-pitched respirations), and chest pain. Pulmonary edema and pneumonia may also result from inhalation. A pink frothy sputum, convulsions, and coma are often seen following exposure to high concentrations. When ammonia is ingested, nausea and vomiting may result; oral, esophageal, and stomach burns are common. If ammonia has contacted the eyes, irritation, pain, conjunctivitis (red, inflamed eyes), lacrimation (tearing), and corneal erosion may occur. Loss of vision is possible. Dermal exposure may result in severe burns and pain.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ammonia may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ammonia.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to ammonia.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.Warning: Do not attempt to neutralize with an acid wash; excessive liberation of heat may result.

3. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must IMMEDIATELY be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

4. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Activated charcoal does not strongly bind ammonia, and therefore is of little or no value.

5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Small fires: dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. Apply water gently to the surface. Do not get water inside container. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Stay away from ends of tanks. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

- Ammonia is flammable.

- Fire will produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.

- Never direct water jet straight at liquid ammonia.

- For small fires use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

- For large fires use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Move containers from the fire area if possible to do so without risk to personnel. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled by a specialist only.

- For fire involving tanks, fight fire from a maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety device; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or discoloration of tank. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.

- Run-off from fire control may cause pollution.

- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Firefighting gear (including SCBA) does not provide adequate protection ... If exposure occurs, remove and isolate gear immediately and thoroughly decontaminate personnel. Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flash back. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Do not put water on liquid ammonia: will increase evaporation. Small fires: dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Apply water gently to the surface. Do not get water inside container. From a secure explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increased in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. Isolate until gas has dispersed.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket.

Presence of oil or other combustible materials will increase the fire hazard.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

SPILL: See ERG Tables 1 and 3 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1005 datasheet.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all Directions:

-- Rail tank car: 300 m (1000 ft)

-- Highway tank truck or trailer: 150 m (500 ft)

-- Agricultural nurse tank: 60 m (200 ft)

-- Multiple small cylinders: 30 m (100 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time:

-- Rail tank car:

- - - Low wind (< 6 mph (<10 km/h)): 1.6 km (1.0 mi)

- - - Moderate wind (6-12 mph (10-20 km/h)): 1.2 km (0.8 mi)

- - - High wind (> 12 mph (>20 km/h)): 1.0 km (0.6 mi)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from oxidants, acids and halogens. Cool. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Contents under pressure. Storage class (TRGS 510): Gases

Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a cool, well-ventilated, noncombustible location, preferably with automatic monitoring systems, away from all possible sources of ignition. Separate from other chemicals, particularly oxidizing gases, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and acids.

SRP: Operations involving entry into tanks or closed vessels, and emergency situations, require consideration of potentially oxygen deficient, or "immediately dangerous to life and health" IDLH environments. This may necessitate use of a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), or a positive pressure supplied air respirator.

Separate from other chemicals, particularly oxidizing materials, acids, and halogens. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

303.0 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

30 [ppm]

160 [ppm]

1100 [ppm]

25 ppm (18 mg/m³)

35 ppm (27 mg/m³)

TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3)

50.0 [ppm]

50 ppm (35 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) See Appendix G

300 ppm [From NPG: Ammonia] (NIOSH, 2024)

300 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

300.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other human data: The maximum short exposure tolerance has been reported as being 300 to 500 ppm for 0.5 to 1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. A change in respiration rate and moderate to severe irritation has been reported in 7 subjects exposed to 500 ppm for 30 minutes [Silverman et al. 1946].

See: 7664417

25.0 [ppm]

35.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 25 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 35 ppm.

25 ppm as TWA; 35 ppm as STEL.

Acute Inhalation: 1.7 ppm (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.1 ppm (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

Ammonia solutions (containing more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia) appears as a clear colorless liquid consisting of ammonia dissolved in water. Corrosive to tissue and metals. Although ammonia is lighter than air, the vapors from a leak will initially hug the ground. Long term exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations may result in adverse health conditions from inhalation. Prolonged exposure of containers to fire or heat may result in their violent rupturing and rocketing.

Ammonia, anhydrous appears as a clear colorless gas with a strong odor. Shipped as a liquid under its own vapor pressure. Density (liquid) 6 lb / gal. Contact with the unconfined liquid can cause frostbite. Gas generally regarded as nonflammable but does burn within certain vapor concentration limits and with strong ignition. Fire hazard increases in the presence of oil or other combustible materials. Although gas is lighter than air, vapors from a leak initially hug the ground. Prolonged exposure of containers to fire or heat may cause violent rupturing and rocketing. Long-term inhalation of low concentrations of the vapors or short-term inhalation of high concentrations has adverse health effects. Used as a fertilizer, as a refrigerant, and in the manufacture of other chemicals. Rate of onset: Immediate Persistence: Minutes Odor threshold: 17 ppm Source/use/other hazard: Explosives manufacture; pesticides; detergents industry.

Ammonia, solution, with more than 10% but not more than 35% ammonia appears as a colorless aqueous liquid solution with a strong odor of ammonia. Both liquid and vapors extremely irritating, especially to the eyes.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Other Solid; Gas Vapor; CBI

Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Easily liquefied under pressure.] [NIOSH] Vapor density = 0.59 (lighter than air); [HSDB]

COLOURLESS GAS OR COMPRESSED LIQUEFIED GAS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. Often used in aqueous solution.

Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Easily liquefied under pressure.]

Clear, colorless, gas. Clear, colorless liquid under pressure.

Colorless gas

Colorless gas or compressed liquid (compressed under its own pressure)

Sharp, cloying, repellent

Pungent, suffocating odor

Sharp, intensely irritating odor

Very pungent odor (characteristic of drying urine).

