sulfuricacid

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 8811) of reports.

H314 (> 99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 8811 reports by companies from 59 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 8811 reports by companies.

There are 58 notifications provided by 8810 of 8811 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H290: May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P363, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P390, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Caution: Sulfuric acid is extremely corrosive. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Sulfuric Acid Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute ingestion of sulfuric acid may be severe and include salivation, intense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, pain, and shock. Oral, esophageal, and stomach burns are common. Vomitus generally has a coffee-ground appearance. The potential for circulatory collapse is high following ingestion of sulfuric acid. Acute inhalation exposure may result in sneezing, hoarseness, choking, laryngitis, dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory tract irritation, and chest pain. Bleeding of nose and gums, ulceration of the nasal and oral mucosa, pulmonary edema, chronic bronchitis, and pneumonia may also occur. If the eyes have come in contact with sulfuric acid, irritation, pain, swelling, corneal erosion, and blindness may result. Dermal exposure may result in severe burns, pain, and dermatitis (red, inflamed skin).

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to sulfuric acid may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to sulfuric acid.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to sulfuric acid.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Rinse mouth with large amounts of water. Instruct victims not to swallow the water.

3. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

5. Activated charcoal is of no value.

6. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

7. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Sulfuric acid:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

Fight fire from safe distance or from protected location. Use care as water applied directly to this acid results in evolution of heat and causes spattering. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with streams of water until fire is out. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Not flammable. For small fires use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Use water on combustibles burning in vicinity of this material. For large fires flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not get solid streams of water on material. Move container from area if you can do so without risk. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

When material is not involved in fire, do not use water on material itself.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with large quantities of water, while knocking down vapors with water fog. If insufficient water supply, responders should withdraw.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not get water inside containers. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

NO water. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact of the substance with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Extinguish fire using agents suitable for nearby fires. Use water spray only to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

No water. In case of fire in the surroundings: powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water but NO direct contact with water.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Cautiously neutralize remainder with lime or soda ash.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Consult an expert! Evacuate danger area! Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents ... Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

On Land: For small spills, cover the contaminated area with sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of soda ash/slaked lime (50/50) and mix. Shovel the neutralized residues into containers for disposal. If neutralizing agent is not available, cover the area with sand or earth to absorb the liquid and shovel into containers for disposal.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Sulfuric acid may be placed in sealed containers or absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material ... It may also be diluted and neutralized.

Add slowly to soln of soda ash and slaked lime with stirring. ... (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on leak, spill area or inside container. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Dry. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Store only in original packaging.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Keep tightly closed

Smoking, open lights, flames, and spark-producing tools shall not be permitted near sulfuric acid carboys, drums, tank cars, or metal storage tanks because of the possible production of explosive mixtures of hydrogen during storage.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from combustibles, and other reactive materials. Separate from carbides, chlorates, fulminates, nitrates, picrates, and powdered metals.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: mg/m3)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: mg/m3)

0.20 mg/m3

8.7 mg/m3

270 mg/m3

200 mg/m3

160 mg/m3

110 mg/m3

93 mg/m3

NOTE THAT VALUES ARE IN mg/m3, NOT ppm.

AEGLs Status: Interim

0.20 [mg/m3]

8.7 [mg/m3]

160 [mg/m3]

TWA 1 mg/m3

1.0 [mg/m3]

15 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

15 mg/m3 [From NPG: Sulfuric acid] (NIOSH, 2024)

15.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: In exposures of 5 to 15 minutes, some volunteers found 5 mg/m3 to be very objectionable, while others found it less so [Amdur et al. 1952b].

15 mg/cu m

15 mg/m³

15 mg/m3

See: 7664939

0.2 [mg/m3], thoracic fraction

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m (thoracic particulate matter).

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Classification refers to sulfuric acid contained in strong inorganic acid mists.)/

0.2 mg/m

0.2 mg/m³ (thoracic particulate matter) [2000]

0.05 mg/m

(inhalable fraction): 0.1 mg/m

The limit of exposure of sulfuric acid is fixed at 1 mg/m3.

· When material is not involved in fire, do not use water on material itself.

Sulfuric acid is a colorless oily liquid. It is soluble in water with release of heat. It is corrosive to metals and tissue. It will char wood and most other organic matter on contact, but is unlikely to cause a fire. Density 15 lb / gal. Long term exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations can result in adverse health effects from inhalation. It is used to make fertilizers and other chemicals, in petroleum refining, in iron and steel production, and for many other uses. Rate of onset: Immediate Persistence: Hours, days Odor threshold: Source/use/other hazard: Battery/dyes/paper/glue/metals industries; volcanic gas; toxic fumes when heated.

