Sulfur

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P264, P280, P302+P352, P321, P332+P317, and P362+P364 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (3 of 2904) of reports.

H315 (99.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2904 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 2904 reports by companies.

There are 18 notifications provided by 2901 of 2904 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 90.5% (38 of 42) of all reports.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 38 of 42 companies (only 9.5% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 38 of 42 reports by companies.

There is 1 notification provided by 4 of 42 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H228 (100%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

P210, P240, P241, P280, and P370+P378 (click each P-code to see the statement)

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P240, P241, P260, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P319, P321, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Use water spray, foam, powder, dry sand. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use fine spray or fog to control fire by preventing its spread and absorbing some of its heat. Water or foam may cause frothing of molten sulfur.

If material /is/ on fire or involved in /a/ fire, use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

In Case of Fire: Use appropriate extinguishing media for combustibles in the area. Wear full protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus. Evacuate nonessential personnel from the area to prevent human exposure to fire, smoke, fumes or products of combustion. Prevent use of contaminated buildings, area, and equipment until decontaminated. Water runoff can cause environmental damage. If water is used to fight fire, dike and collect runoff.

Burns with a pale blue flame that may be difficult to see in daylight.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Wet down with water and dike for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Enviromental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Large spillages should be dammed-off and pumped into containers; soak up remainder with absorbent material and dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Stop or reduce discharge of material if this can be done without risk. Eliminate all sources of ignition. Avoid skin contact or inhalation. When spilled in a molten form, contain if possible by forming mechanical or chemical barriers and let it solidify. Shovel solid sulfur into containers with covers (avoid dusting) for recovery or disposal. When spilled in a molten form, contain if possible by using natural deep water pockets, and sand bag barriers to trap material at the bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. If removal is not possible, let it solidify and apply a cover material, preferably inert and basic (limestone), to the spilled area until recovery procedures begin. This will reduce the possible release of sulfuric acid in the water.

Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment and when disposing of equipment washwaters.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration, or if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

Dump into a landfill site. Recommendable method: Landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction. Peer review: Caution: sulfur could be a fire hazard and may cause bacterial degradation, landfill is recommendable for small amt only. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170.

Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application.

For terrestrial uses, do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from chlorates, nitrates, other oxidizing materials, and hydrocarbons.

Store away from sparks, fire, flames. Isolate from oxidizing materials.

Store the material in a well-ventilated, secure area out of reach of children and domestic animals. Do not store food, beverages or tobacco products in the storage area. Prevent eating, drinking, tobacco use, and cosmetic application in areas where there is a potential for exposure to the material. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling.

Sulfur dust suspended in air ignites easily. Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Metal Pigments or Pastes (e.g. "Aluminum Paste")

· Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see GUIDE 170.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the powder may cause inflammation of the nose and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the respiratory tract. This may result in chronic bronchitis.

Residues of sulfur are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: stabilizer. Limit: None.

Personal Protective Equipment: Applicators and other handlers must wear: Long-sleeved shirt and long pants; Chemical resistant gloves made of waterproof material; Shoes plus socks; Protective eyewear.

... Restricted-entry interval (REI) of 24 hours. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water is: Coveralls over long-sleeved shirt and long pants; Chemical resistant gloves made of waterproof material; Socks and chemical resistant footwear.

Personnel protection: If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

Where eye contact is likely, use dust-proof chemical goggles.

Where contact is likely, wear chemical-resistant gloves (such as barrier laminate, butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, natural rubber, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride [PVC] or Viton), coveralls, socks and chemical-resistant footwear.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Dry Powder; Wet Solid; Other Solid; Large Crystals; CBI; Large Crystals; Other Solid; Dry Powder; Large Crystals; Large Crystals; Wet Solid; Large Crystals; Liquid; Liquid; Dry Powder; Other Solid

Pale yellow crystals or powder with faint odor of rotten eggs; [CAMEO]

YELLOW SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS.

Pure sulfur exists in two stable crystalline forms, alpha and beta, and at least two amorphous (liquid) forms. Alpha-sulfur: rhombic, octahedral, yellow crystals; beta-sulfur: monoclinic, prismatic, pale-yellow crystals

Yellow orthorhombic crystals /Sulfur (rhombic) (alpha)/

Yellow monoclinic needles, stable 95.3-120 °C /Sulfur (monoclinic) (beta)/

Yellow solid or amber-colored molten liquid.

Pure sulfur is odorless, but traces of hydrocarbon impurity may impart an oily and/or rotten egg odor

Faint taste

Tasteless

444.61 °C

95.3 °C /(Sulfur rhombic transforms to monoclinic)/; 115.21 °C /Sulfur (monoclinic)/

Ignites in air above 261 °C, in oxygen below 260 °C, burning to the dioxide; combines readily with hydrogen; combines in the cold with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine; combines with carbon at high temperatures; reacts with silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth at their melting points; combines with nearly all metals; with lithium, sodium, potassium, copper, mercury and silver in the cold on contact with the solid; with magnesium, zinc and cadmium very slightly in the cold, more readily on heating; with other metals at high temperatures. Does not react with iodine, nitrogen, tellurium, gold, platinum and iridium.

MP: 106.8 °C /gamma-Sulfur/

120 °C (amorphous)

405 °F (207 °C) (Closed cup)

160 °C c.c.