-28.03 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

-33.35 °C at 760 mm Hg

-33.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-107.9 °F (EPA, 1998)

-77.7 °C

-107.9 °F

132 °C (270 °F) - closed cup

NA (Gas)

34 % (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 4.82X10+5 mg/L at 24 °C

In water, 47% at 0 °C; 38% at 15 °C; 34% at 20 °C; 31% at 25 °C; 28% at 30 °C; 18% at 50 °C

Soluble in water forming alkaline solutions; soluble in oxygenated solvents.

15% in 95% alcohol at 20 °C; 11% in alcohol at 30 °C

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

482 mg/mL at 24 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 54

0.6818 at -28.03 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

0.696 g/L (liquid)

Density of liquid: 0.6818 at -33.35 °C, 1 atm; 0.6585 at -15 °C, 2.332 atm; 0.6386 at 0 °C, 4.238 atm; 0.6175 at 15 °C, 7.188 atm; 0.5875 at 35 °C, 13.321 atm

Density of aqueous solutions at 20 °C/4 °C: 0.9939 (1%), 0.9811 (4%), 0.9651 (8%), 0.9362 (16%), 0.9229 (20%), 0.9101 (24%), 0.8980 (28%)

Density: 0.7710 g/L (gas); 0.89801 g/L at 20 °C (28% aqueous solution)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.7 (-33 °C)

0.6818 at -28.03 °F

0.771 @25 °C

0.60(relative gas density)

Soluble in water with evolution of heat. The amount of heat generated may be large.

Water soluble.

Bases, Weak

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Water-Reactive

CSL00056

CHLORINE + AMMONIA

Potentially explosive in the presence of chlorine, bromine or iodine

Explosive

User-Reported

CSL00070

ETHANOL + AMMONIA + SILVER OXIDE

Potentially explosive

CSL00183

Silver + Aqueous ammonia

The recent article, “A Simple and Impressive Laboratory Exercise in Ion-Exchange,” by S. Renganathan and B. J. Mehta (J. CHEM. EDUC., 53,347(1976)) is indeed simple and impressive and should undoubtedly find widespread use in undergraduate laboratories, especially in view of the preva- lence of silver chloride wastes and the currently high prices for silver. Therefore, it is extremely important that both student and instructor be made aware of the danger inherent in solutions containing silver ion and aqueous ammonia. On standing, such solutions are known to result in the formation of supersensitive and violently explosive “silver fulminate,” Students should accordingly be warned to discard such solu- tions as soon as possible by washing them down the drain with plenty of water. Under no conditions should such solutions be allowed to stand for several hours either alone or on the resin column.

Not Available

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed054p132.1

Literature Reference

07/01/2022

Ammonia solutions react exothermically with acids to produce water and ammonium salts, Heating or treating with strong bases also causes evolution of gaseous ammonia. Ammonia can burn or explode if exposed to an intense source of ignition but can generally be treated as nonflammable. Readily combines with silver oxide, silver chloride, silver nitrate, silver azide or mercury to form explosive compounds. Forms explosive ammonium chlorate on contact with chlorates [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, 1978, p. 470]. Reacts violently or produces explosive products with fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and bromine pentafluoride and chlorine trifluoride. Mixing of bleaching powder (hypochlorite solution) with ammonia solutions produces toxic/explosive ammonia trichloride vapors. May react violently with boron halides, ethylene oxide (polymerization), perchlorates and strong oxidizing agents (chromyl chloride, chromium trioxide, chromic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorates, fluorine, nitrogen oxide, liquid oxygen).

AMMONIA is a base. Reacts exothermically with all acids. Violent reactions are possible. Readily combines with silver oxide or mercury to form compounds that explode on contact with halogens. When in contact with chlorates it forms explosive ammonium chlorate [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, 1978, p. 470]. Reacts violently or produces explosive products with fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine and some of the interhalogen compounds (bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride). Mixing of bleaching powder (hypochlorite solution) with ammonia solutions produces toxic/explosive ammonia trichloride vapors. Undergoes potentially violent or explosive reactions on contact with 1,2-dichloroethane (with liquid ammonia), boron halides, ethylene oxide (polymerization), perchlorates or strong oxidants (chromyl chloride, chromium trioxide, chromic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorates, fluorine, nitrogen oxide, liquid oxygen). Reacts with silver chloride, silver oxide, silver nitrate or silver azide to form the explosive silver nitride. May react with some heavy metal compounds (mercury, gold(III) chloride) to produce materials that may explode when dry. [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 1553].

AMMONIA SOLUTION is basic. Reacts exothermically with acids to produce water and ammonium salts, which, being generally water-soluble, stay in the solution. The heat can cause evolution of quantities of unreacted ammonia as a corrosive, irritating gas. Heating ammonia solutions or treating them with strong bases also causes evolution of gaseous ammonia. Salts with oxidizing acids (such as ammonium chlorate) may explode if obtained in dry or nearly dry form [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 2, 1978, p. 470]. Intense sources of ignition can cause air/ammonia mixtures to burn or explode, but the conditions are so specialized that ammonia is generally regarded as nonflammable. Mixing of bleaching powder (hypochlorite solution) with ammonia solutions produces toxic/explosive ammonia trichloride vapors.

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, iron, zinc, copper, silver/silver oxides, cadmium/cadmium oxides, alcohols, acids, halogens, aldehydes.

Shock-sensitive compounds may be formed with gold, halogens, mercury, mercury oxide, and silver oxide.

Attacks some coatings, plastics, rubber, copper, brass, bronze. aluminum, steel, tin, zinc, and their alloys.