Sulfuric acid, spent appears as a black oily liquid. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Density 15 lb /gal.

Gas Vapor; Liquid; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid; CBI; Dry Powder; Gas Vapor

Clear, colourless or slightly brown, very corrosive oily liquid

Colorless to dark-brown, oily, odorless liquid. [Note: Pure compound is a solid below 51 degrees F. Often used in an aqueous solution.]; [NIOSH]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS OILY HYGROSCOPIC LIQUID.

Colorless to dark-brown, oily, odorless liquid.

Colorless to dark-brown, oily, odorless liquid. [Note: Pure compound is a solid below 51 °F. Often used in an aqueous solution.]

Colorless, oily liquid

Clear, colorless, oily liquid

Dense, oily liquid; colorless to dark brown depending on purity

Colorless to dark brown, oily liquid [Note: Pure compound is a solid below 51 degrees F. Often used in an aqueous solution]

Odorless

Marked acid taste

Persons who have drawn concentrated sulfuric acid into a pipet with oral suction, and obtained the acid on the tongue through poor technique, report that it tastes sweet before the onset of corrosive action.

554 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

212 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

337 °C @760 [mm Hg]

50.65 °F (EPA, 1998)

51 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

10.31 °C

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

Miscible with water, with generation of much heat, also with ethanol

Miscible with water and alcohol with the generation of much heat and with contraction in volume.

Solubility in water at 20 °C: miscible

Miscible

1.841 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.39 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.8302 g/cu cm

Brown, viscous liquid; density: 1.675-1.710 at 15 °C /Commercial acid/

Relative density (water = 1): 1.8 (20 °C)

1.84 (96-98% acid)

1.8302 @25 °C

3.4 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.4 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

1 mmHg at 294.8 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.001 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

0.0000593 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg at 145.8 °C

Reaction with water is negligible unless acid strength is above 80-90% then heat from hydrolysis is extreme, may cause severe burns [Merck, 11th ed. 1989]. During sulfonation of mononitrobenzene by fuming sulfuric acid, a leak from an internal cooling coil permitted water to enter the reaction tank. A violent eruption occurred due to the heat of solution [MCA Case History 944 1963].

Soluble in water. Dissolution generates heat, which is slightly unless acid concentration is above 80-90% when the heat may cause severe burns [Merck 11th ed. 1989] and lead to localized boiling and spattering.

Acids, Strong Oxidizing

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Known Catalytic Activity

Water-Reactive

CSL00049

BROMINE + SULFURIC ACID + SODIUM BROMIDE

Warning- Incorrect concentrations of sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid can cause bromine gas to be released

Corrosive,Toxic

CSL00040 Bromination BROMINE

User-Reported

CSL00122

SODIUM AZIDE + SULFURIC ACID

Hydrogen azide is generated which is very explosive. Concentration on a rotary evaporator may lead to an explosion.

Explosive

ACS Safety Letters

CSL00131

SODIUM AZIDE + SULFURIC ACID + DICHLOROMETHANE

Chemical & Engineering News (14 Mar 1994) Vol. 72, No. 11, pp. 4. Peter G. Urben pointed out that "eschewing halogenated solvents will not eliminate azide explosions" (C&EN, Dec. 13, 1993, page 4). And if we stop reading his letter at this point, he is correct; however, the remainder of the statement and the letter are either incorrect or inappropriate to the facts we described (C&EN, April 19, 1993, page 4). We cannot speak to the specifics of the explosion described by Victor J. Hruby, Lakmal Boteju, and Guigen Li (C&EN, Oct. 11, 1993, page 2), but in our case, we used a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid and a large excess of sodium azide. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with methylene chloride. After drying and filtering the organic layer, we concentrated it on a rotary evaporator. The explosion took place after all the solvent had been removed and the flask was being detached from the steam tube. The detonation occurred in the flask; the evaporator was destroyed by the conclusive force of the explosion. We again point to the articles by A. Hassner et al. [Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 25, 479 (1986), and J. Org. Chem., 55, 2304 (1990)] describing the synthesis and explosive potential of polyazidomethanes. We believe strongly that diazidomethane and not hydrogen azide was the culprit in our explosion and that Urben should not attempt to change our conclusion. Our intent is to warn our colleagues of the dangers of producing this explosive chemical. We reiterate that because of this incident we no longer permit any chemical reactions with azide to be performed in the presence of a halogenated solvent in our laboratories.