Potentially violent or explosive reactions on contact with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride), 1,2-dichloroethane (with liquid ammonia), boron halides, chloroformamideium nitrate, ethylene oxide (polymerization reaction), magnesium perchlorate, nitrogen trichloride, oxygen + platinum, or strong oxidants (e.g., potassium chlorate, nitryl chloride, chromyl chloride, dichlorine oxide, chromium trioxide, trioxygen difluoride, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, tetramethylammonium amide, thiocarbonyl azide thiocyanate, sulfinyl chloride, thiotriazyl chloride, ammonium peroxodisulfate, fluorine, nitrogen oxide, dinitrogen tetraoxide, and liquid oxygen).

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Ammonia (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, acids, halogens, salts of silver & zinc [Note: Corrosive to copper & galvanized surfaces.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that Ammonia and Ammonium Hydroxide are safe as used in hair dyes and colors and safe in cosmetics applied directly to the skin in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonia is a colorless gas or liquid. Ammonia is used in the production of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate for fertilizers; and in the manufacture of nitric acid, soda, synthetic urea, synthetic fibers, dyes, and plastics. Ammonia, or dissociated ammonia, is used in such metal treating operations as nitriding, carbo-nitriding, bright annealing, furnace brazing, sintering, sodium hydride descaling, atomic hydrogen welding, and other applications where protective atmospheres are required. The petroleum industry utilizes anhydrous ammonia in neutralizing the acid constituents of crude oil and in protecting equipment such as bubble plate towers, heat exchangers, condensers, and storage tanks from corrosion. It is also used as medication. Ammonia in an aqueous environment exists in equilibrium between ionized ammonium cation and the non-ionized ammonia. This equilibrium can be affected by buffers, pH, temperature, and salinity. Thus, in many cases it is not possible to assign the associated toxicity to the ionized or non-ionized form of the ammonia-nitrogen. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Studies using low levels of ammonia show that inhaled ammonia is temporarily dissolved in the mucus of the upper respiratory tract, and then a high percentage of it is released back into the expired air. Following exposure to 500 ppm ammonia for 10-27 min, healthy male subjects eliminated 70-80% of the inspired ammonia by this route. Short term exposure: eye or skin contact with ammonia can cause irritation, burns, frostbite (anhydrous), and permanent damage. Irritates the respiratory tract causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Higher exposure can cause pulmonary edema, a medical emergency, that can be delayed for several hours and is life-threatening. Exposure can cause headache, loss of sense of smell, nausea, and vomiting. Inhalation: nose and throat irritation have been reported at 72 ppm after 5 min exposure. Exposures of 500 ppm for 30 min have caused upper respiratory irritation, tearing, increased pulse rate, and blood pressure. Death has been reported after an exposure to 10,000 ppm for an unknown duration. Skin: Solutions of 2% ammonia can cause burns and blisters after 15 min of exposure. These burns may be slow to heal. Anhydrous ammonia may cause skin to freeze. Eyes: Levels of 70 ppm (gas) have caused eye irritation. If not flushed with water immediately, contact with eye may cause partial or complete blindness. Ingestion: ammonia will cause pain if swallowed and burning of the throat and stomach. May cause vomiting. One teaspoon of 28% aqua ammonia may cause death. Long term exposure: repeated exposure can cause chronic eye, nose, and throat irritation. Repeated lung irritation can result in bronchitis with coughing, shortness of breath, and phlegm. Analysis of blood samples from 22 workers exposed to ammonia in a fertilizer factory and 42 control workers not exposed to ammonia showed increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), increased mitotic index (MI), and increased frequency of CAs and SCEs with increasing length of exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: Analysis of endogenous ammonia levels in the expired air of rats showed concentrations ranging from 10-353 ppb (mean = 78 ppb) in nose-breathing animals. The quantitative difference between inspired and expired ammonia suggests that small amounts are absorbed across the nasopharyngeal membranes into the systemic circulation. Absorbed ammonia is excreted by the kidneys as urea and urinary ammonium compounds, as urea in feces, and as components of sweat. Toxic levels do not develop as a result of chronic inhalation exposure because the body has multiple effective mechanisms for detoxifying and excreting it. Cardiovascular changes that may be analogous to those observed in humans have been observed in rabbits exposed to high concentrations of ammonia. Bradycardia was seen at 2,500 ppm, and hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias leading to cardiovascular collapse followed acute exposures to concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm. Pathological correlates for these effects have not been demonstrated. Atrophy of pericardial fat has been observed in mice exposed to 4,000 ppm ammonia. Hepatic effects are usually not seen in animals exposed to ammonia gas. Liver necrosis has been observed following acute lethal exposure of mice to 3,440 ppm ammonia for 1 hour. Levels of 170 ppm of ammonia vapor caused mild changes in the spleens, kidneys, and livers of guinea pigs. Static exposures of cats and rabbits for 1 hr at 7000 mg/cu m resulted in the death of approx 50%. Postmortem exam showed severe effects on the upper respiratory tract. Less severe effects in the lower respiratory tract included damage to bronchioles and alveolar congestion, edema, atelectasis, hemorrhage, emphysema, and fluid. The search for the peripheral toxins responsible for the CNS impairment present in hepatic encephalopathy has shown that the administration of ammonia in normal rats reproduced behavioral and electrophysiological changes similar to those seen in galactosamine induced encephalopathy. No statistically significant differences were noted in ovarian or uterine weights of pigs exposed to about 7 or 35 ppm ammonia for 6 weeks. Female pigs that were continuously exposed to about 35 ppm ammonia from 6 weeks before breeding until day 30 of gestation had no statistically significant differences in age at puberty, number of live fetuses, or fetus-to-corpus luteum ratio compared to pigs exposed to only about 7 ppm. No unexposed controls were included in that study. No statistically significant difference in fetal length was evident at 30 days of gestation in offspring of pig dams that were continuously exposed to about 7 or 35 ppm ammonia from 6 weeks before breeding until day 30 of gestation. The mutagenicity of anhydrous ammonia was investigated in a Ames test in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538, and in E. coli WP2uvrA. The test method was modified appropriately to investigate a volatile test substance. Studies were performed in duplicate in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. No evidence of mutagenicity was seen under the conditions of this assay. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals. The major sources for atmospheric NH3 are agricultural activities and animal feedlot operations, followed by biomass burning (including forest fires) and to a lesser extent fossil fuel combustion. Close to its sources, acute exposures to NH3 can result in visible foliar injury on vegetation.

The topical damage caused by ammonia is probably due mainly to its alkaline properties. Its high water solubility allows it to dissolve in moisture on the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes, forming ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide causes saponification of cell membrane lipids, resulting in cell disruption and death. Additionally, it extracts water from the cells and initiates an inflammatory response, which further damages the surrounding tissues. Excess circulating levels of ammonia (hyperammonemia) can cause serious neurological effects. This is thought to involve the alteration of glutamate metabolism in the brain and resultant increased activation of NMDA receptors, which causes decreased protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Na+/K+ ATPase, increased activity of Na+/K+ ATPase, and depletion of ATP. Ammonia can chemically interact with an internal thiolester bond of

complement 3 (C3). This causes a conformation change in C3, which activates the alternative complement pathway, causing the release of chemoattractants and the assembly of the membrane attack complex of complement. The altered C3 can also bind directly to phagocyte complement receptors, which causes the release of toxic oxygen species. (L958)

Respiratory

5 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

Nitrogen Ammonia

Nutrient

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Acute exposure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high concentrations of ammonia. Swallowing concentrated solutions of ammonia can cause burns in mouth, throat, and stomach. Splashing ammonia into eyes can cause burns and even blindness. (L958)

Chronically high levels of ammonia in the blood are associated with nearly 20 different inborn errors of metabolism including: 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Lyase Deficiency, Argininemia, Argininosuccinic Aciduria, Beta-Ketothiolase Deficiency, Biotinidase deficiency, Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase Deficiency, Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, Citrullinemia Type I, Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome, Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, Isovaleric Aciduria, Lysinuric Protein Intolerance, Malonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria, Methylmalonic Aciduria Due to Cobalamin-Related Disorders, Propionic acidemia, Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency and Short Chain Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SCAD Deficiency). Hyperammonemia is one of the metabolic derangements that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, ingestion (solution), skin and/or eye contact (solution/liquid)

Ammonia can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and skin contact. Ingestion is an uncommon route of exposure. Absorption by eye contact may be limited by severe corrosive injury and/or by significant spasmodic blinking (blepharospasm), even with mild exposures.

Oral (L958) ; inhalation (L958) ; dermal (L958)

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain. Blisters. Skin burns. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), wheezing, chest pain; pulmonary edema; pink frothy sputum; skin burns, vesiculation; liquid: frostbite

- Mild to moderate: Rapid eye irritation and burning sensation.

- Severe: Severe corrosive eye injury, inflammation of the membranes of the eye (conjunctivitis), tear production (lacrimation), swelling and sloughing of the surface cells of the eye, and temporary or permanent blindness.

- Mild to moderate: Nausea, vomiting (emesis), abdominal pain, burns of mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach.

- Severe: Swelling of lips, mouth, and voice box (larynx), severe corrosive damage or burns of mouth, throat and stomach.

- Ingestion does not normally result in whole-body (systemic) toxicity.

- Mild to moderate: Nausea, vomiting (emesis), abdominal pain, and burns of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach.

- Severe: Swelling of the lips, mouth, and voice box (larynx) and severe corrosive damage or burns to the mouth, throat, and stomach.

- Mild to moderate: Irritation, swelling, and mild or stinging pain.

- Severe: Pain, inflammation, blistering (vesication), tissue death (necrosis), and deep penetrating burns, especially on moist skin areas.

- Exposure to liquefied ammonia gas may cause frostbite injury and possibly severe burns with more localized deep tissue damage (ulcerations).

Acute exposure leads to irritation and burning at the site of exposure. (L958)

Symptoms include cough, chest pain (severe), chest tightness, difficulty breathing and wheezing, tearing and burning of eyes, temporary blindness, throat pain (severe), mouth pain, lip swelling, heart and blood, rapid, weak pulse, collapse and shock.

Chronic exposure: Symptoms of hyperammonia include: lethargy, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting and seizures. Signs and symptoms of late-onset hyperammonemia (later in life) may include intermittent ataxia, intellectual impairment, failure to thrive, gait abnormality, behavior disturbances, epilepsy, recurrent Reye syndrome and protein avoidance.

Dermal (Skin), Neurological (Nervous System), Ocular (Eyes), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Chronic Bronchitis - Chronic bronchitis is persistent coughing and production of phlegm for at least 3 months out of the year for at least two successive years. (American Thoracic Society).