Not Available

ACS letters

CSL00135

ACETONE + 5-BROMOPYRIMIDINE + SULFURIC ACID + PERACETIC ACID

Upon drying the powder product was being scraped from a sintered glass funnel to complete the neutralization of the hemiacid salt when an explosion occurred. Subsequent testing determined that the peroxide dimer of acetone was the most likely cause of the explosion. This material is reported to be both shock and friction sensitive and known to sublime at room temperature.

CSL00172

Sulfuric acid + Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate

Uncontrollable exothermic reaction occurred

User Reported

05/05/2022

04/21/2022

CSL00189

Sulfuric acid + Hydrogen peroxide + Peroxymonosulfuric acid + Water + Piranha solution

Abstract: Piranha solution is a dangerous and useful substance used throughout academia and industry. However, there is little peer-reviewed work on its safe use, and institutional protocols are limited in their applicability beyond their institute of origin. Here, we review institutional safety protocols for Piranha use to develop a consensus on the best safe practices and try to fill any gaps and resolve any ambiguities with reference to the related safety literature.

Explosive,Oxidizer

Oxidation

Substance ID information came from CAS Common Chemistry: https://commonchemistry.cas.org/

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chas.1c00094

Literature Reference

10/15/2022

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily liquid. It is used in manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, dyestuffs, other acids, parchment paper, glue, purification of petroleum, pickling of metal. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Sulfuric acid is corrosive to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Sulfuric acid is not considered as an allergen by skin contact in humans. Acute exposure of human volunteers to 100 ug/cu m of sulfuric acid resulted in increased mucociliary clearance of particles from the large proximal airways; at higher levels 100 ug/cu m, the opposite occurred. Clearance from the distal airways was reduced at both levels. Eye damage as a result of contact with sulfuric acid from car batteries has been reported. The most common injuries were conjunctival and corneal chemical burns, and iritis. Death can occur from dermal burns from sulfuric acid exposure. Adult respiratory distress syndrome was reported in a man accidentally exposed to high concentrations of sulfuric acid fumes. Ten patients with sulfuric acid ingestion were studied. The extent and severity of upper gastrointestinal tract injury was determined by fiberoptic endoscopy and necropsy. All patients had esophageal and gastric involvement but the duodenum was spared in the majority. Complications and mortality occurred in patients with severe injury. Several epidemiological studies have suggested a relationship between exposure to inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid and an increased incidence of laryngeal cancer. IARC has concluded that occupational exposure to strong inorganic mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic for humans. ANIMAL STUDIES: The LC50 values for sulfuric acid aerosol observed in acute inhalation studies conducted in different species are low and are most likely due to the corrosive/irritant effect of this chemical. For guinea pigs, the LC50 (8 hours; particle size approximately 1 um) ranges from 0.018 to 0.050 mg/L, depending on the age of the animals. Depending on the duration of exposure, the LC50 ranges from 0.37 to 0.42 mg/L in rats, 0.6 to 0.85 mg/L in mice and 1.47 to 1.61 mg/L in rabbits. Acute oral toxicity study indicated an LD50 of 2140 mg/kg in the rat. Sulfuric acid is corrosive to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. 10% solutions of sulfuric acid appear not to be irritating to the skin in different species. Conflicting results (not irritating or severely irritating) are observed in eye irritation studies using 10% sulfuric acid, depending on the protocol used (OECD/EU or US). In numerous repeated inhalation studies with sulfuric acid aerosol, toxicity was confined to changes in the structure and function of the respiratory tract, suggesting that it has a local effect and no systemic effects. The observed changes are related to the irritant properties of sulfuric acid and are most likely due to the H+ ion. In a 28-day inhalation study in the rat exposed to sulfuric acid aerosol, minimal squamous metaplasia was observed in the laryngeal epithelium following exposure to the lowest concentration used (0.3 mg/cu m). This effect was fully reversible. Exposure to 1.38 mg/cu m caused more severe metaplasia accompanied by cell proliferation. Sulfuric acid has been shown to be without effect in the Ames test using various strains of S. typhimurium (pH 4 to 9) and E. coli (0.002 to 0.005%), both with and without metabolic activation. It has been shown to cause chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells (pH 3.5 to 7.4, both with and without metabolic activation), and in a non-standard assay in developing sea urchin embryos (pH 5 - without metabolic activation). No carcinogenic effect was observed in carcinogenicity studies conducted by inhalation with sulfuric acid aerosol using 3 different animal species. Small increases in tumor incidence were reported in rats and mice after chronic gastric intubation or intratracheal instillation of sulfuric acid solution, but no clear conclusion can be drawn from these studies. Because sulfuric acid is a direct-acting toxicant, and because it is unlikely to reach the reproductive organs, reproductive effects in mammals are not likely to occur following exposure to sulfuric acid by any route. In a developmental toxicity/teratogenicity study conducted by inhalation with sulfuric acid aerosol, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity appears to be 20 mg/cu m in mice and rabbits. No evidence of fetotoxicity or teratogenicity was seen in either species. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The toxicity of sulfuric acid to aquatic life is a function of the resulting pH. A pH of 4.0 gave pronounced gill irritation and 3.5 caused death of sunfish, bass, and carp. The concentration of hydrogen ion which caused 50% mortality of bluegill in 96 hr (96 hr LC50) was between 3.5 and 3.0. In fish the major causes of toxicity seem to be related to disruption of sodium balance and respiration.