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

1 x 10^-1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

ATSDR Final

IRIS Current

LC50; Species: Campostoma anomalum (stoneroller); Concentration: 1.72 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish); Concentration: 2-2.5 mg/L for 24-96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish); Concentration: 7.2 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Catostomus commersoni (White sucker); Concentration: 0.79 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Ammonia (126 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly versatile and unique ubiquitous signaling molecule, and is known to play diverse physiological functions in mammals including those of adaptation to various stresses. The present study reports on the influence of exposure to high external ammonia (HEA) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), that produces NO from l-arginine in the freshwater air-breathing catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), which is reported to tolerate a very HEA. Some levels of NO were found to be present in all the tissues and also in plasma of control fish, which further enhanced significantly in fishes treated with high concentrations of environmental ammonia (25 and 50 mM ammonium chloride) for 7 days, accompanied by more efflux of NO from the perfused liver. This was accomplished by the induction of iNOS activity in different tissues of fish exposed to HEA, which otherwise was not detectable in control fish. Exposure to 25 mM ammonium chloride also led to a significant expression of iNOS protein in different tissues, followed by further increase at 50 mM ammonium chloride. Further, there was an increase in the expression of iNOS mRNA in ammonia-treated fish, thus suggesting that the expression of iNOS gene under hyper-ammonia stress was probably regulated at the transcriptional level. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that the expression of iNOS in different tissues was zonal specific and not expressed uniformly throughout the organ. Hyper-ammonia stress also led to activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkB) in hepatic cells. These results suggest that the activation of iNOS gene under hyper-ammonia stress was probably mediated through the activation of one of the major transcription factors, the NFkB ... /Ammonium chloride/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The objective of this study was to determine the underlying physiological and molecular responses to long-term sublethal ammonia exposure in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr. Previous studies have predominately focused on mechanisms during acute, short-term exposure. For that purpose Atlantic salmon parr were exposed to four ammonia concentrations between 4 and 1800 umol/L total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and subjected to two feeding regimes for 15 weeks. Elevated environmental ammonia and full feeding strength caused an initial increase in plasma ammonia levels ([T(amm)]) after 22 days of exposure, which thereafter declined and remained similar to the control animals towards the end of the study ... In conclusion, Atlantic salmon parr adapts to the long-term sublethal ammonia concentrations with increased branchial transcription levels of ammonia and urea transporting proteins and ammonia detoxification in the brain.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Ammonia and nitrite are the most common toxic nitrogenous compounds in aquaculture ponds. ...The effects of a combined treatment with these two compounds on the hemolymph acid-base balance, electrolytes and oxyhemocyanin content in kuruma shrimp, (Marsupenaeus japonicus) /was evaluated/. The shrimp (6.37 +/- 1.29 g) were individually exposed to 9 different ammonia and nitrite regimes (ammonia at 0 (control), 0.39, and 1.49 mM combined with nitrite at 0 (control), 0.38, and 1.49 mM) in a 30 ppt saline solution at 22 °C. Hemolymph oxyhemocyanin (OxyHc), protein content, acid-base balance, osmolality, and electrolyte levels were measured in treated shrimp after 48 hr of treatment. Hemolymph OxyHc, protein content, the OxyHc/protein ratio, pH, pCO2, HCO3(-), TCO2, OH(-)/H(+), osmolality, and Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) levels were inversely related to the dose of ammonia and nitrite. However, hemolymph pO2 levels directly increased with the ammonia and nitrite concentrations. Following exposure to 1.49 mM ammonia +1.49 mM nitrite, the hemolymph pO2 increased by 89.5%, whereas the hemolymph OxyHc, protein content, OxyHc/protein ratio, pH, pCO2, HCO3(-), TCO2, OH(-)/H(+), osmolality, Cl(-), and Na(+) decreased by 51.2, 28.2, 34.9, 2.9, 51.1, 71.5, 70.8, 42.8, 4.9, 32.1, and 38.6%, respectively, compared with control shrimp. Combined ammonia and nitrite stress may therefore exert a synergistic effect on shrimp relative to the stress induced by ammonia or nitrite alone.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The degradation of cyanobacterial blooms often causes hypoxia and elevated concentrations of ammonia, which can aggravate the adverse effects of blooms on aquatic organisms. However, it is not clear how one stressor would work in the presence of other coexistent stressors. ...The toxic effects of elevated ammonia /were studied/ under hypoxia using a common yet important cladoceran species Daphnia similis isolated from heavily eutrophicated Lake Taihu. A 3 x 2 factorial experimental design was conducted with animals exposed to three un-ionized ammonia levels under two dissolved oxygen levels. Experiments lasted for 14 days and ...the life-history traits such as survival, molt, maturation, and fecundity /were recorded/. Results showed that hypoxia significantly decreased survival time and the number of molts of D. similis, whereas ammonia had no effect on them. Elevated ammonia significantly delayed development to maturity in tested animals and decreased their body sizes at maturity. Both ammonia and hypoxia were significantly detrimental to the number of broods, the number of offspring per female, and the number of total offspring per female, and significantly synergistic interactions were detected. Our data clearly demonstrate that elevated ammonia and hypoxia derived from cyanobacterial blooms synergistically affect the cladoceran D. similis.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Ammonia (74 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