Many strong acids cause tissue burns through the denaturation of proteins and partial hydrolysis of proteins. Most proteins denature at pH values of less than 3-4. The large-scale denaturation of proteins, de-esterification of lipids and subsequent desiccation of tissues leads to chemical burns. Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin or tissues, blistering and burning sensations. More specifically, sulfuric acid readily decomposes proteins and lipids through amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis upon contact with living tissues. In addition, it exhibits a strong dehydrating property on carbohydrates, liberating extra heat and causing secondary thermal burns. The strong oxidizing property may also extend its corrosiveness on the tissue. Because of such reasons, damage posed by sulfuric acid is potentially more severe than that caused by other comparable strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic. Overall evaluation: Occupational exposure to strong-inorganic-acid mists is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Classification refers to sulfuric acid contained in strong inorganic acid mists.)/

Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid are known to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

Occupational exposures to strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (L135)

Sulfuric acid at a high concentration can cause very serious damage upon contact, as it not only causes chemical burns via hydrolysis, but also secondary thermal burns via dehydration. It burns the cornea and can lead to permanent blindness if splashed onto eyes. Accordingly, it rapidly attacks the cornea and can induce permanent blindness if splashed onto eyes. If ingested, it damages internal organs irreversibly and may even be fatal. Inhalation of sulfuric acid spray mist may produce severe irritation of respiratory tract, characterized by coughing, choking, or shortness of breath. Sulfuric acid is also a known carcinogen. Sulfuric acid may be toxic to kidneys, lungs, heart, cardiovascular system, upper respiratory tract, eyes and teeth.

Serious local effects by all routes of exposure. The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation; Ingestion; Dermal; Eyes

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing.

Redness. Pain. Blisters. Serious skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Burning sensation behind the breastbone. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; pulmonary edema, bronchitis; emphysema; conjunctivitis; stomatis; dental erosion; eye, skin burns; dermatitis

Skin contact can cause redness, pain, blisters and severe skin burns. Sulfuric acid may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if sulfuric acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, teeth

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Suspected Human.

LC50 (rat) = 510 mg/m3/2h

LD50: 2140 mg/kg (Oral, rat); LC50: 25 mg/m3 (Inhalation, rat)

TCLO Human inhalation 5 mg/cu m/15 min. Toxic Effects: Pulmonary System Effect (Sulfuric Acid Aerosol)

LD50 Rat oral 2140 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhl 347 ppm/1 hr.

LC50 Rat (Fischer-344) inhalation 0.375 mg/L/4 hr; Particle size (um) 1

LC50 Rat (Fischer-344) inhalation 0.425 mg/L/8 hr; Particle size (um) 1

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The mainstay of treatment of any acid burn is copious irrigation with large amounts of tap water. To be most effective, treatment should be started immediately after exposure, preferably before arrival in the emergency department. Remove any contaminated clothing. Do not attempt to neutralize the burn with weak reciprocal chemicals (i.e. alkali for acid burns), because the heat generated from the chemical reaction may cause severe thermal injury.