5.20e+02

2.20e+03

4.00e+00

5.00e-01

Volatile

1.60e+03

6.60e+03

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Ammonia's production and use in fertilizers, as a component of household cleaners, as a refrigerant, in the manufacture of a various compounds and as a microbiocide for controlling algal, bacterial and fungal deposits in influent water systems may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The application of fertilizer to soil, as ammonia, ammonium compounds, or ammonia precursors (such as urea), is a major source of ammonia release to the atmosphere. Ammonia is released in exhaust emissions from automobiles and in tobacco smoke. Large amounts of ammonia are released to the atmosphere worldwide by domesticated farm animals. Natural sources of ammonia emissions to the atmosphere are volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and the decomposition of nitrogenous compounds arising from microbially-fixed nitrogen. If released to the atmosphere, a vapor pressure of 7500 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates ammonia will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase ammonia will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 100 and 54 days respectively. Ammonia reacts rapidly in the atmosphere with both sulfuric and nitric acids to form fine particles. The formation of ammonium ions in air can result in incorporation into an aerosol or as part of the ionic mix found in cloud and raindrops. Ammonia itself can dissolve in the water in the atmosphere and form clouds or fog. The half-life for ammonia in the atmosphere has been estimated to be a few days. The reaction with acidic substances in the air results in the formation of ammonium aerosols that can be removed by wet or dry deposition. If released to soil, ammonia may either volatilize to the atmosphere, adsorb to particulate matter, or undergo microbial transformation to nitrate or nitrite anions. Uptake by plants can also be an important fate process. Ammonia at natural concentrations in soil is not believed to have a very long half-life. If ammonia is distributed to soil in large concentrations (such as following an ammonia-containing fertilizer application), the natural biological transformation processes can be overwhelmed, and the environmental fate of ammonia will become dependent upon the physical and chemical properties of ammonia, until the ammonia concentration returns to background levels. If released to water, ammonia may adsorb to sediments or suspended organic material. Transformation of ammonia in water occurs primarily by the microbial processes of nitrification (yielding nitrate and nitrite anions) and denitrification. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. In water, ammonia is in equilibrium with the ammonium ion (NH4+), and the ammonia-ammonium ion equilibrium is dependent on the pH. Occupational exposure to ammonia may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ammonia is produced or used. Farmers may be exposed during the application of ammonia-containing fertilizers, or manures high in ammonia content. The general population may be exposed to ammonia via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing ammonia. Low levels of ammonia can occur naturally in food and water. Exposure to the general population can especially occur during use of ammonia-containing household cleaners. People living near farms, cattle feedlots, poultry confinement buildings, or other areas where animal populations are concentrated may also be exposed to ammonia. (SRC)

Ammonia occurs naturally throughout the universe(1); for example, ammonia is a minor component of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn(1). Ammonia is formed as an end product of animal metabolism by decomposition of uric acid(2).

Large amounts of ammonia are released to the atmosphere worldwide by domesticated farm animals(1). Over 50% of the total US ammonia emissions between 1970-1997 resulted drom livestock(2); animal-rearing operations (cattle, hogs, and poultry) are among those with the highest ammonia emission densities(2). Natural sources of ammonia emissions to the atmosphere are volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and the decomposition of nitrogenous compounds arising from microbially-fixed nitrogen(1).

Toxic concn ... can be liberated from decomposing manure that is confined to a slurry pit or chicken house.

Ammonia's production and use in fertilizers, as a component of household cleaners, as a refrigerant, in the manufacture of a various compounds(1) and as a microbiocide for controlling algal, bacterial and fungal deposits in influent water systems(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The application of fertilizer to soil, as ammonia, ammonium compounds, or ammonia precursors (such as urea), is a major source of ammonia release to the atmosphere(3,4). Ammonia is released in exhaust emissions from automobiles(4) and in tobacco smoke(5).

Human production of fixed nitrogen (ammonia) is estimated to be 140 Tg of nitrogen (1 teragram is equivalent to one million metric tons) per year. ... Both natural and anthropogenic sources produce a total of approximately 230-270 million metric tons of ammonia per year(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: In soil, ammonia may either volatilize to the atmosphere, adsorb to particulate matter, or undergo microbial transformation to nitrate or nitrite anions(1). Volatilization of ammonia from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). Ammonia is a gas with a vapor pressure of 7500 mm Hg at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure(3), and therefore, is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC). In soil, ammonia can serve as a nutrient source for plants, which can be taken up by plants and microorganisms and converted to organic-nitrogen compounds(1). Ammonia in soil can be rapidly transformed to nitrate by the microbial population through nitrification(1). The nitrate formed will either leach through the soil or be taken up by plants or other microorganisms(1). Ammonia at natural concentrations in soil is not believed to have a very long half-life. If ammonia is distributed to soil in large concentrations (such as following an ammonia-containing fertilizer application), the natural biological transformation processes can be overwhelmed, and the environmental fate of ammonia will become dependent upon the physical and chemical properties of ammonia, until the ammonia concentration returns to background levels(1).

AQUATIC FATE: Ammonia is lost from water by volatilization(1) and volatilization is expected(2) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.61X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(2), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.4 and 12 days, respectively(SRC). In water, ammonia is in equilibrium with the ammonium ion (NH4+), and the ammonia-ammonium ion equilibrium is dependent on the pH(4). The pKa of ammonia is 9.25(5). The proportion of un-ionized ammonia in water increases with increasing temperature and pH, but decreases with increasing salinity(1). At pH 8.5, the proportion of un-ionized ammonia is approximately 10 times that at pH 7.5 and, for every 9 °C increase in temperature, the proportion of un-ionized ammonia approximately doubles(1). In surface water, groundwater, or sediment, ammonia can undergo sequential transformation by two processes in the nitrogen cycle, nitrification and denitrification, which would produce ionic nitrogen compounds, and from these, elemental nitrogen(4). The ionic nitrogen compounds formed from the aerobic process of nitrification (nitrate and nitrite anions) can leach through the sediment or be taken up by aquatic plants or other organisms(4). Removal of ammonium from water can also occur by adsorption to sediments or suspended organic material(4).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ammonia, which has a vapor pressure of 7500 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase ammonia is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 100 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.60X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Gas-phase ammonia is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 54 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.99X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Ammonia reacts rapidly in the atmosphere with both sulfuric and nitric acids to form fine particles(4). In most of the US the majority of aerosol ammonium is associated with sulfate ion(4). Once released into the atmosphere, ammonia is returned to the surface as either gaseous ammonia or as an ammonium ion(4). The ammonium ion can be associated with nitrate, sulfate, or some other anion and incorporated into an aerosol or as part of the ionic mix found in cloud and raindrops(4). Ammonia can dissolve in the water in the atmosphere and form clouds or fog(5). The half-life for ammonia in the atmosphere has been estimated to be a few days; the reaction with acidic substances in the air results in the formation of ammonium aerosols that can be removed by wet or dry deposition(5). Vapor deposition of ammonia from air to surface (to vegetation, soil, etc) also occurs(4). Ammonia does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: When ammonia appears in water under the normal conditions (aerobic), it is rapidly converted to nitrate by nitrification; the principal water contaminant normally being nitrate. The pH in water is increased by the presence of ammonia ion, in the form of hydroxide ions. ... Bacteria convert the ammonia to nitrate creating an oxygen demand (BOD) several days after the introduction of ammonia. The bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrate are largely of the genus Nitrosomonas; conversion of nitrite to nitrate is carried out primarily by the genus Nitrobacter. Temperature, oxygen supply, and pH of the water are factors in determining the rate of oxidation.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ammonia with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.60X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 100 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ammonia with night-time nitrate radicals is 5.99X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 54 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(3). Ammonia does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Ammonia reacts rapidly in the atmosphere with both sulfuric and nitric acids to form fine particles(5). Reaction of ammonia with sulfuric acid or ammonium bisulfate is favored over reaction with nitric acid. In most of the US the majority of aerosol ammonium is associated with sulfate ion(5). Some of the ammonium ions in the atmosphere are oxidized to oxides of nitrogen and nitrate ion, which represents a contribution to the total acidity of rainfall(6).