The effects of a combination of sulfuric acid mist at 8 mg/cu m and sulfur dioxide at 89 ppm on growth, lung pathology, and respiratory response were reported. In 8 pigs exposed for 8 hr, weight had decreased the day following exposure and growth was slower to resume than was observed for either agent administered separately. Two guinea pigs were exposed 72 hr following the initial exposure to the same concn for another 8 hr. In these reexposed animals, growth ceased entirely during the period of observation following reexposure. Pathologic lung changes were also more extensive than that observed for either agent alone, consisting of large areas of complete consolidation and hepatization involving entire lobes in all cases. In the reexposed animals, extensive hemorrhage and consolidation were present. It was commented that the general ill health of the animals was very likely related to the presence of the extensive lung damage. Labored breathing was very pronounced, continuing for 24 to 48 hr after exposure. In contrast, there were no noticeable respiratory effects in guinea pigs exposed to 8 mg/cu m sulfuric acid mist alone. Restlessness and annoyance initially appeared in animals exposed to 89 ppm sulfur dioxide alone, but disappeared after approximately 5 to 10 min exposure. It was therefore concluded that effects on growth, lung changes, and respiration were much more marked than would have been predicted from the use of either agent alone.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize, because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic acids and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The effect of relative humidity on sulfuric acid-induced respiratory tract symptoms has been studied. Twelve normal male volunteers were exposed to 39.4 mg/cu m sulfuric acid aerosols at a relative humidity of 62% for 1 hr, or to 20.8 mg/cu m at a relative humidity of 91% for 30 min. The MMD (mass median diameter) for both humidity conditions was 0.99 pm. The exposure at 62% relative humidity was well tolerated. There was some coughing on entering the chamber, which wore off within a few min. Resistance to airflow was increased 36-100% above normal in all 12 exposed subjects. At a relative humidity of 91%, the study authors indicated that the 'mist was almost intolerable at the onset but the men were able to continue for a period of 30 min." Intense coughing was observed throughout the experimental period, and resistance to air flow was increased 43-150%. The study authors note that during the chamber exposures, the men were "allowed to walk around or smoke if they wished."

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The pattern of respiration was studied in an unspecified number of normal male volunteers exposed to sulfuric acid aerosols (mean particle size 1 um) with a face mask for 5-15 min at 0.35-5 mg/cu m ... Changes in respiration were observed at all concentrations. At 0.35 mg/cu m, a 35% increase in respiration rate and a 20% decrease in maximum flow rate occurred and continued throughout the exposure period. At 5 mg/cu m, the major response was a decrease in minute volume.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No effects on minute vol, tidal vol, respiratory frequency, or minute ventilation were noted in 7 healthy male volunteers exposed to 0.471 mg/cu m sulfuric acid (MMAD [mass median aerodynamic diameter] 10 pm) for 1 hr using a head dome ... The 1-hr exposure consisted of 40 min of rest, followed by 20 min of moderately heavy exercise. The 10-um aerosol size used in this study would not reach the lungs without oral breathing. In a 2-hr exposure study, no effects on pulmonary function were observed in 9 normal male subjects exposed to 1.2 - 1.6 mg/cu m sulfuric acid (MMD 0.05 um) with intermittent exercise. Additional acute-duration exposures of normal humans have also not caused any adverse effects on pulmonary function tests ... All of the studies, except /for three/, used intermittent periods of exercise during exposure periods that lasted from 16 min to 4 hr.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Decreased specific airway conductance was observed in 17 asthmatics exposed to sulfuric acid aerosols (MMAD /mass median aerodynamic diameter/ 0.81 um) through a mouthpiece at 0.45 mg/cu m, while at rest for 16 min ... At a concn 1 of mg/cu m, a reduction in FEV1 /forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/ was also observed. No effects on pulmonary function were observed when these subjects were exposed to 0.1 mg/cu m. Reductions in FEV1 and maximum expiratory flow rates at 60% of total lung capacity were observed in 15 asthmatic volunteers exposed to sulfuric acid aerosols (MMAD 0.8 um) through a mouthpiece at 0.35 mg/cu m for 30 min ... The response was greater when the subjects reduced ammonia concn in the mouth (tooth brushing, gargling with citrus juice) just before the exposure.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (60 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Brachydanio rerio (fresh water fish); Conditions: static; Concentration: 82 mg/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Brachydanio rerio (fresh water fish); Conditions: static; Concentration: > 500 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (fresh water fish); Conditions: static, 18-23 °C, oxygen concentration 6-7 mg/L in hard water, pH 4.5; Concentration: 134 mg/mL for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (fresh water fish); Conditions: static, 18-23 °C, oxygen concentration 6-7 mg/L, very soft water, pH 4.5; Concentration: 17 mg/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ One study was submitted to EPA showing that birds sprayed directly in field pens with both dilute (about 2.1 Molar solution) and undiluted (about 7.03 Molar solution) forms of Enquik (N-TAC, Sulfuric Acid, Monourea adduct) exhibited dermal toxicity effects to areas that were not covered by feathers. Specifically, the eyes and feet were burned by the sulfuric acid released. The birds also showed a significant increase in hemorrhagic enteritis (a severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract). another pen study showed dermal toxicity effects to birds after varying reentry times following spraying on alfalfa with dilute Enquick. /Enquik, mixture/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of sulfuric acid to aquatic life is a function of the resulting pH ... A pH of 4.0 gave pronounced gill irritation and 3.5 caused death of sunfish, bass, and carp.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Simultaneous measurements of whole body proton flux and both unidirectional and net ion fluxes together with assessment of the blood acid-base, respiratory gas, electrolyte, and lactate status were performed in white suckers originating from a natural soft water lake (0.18 milliequivalent Ca2+/L) in Ontario, Canada. Fish were examined under control (pH approximately 6.8) and acidic conditions (pH approximately 4.3) in natural soft water at 19-20 °C. Resting blood composition was similar to that previously reported for this species in natural hard water except for a marked enhancement of both plasma pH and HCO3- levels. Acute acid exposure promoted a net influx of protons (or loss of base) concomitant with a plasma acidosis of mixed origin (metabolic plus respiratory) as well as whole-body Na+, Cl-, Ca+2, and K+ losses. Circulating ion levels in plasma were partially conserved by intracellular ion depletion. Radiotracer studies showed that net body losses of Na+ and Cl- ensured largely through stimulation of efflux components and, to a lesser extent, inhibition of inward transport. Cl- loss eventually exceeded that of Na+, suggesting transport of an unmeasured substance to maintain electroneutrality. A markedly reduced blood PO2, enhanced plasma PCO2, elevated blood lactate levels, and hemoconcn were also observed ... Thus, disturbances in acid-base regulation, ion regulation, and respiratory function may all contribute to acid toxicity in white suckers in natural soft water. /Acids/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The concn of hydrogen ion which caused 50% mortality of bluegill in 96 hr (96 hr LC50) was between 3.5 and 3.0 for 4 acids: sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric and hydrochloric. Any contribution by the anions of these acids to fish toxicity may be similar. This suggests that the quantity rather than the quality of acids is the primary factor in fish toxicity brought about by acid precipitation.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.40e+06

6.00e+06

1.00e+00

4.40e+00

1.00e+02

1.00e-03

Volatile

4.30e+06

1.80e+07

3.10e+00

1.30e+01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Sulfuric acid's production and use in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, dyestuffs and other chemicals and in petroleum refining, ore processing, paper manufacture and other uses may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Sulfuric acid droplets can form in the air when sulfur dioxide is released from the burning of coal, oil, and gas; the released sulfur dioxide slowly forms sulfur trioxide and then reacts with water in the air to form sulfuric acid. The occurrence of sulfuric acid in the environment comes mainly from the hydrolysis of sulfur oxides produced by combustion processes (natural and anthropogenic) and wet deposition. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates sulfuric acid will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid aqueous solutions absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Sulfuric acid in the atmosphere can react with other compounds to form sulfate aerosol particulates; for example, if ammonia is present, sulfuric acid will react to form ammonium sulfates. In air, submicron-sized sulfuric acid aerosol droplets rapidly take up water from the atmosphere. Sulfuric acid aerosols may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, sulfuric acid is expected to have high mobility since it is totally miscible in water. The pKa of sulfuric acid is 1.92 at 25 °C indicating that it will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment (as the sulfate ion). Volatilization of sulfuric from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process due to dissociation and a very low measured Henry's law constant of 9.9X10-15 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C. Sulfuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. In moist conditions, the sulfate anion may associate with cations including calcium, magnesium, and aluminum. If released into water, sulfuric acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Anaerobic bacteria in sediments and soil can reduce the sulfate ion to sulfur and hydrogen sulfide. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's ionization and Henry's Law constant. Ionization implies that sulfuric acid, itself, will not accumulate in living tissues. In water, the sulfate anion may associate with cations including calcium, magnesium, and aluminum. Occupational exposure to sulfuric acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sulfuric acid is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to sulfuric acid via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with consumer products containing sulfuric acid. Exposure to sulfuric acid may occur when touching the material that forms on the outside of a car battery or the battery acid itself. Sulfuric acid is formed when some toilet bowl cleaners mix with water. Cutting onions releases a chemical called propanethiol S-oxide, and when this chemical reaches the eyes, it reacts with the water in the eye to form sulfuric acid which causes eyes to water. (SRC)