When dissolved in water, ammonia (NH3) reacts to form ammonium (NH4+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions(1). When the pH is above 7.2, some free NH3 remains and this increases with increasing pH(1). The equilibrium for these chemical species can be expressed by the following: NH3 + H2O <=> NH4OH <=> NH4+ + OH-(1). The reaction between ammonia and water is reversible (ammonium hydroxide reverting to ammonia and water)(2). The existence of undissociated ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) in aqueous solution is doubtful although there are indications that ammonia can exist in water in the form of the hydrates(2). Ammonia has a reported pKa of 9.25(3). The proportion of un-ionized ammonia in water increases with increasing temperature and pH, but decreases with increasing salinity(4). At pH 8.5, the proportion of un-ionized ammonia is approximately 10 times that at pH 7.5 and, for every 9 °C increase in temperature, the proportion of un-ionized ammonia approximately doubles(4).

The proportion of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ion found in water used for production is considered an important indicator of quality in agriculture. In highly populated fish breeding plants, where feed left overs, excrement and metabolic waste cause growth disturbances and deficiencies, even though there is an adequate supply of oxygen, nitrogen compounds are the decisive factor. A significant role is played by the undissociated NH3 molecule. ... Experiments were carried out both with and without ventilation and using varying amounts of fish feed. The concentration of NH3, which depends on pH and temperature, was investigated to determine the extent of the oxidative change of NH3 through NO3- during the mineralization process of the feed leftovers. Under the conditions used in the 2 sets of experiments there was hardly any tendency for the pH values in the unventilated experiments to alter and become more alkaline from an ammonification of left over feed. In the experiments using ventilation, the proteins underwent an especially intensive process of decomposition, i.e., they became completely mineralized, and considerable amounts of NH4-N and NH3 N were released. Due to the lack of organic acids, these could not be neutralized and, as a result, the pH value increased.

Plants have a high affinity for gaseous ammonia when leaf stomata are open in daylight.

Ammonia is strongly adsorbed on soil, and on sediment particles and colloids in water. This adsorption results in high concentrations of sorbed ammonia in oxidized sediments. Under anoxic conditions, the adsorptive capacity of sediments is less, resulting in the release of ammonia to either the water column or an oxidized sediment layer above.

In clay, the ammonia ion tends to be adsorbed on the negative adsorption sites of clay colloids. It may substitute for potassium in the lattice structure of a clay mineral.

Ammonia is lost from water by volatilization(1). The Henry's Law constant for ammonia has been measured as 1.61X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ammonia is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 1.4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 12 days(SRC). Ammonia's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Ammonia is a gas with a vapor pressure of 7500 mm Hg at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure(4), and therefore, is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC).

GROUNDWATER: Groundwater levels of ammonia were measured in Idaho in the late 1990's, with concentrations varying from 2.5 ppb in a municipal drinking water well, to 3.25 ppm in a deep, private well(1). Groundwater samples collected from wells near the Savannah River contained ammonia levels of 0.01-0.02 in two wells(2). Groundwater samples collected between 1992-1995 at an old municipal landfill site in Grindsted, Denmark contained ammonia levels ranging from <20 to >1000 mg/L(3). Groundwater sampled near sediment cores from Little Sioux River, IA had ammonia concentrations of <0.01 to 0.39 mg/L(4).

SURFACE WATER: The concentration of ammonia measured in Hamilton Harbour, a water body used for water transportation, as a source for industrial cooling, and as a receptor for waste water disposal, in Ontario, Canada in the early 1980's was 0.1-3 mg/L; measurements made in 1987-1988 showed much lower concentrations (concentration not specified)(1). Water samples collected from Lake Valencia, Venezuela in August 1995 (at depths from 0-25 meters) contained a total ammonia concentrations ranging from 0.5-7.5 uM(2). Monitoring at five sites of the Wascana Creek in Saskatchewan, Canada between 2005-2007 detected ammonia concentrations of 0.01-32 mg/L(3). Maximum ammonia concentrations (as NH4+) of 3.0 umol/L were detected during 2013-2014 monitoring in the Gulf Papagayo at the northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica(4).[(1) ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Ammonia. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service (2004). Available from, as of July 5, 2016: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/index.asp (2) Jaffe R et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59: 99-105 (1997) (3) Waiser MJ et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 30: 496-507 (2011) (4) Stuhldreier I et al; PLoS One 10

RAIN/SNOW: Ammonia was measured in rain and snow samples from three sites in northern Michigan in 1978-1979, with concentrations ranging from 23.8 to 3,500 ppb, and mean values for each site of 816, 572, and 632 ppb, respectively; concentrations were generally greatest in the spring and fall and were lowest during winter(1). Treated effluent samples collected from a sewage treatment plant in Sydney, Australia contained an average ammonia concentration of 26.6 mg/L(2).