Sulfur that is in water may be oxidized to sulfuric acid by sulfur bacteria (Thiobacilli) that use sulfur to obtain energy for growth(1).

... found in native state in vicinity of volcanoes, in particular in volcanic gases

Sulfuric acid's production and use in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, dyestuffs and other chemicals(1) and in petroleum refining, ore processing, paper manufacture and other uses(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Sulfuric acid droplets can form in the air when sulfur dioxide is released from the burning of coal, oil, and gas; the released sulfur dioxide slowly forms sulfur trioxide and then reacts with water in the air to form sulfuric acid(2). The occurrence of sulfuric acid in the environment comes mainly from the hydrolysis of sulfur oxides produced by combustion processes (natural and anthropogenic), wet deposition, generally as a mixture with nitrogen oxides and nitric acid and not from the manufacturing and use of the acid(3). In some countries, sulfuric acid is approved for agricultural use(3) which will release the compound directly to the environment(SRC).

Sulfuric acid enters the waters in a variety of ways: in accidental spills from railcar derailments, in wastewaters from mining properties where sulphides are a part of the ore or the rock being mined, in wastewaters from the steel industry, from the atmosphere, and as a decomposition product of effluents containing, sulphur, thiosulphate, or other thionates.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The pKa of sulfuric acid is 1.92 at 25 °C(1), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment (as the sulfate ion). Sulfuric acid dissociates readily in water to form sulfate ions and hydrated protons; at pH 3.92 the dissociation is 99%(1). Sulfuric acid is totally miscible in water(1) suggesting a low Koc value(2) and high mobility in soil(3). The ionization of sulfuric acid also implies that sulfuric acid, itself, will not adsorb on particulate material or soil surfaces(1). Volatilization of sulfuric from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process due to dissociation(SRC) and a very low measured Henry's Law constant of 9.9X10-15 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(4). Sulfuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Anaerobic bacteria in sediments and soil can reduce sulfate to sulfur and hydrogen sulfide(6). In moist conditions, the sulfate anion may associate with cations including calcium, magnesium, and aluminum(6).

AQUATIC FATE: The pKa of sulfuric acid is 1.92 at 25 °C(1), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment (as the sulfate ion). Sulfuric acid dissociates readily in water to form sulfate ions and hydrated protons; at pH 3.92 the dissociation is 99%(1). The ionization of sulfuric acid implies that sulfuric acid, itself, will not adsorb on particulate material(1). Ions do not volatilize from water, therefore, volatilization from surface waters is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Although nearly totally ionized at environmental pHs, sulfuric acid has a measurable Henry's Law constant of 9.9X10-15 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(2). This Henry's Law constant also indicates that sulfuric acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Its ionization implies that sulfuric acid, itself, will not accumulate in living tissues(1). Anaerobic bacteria in sediments can reduce sulfate to sulfur and hydrogen sulfide(4). In water, the sulfate anion may associate with cations including calcium, magnesium, and aluminum(4).

Aquatic Fate: Since sulfuric acid is miscible with water, the presence of water in the soil or falling as precipitation at the time of the spill will influence the rate of chemical movement in the soil. ... Dilution through mixture with water will decrease the viscosity more than the mass density. This will have the net effect of increasing the velocity of downward movement in the soil. ... Upon reaching the groundwater table, the acid will continue to move in the direction of groundwater flow and downward since its mass density exceeds that of water. A contaminated plume will be produced, with diffusion and dispersion serving to reduce the acid concn somewhat.

Aquatic Fate: Sulfuric acid will ultimately react with calcium and magnesium in water to form sulfate salts.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A rate constant of 1.5X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C was approximated for the gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radicals with a single hydrogen atom of sulfuric acid from the HSO4 radical; it was suggested that this reaction could be a sink for gaseous sulfuric acid in the atmosphere(1). Sulfuric acid in the atmosphere can react with other compounds to form sulfate aerosol particulates; for example, if ammonia is present, sulfuric acid will react to form ammonium sulfates(2).

The pKa of sulfuric acid is 1.92 at 25 °C(1), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment. Sulfuric acid dissociates readily in water to form sulfate ions and hydrated protons; at pH 3.92 the dissociation is 99%(1). This ionization implies also that sulfuric acid, itself, will not accumulate in living tissues(1).

The pKa of sulfuric acid is 1.92 at 25 °C(1), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment (as the sulfate ion). Sulfuric acid dissociates readily in water to form sulfate ions and hydrated protons; at pH 3.92 the dissociation is 99%(1). Sulfuric acid is totally miscible in water(1) suggesting a low Koc value(2) and high mobility in soil(3). The ionization of sulfuric acid also implies that sulfuric acid, itself, will not adsorb on particulate material or soil surfaces(1).

During transport through the soil, sulfuric acid can dissolve some of the soil material, in particular carbonate-based materials.

The pKa of sulfuric acid is 1.92 at 25 °C(1), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment. Sulfuric acid dissociates readily in water to form sulfate ions and hydrated protons; at pH 3.92 the dissociation is 99%(1). Ions do not volatilize from water, therefore, volatilization from surface waters and moist soil is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Although nearly totally ionized at environmental pHs, sulfuric acid has a measurable Henry's Law constant of 9.9X10-15 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(2). This Henry's Law constant also indicates that sulfuric acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Sulfuric acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.93X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

SEA WATER: Sulfuric acid was detected in 4 of 25 estuarine drainage systems in the US Gulf of Mexico(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Peak sulfuric acid concentrations that have been reported include 240 ug/cu m in the Los Angeles area in 1950, an hourly average of 678 ug/cu m in London during an episode in 1962, and an hourly average of 50 ug/cu m in Ontario during the summer of 1986(1). Arithmetic annual average sulfate concentrations measured from 1964 to 1968 were 13.5 ug/cu m for urban sites in the eastern United States and 6.4 ug/cu m for urban sites in the western United States(1). A review of studies of the measurement of sulfuric acid or hydrogen ion (as sulfuric acid) in the United States from 1974 to 1986 indicated that the concentrations were generally below 5 ug/cu m(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Sulfuric acid concentrations may be higher in rural areas because of higher ammonia emissions in urban areas that result in greater neutralization of the acid(1). Sulfuric acid was detected during March-April 2003 monitoring at the SMEAR II station in Finland(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Sulfuric acid may be placed in sealed containers or absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material ... It may also be diluted and neutralized.

Add slowly to soln of soda ash and slaked lime with stirring. ... (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Fire or Explosion: EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Flammable/toxic gases may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulphuric acid; Sulphuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulphuric acid, spent/

/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Health: CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulphuric acid; Sulphuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulphuric acid, spent/

/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulphuric acid; Sulphuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulphuric acid, spent/

/GUIDE 137 SUBSTANCES - WATER-REACTIVE - CORROSIVE/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Sulfuric acid; Sulfuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulphuric acid; Sulphuric acid, with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulphuric acid, spent/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Sulfuric acid (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1831 137(fuming)

1832 137(spent)

UN 1830; Sulfuric acid with more than 51% acid

UN 1832; Sulfuric acid, spent

UN 2796; Sulfuric acid with not more than 51% acid

IMO 8; Sulfuric acid with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulfuric acid with not more than 51% acid or battery fluid, acid.

49 300 40; Sulfuric acid

49 300 30; Sulfuric acid, fuming

49 300 42; Sulfuric acid, spent

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Sulfuric acid with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid with 51% or less acid; and Sulfuric acid, spent are included on the dangerous goods list. /Sulfuric acid with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid with 51% or less acid; and Sulfuric acid, spent/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Sulfuric acid with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulfuric acid with not more than 51% acid or battery fluid, acid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Sulfuric acid with more than 51% acid; Sulfuric acid, spent; Sulfuric acid with not more than 51% acid or battery fluid, acid/

Usual shipping containers: Glass bottles and carboys, special drums, tank trucks, tank cars, and tank barges.

Corrosive

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: C; R: 35; S: (1/2)-26-30-45; Note: B

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: II