Ammonia was detected in the surface water collected from nine sampling points at the North Porto Alegre landfill in Brazil from 1991-1993 at minimum, maximum, and average concentrations of 0.62, 47.3 and 1.629 mg/L, respectively(1). Ammonia was detected in the odor emissions from a municipal solid waste treatment plant in China(2). Following fertilizer applications to surface plots, ammonia volatilization rates ranged from about 270 to 30-40 g/ha/hr over 60 hours(3). Measurements have been made with the instrumented automobiles in park (in a parking indicated ammonia emission concentrations ranging from 5 to 55 ppm in exhaust(4). Estimated ammonia emission factors from livestock for cows, hogs, chickens, turkeys and sheep were 22.9, 9.2, 0.18, 0.86 and 3.4 kg ammonia/animal(4). Monitoring of hen houses in Taiwan between 2008-2009 detected hen house and exhaust ammonia concentrations of 0.5-12.5 ppm which estimated ammonia emission rates of 0.15-0.42 kg/ammonia/hen/year(5). Ammonia losses in emissions from manure composting ranged from 0.2-15.1 g/kg total solids(6). Ammonia is emitted to air from field applications of animal manure, but emission rates were decreased by nearly 90% through immediate incorporation into the soil by plough(7).

In fall 1979, the concentration of gaseous ammonia in air samples taken at ground-level at urban Hampton and rural Langley, VA, ranged from 0.2-4.0 and from 1.5-4.0 ppb, respectively(1). Ammonia concentrations obtained in December 1979 on Long Island, NY, ranged from 80-200 nmol/cu m(1). A two year atmospheric monitoring study conducted near Edinburgh, Scotland between 1992-1994 detected an overall arithmetic mean ammonia concentration of 1.4 ug/cu m(2). Monitoring conducted between 2006 to 2011 at Boulder, Wyoming detected a 5-year average ammonia concentrations of 0.17 ug/cu m(3); ammonia levels were higher in summer than other seasons(3). A year-long monitoring study (started in Nov 2008) conducted at the Rocky Mountain National Park detected overall mean ammonia levels in the atmospheric particulates (as NH4 species) of 3.31 ug/cu m(4). Monitoring at four rural and two suburban sites in the North China Plain between 2006-2009 detected a mean ammonia concentration of 15.6 ug/cu m and a mean ammonium concentration (in particulates) of 12.4 ug/cu m(5).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Solutions of ammonia can be highly diluted with water, or alternatively, diluted with water and neutralized with HCl and then routed to the sewer system. The amount released to the receiving stream should not exceed the established limits for ammonia. Limited amounts of gaseous ammonia may be discharged to the atmosphere. Federal, state, and local guidelines should be consulted before disposal. Disposal of liquefied ammonia or of large quantities of gaseous or aqueous ammonia directly into water is not desirable, because of the large amount of heat generated. This generation of heat could increase exposure to personnel involved in the process. Recovery of ammonia from aqueous waste solutions is a viable option for many industries.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Ammonia (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Ammonia, anhydrous; Anhydrous ammonia/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Ammonia, anhydrous; Anhydrous ammonia ID: 1005 [Table#537]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Ammonia, anhydrous: Large Spills/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances For Different Quantities in Ammonia, anhydrous: Large Spills ID:1005 [Table#538]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia ID: 3318 [Table#539]

/GUIDE 125 GASES - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn but none ignite readily. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Ammonia, anhydrous; Anhydrous ammonia; Ammonia, solution, with more than 35% but not more than 50% Ammonia; Ammonia solution, with more than 50% Ammonia/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Ammonia (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1005 125(anhydrous)

2672 154(10-35% solution)

2073 125(>35-50% solution)

1005 125(>50% solution)

UN 1005; Ammonia, anhydrous

UN 2073; Ammonia solutions, relative density less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia

UN 2672; Ammonia solutions, relative density between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 °C in water, with more than 10% but not more than 35% ammonia

UN 3318; Ammonia solution, relative density less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 50% ammonia

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for Ammonia (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 042 10; Anhydrous ammonia

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Ammonia solution relative density (specific gravity) less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia; Ammonia, anhydrous; Ammonia solution relative density (specific gravity) less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 50% ammonia; and Ammonia solution relative density (specific gravity) between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 °C in water, with more than 10% but not more than 35% ammonia are included on the dangerous goods list. /Ammonia solution relative density (specific gravity) less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia; Ammonia, anhydrous; Ammonia solution relative density (specific gravity) less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 50% ammonia; and Ammonia solution relative density (specific gravity) between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 °C in water, with more than 10% but not more than 35% ammonia/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Ammonia solution relative density less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia; Ammonia, anhydrous; Ammonia solution relative density less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 50% ammonia; and Ammonia solution relative density between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 °C in water, with more than 10% but not more than 35% ammonia are included on the dangerous goods list. /Ammonia solution relative density less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 35% but not more than 50% ammonia; Ammonia, anhydrous; Ammonia solution relative density less than 0.880 at 15 °C in water, with more than 50% ammonia; and Ammonia solution relative density between 0.880 and 0.957 at 15 °C in water, with more than 10% but not more than 35% ammonia/

Non-Flammable Gas

Non-Flammable Gas (domestic) Inhalation Hazard (Special Provision 13) (domestic) Poison Gas (international) Corrosive (international)

Corrosive

Symbol: T, N; R: 10-23-34-50; S: (1/2)-9-16-26-36/37/39-45-61; Note: U

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8