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol, benzene, ethyl ether; soluble in carbon disulfide /Sulfur (rhombic)/

Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol, benzene, ethyl ether; soluble in carbon disulfide /Sulfur (monoclinic)/

Insoluble in water. Sparingly soluble in alcohol, in ether; soluble in carbon disulfide (one gram/2 mL), in toluene

Liquid ammonia (anhydrous) dissolves 38.5% sulfur at -78 °C; acetone dissolves 2.65% at 25 °C; methylene iodide dissolves 9.1% at 10 °C; chloroform dissolves about 1.5% at 18 °C

Soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, warm aniline and carbon tetrachloride, and liquid ammonia.

Solubility in water: none

2.07 g/cu cm (Sulfur (rhombic)/; 2.00 (Sulfur (monoclinic)/

Amber-colored crystals. The stable at ordinary temperature, density: 2.06; when heated to 94.5 °C becomes opaque owing to formation of monoclinic sulfur /alpha-Sulfur/

Opaque, light- yellow, brittle, needle-like crystals; stable between 94.5 oto 120 °C. Passes slowly into the rhombic form on standing; density 1.96; mp 115.21 °C /beta-Sulfur/

2.1 g/cm³

Density of vapor/density of air, 470 °C: 7.837

3.95X10-6 mm Hg at 30.4 °C

Preparations containing sulfur may react with metals including silver and copper, resulting in discoloration of the metal.

450 °F (232 °C)

Dynamic viscosity of liquid (Pa.s): 0.17 at 120 °C; 0.008 at 140 °C; 0.0064 at 158 °C; 5.952 at 160 °C; 86.304 at 180 °C; 93.0 at 187.8 °C; 78.864 at 200 °C; 3.72 at 300 °C

Sulfur is not considered corrosive to the usual construction materials. However, acid-generating impurities, which may be introduced in handling and storage, create corrosive conditions.

-4.741 BTU/lb = -2,634 cal/g = -110.3x10+5 J/kg

120 BTU/lb = 69 cal/g = 2.9x10+5 J/kg

58.1 mN/m at 125 °C; 52.3 mN/m at 200 °C; 47.0 mN/m at 300 °C; 41.1 mN/m at 400 °C

Index of refraction: 1.947 /alpha/; 2.038 /beta/

Atomic Number 16; Valences 2, 4, 6

Mol wt approx 200,000; insoluble in solvents used for orthorhombic form; amorphous form; metastable, gradually reverts to alpha-form /Polymeric sulfur/

CSL00163

Sulfur + Iron

Reaction resulted in a fire

Not Available

User Reported

04/21/2022

Reacts with oxidizing materials.

The reaction of ammonia with specially prepared sulfur may form explosive sulfur nitride. Ammonium nitrate mixed with sulfur ... can be exploded by shock. ... Mixtures of ammonium perchlorate with sulfur ... are impact sensitive.

Mixture of barium carbide and sulfur heated at 150 °C becomes incandescent ... Mixture of sulfur and barium chlorate ignites at about 108-111 °C. ... Calcium carbide reacts incandescently with sulfur vapors at 500 °C. ... Calcium phosphide reacts with sulfur incandescently at about 300 °C.

Powdered sulfur is spontaneously flammable when mixed with lampblack or freshly calcined charcoal. ... A piece of sulfur ... takes fire spontaneously in chlorine dioxide and may produce an explosion ... Flowers-of-sulfur moistened with chromyl chloride ignites spontaneously. ... Mixture of sulfur & lead chlorate ignites @ about 63-67 °C.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

◉ Summary of Use during Lactation

Sulfur 5% to 10% in a petrolatum base is safe for topical use in children, including infants under 2 months of age. This makes it a useful alternative to organic insecticides for treating scabies in nursing mothers; however, the petrolatum base makes undesirable for use on the breast.

◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Burning sensation. Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Burning sensation. Diarrhoea.

LC50 (mammals) = 1660 mg/m3

LD50 Rabbit dermal >2000 mg/kg bw

LC50 Hamster inhalation >0.047 mg/L 4 hr

LC50 Mouse inhalation >0.047 mg/L 4 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation >0.047 mg/L 4 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sulfur and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasms ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

Employment examination should ensure that persons suffering from bronchitis or asthma /are protected against exposure/ to sulfur. In the periodical examination, clinical examination should be supplemented by chest X-ray.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of the elemental composition of metal working fluid (MWF) aerosols was conducted to determine which component of the MWFs could be responsible for pulmonary function decrements in exposed automobile parts manufacturing workers. Four components were selected for analysis: elemental sulfur, chlorine, chromium and nickel. The concn of these elements in aerosols of the MWFs used by the workers were determined. Associations between the element concn and the overshift FEV1 decrements were examined by case control techniques. The mean chlorine, chromium, nickel and sulfur concn in the straight MWF aerosols were 1.90, 0.16, 0.03 and 4.21 ug/cu m respectively. The mean concn of these elements in the water soluble MWF aerosols were 3.13, 0.15, 0.02 and 3.52 ug/cu m, respectively. Exposure to sulfur concn in the straight and soluble MWF combined was significantly associated with incr of sustaining a 5% or greater overshift decr in FEV1, odds ratio (OR) 3.3. This association was also seen when the sulfur concn of the straight and soluble MWFs was considered separately, ORs 5 and 2.9 respectively. ... A more detailed analysis of the association between sulfur and overshift FEV1 decr showed that the relative risk (RR) for sustaining a 5% overshift decr in FEV1 incr by 2.5 for every unit logarithmic incr in sulfur concn. On a linear scale, this indicated that the RR was 2.7 for sulfur concn above 5.6 ug/cu m compared to concn below 2.1 ug/cu m. ... /Metal working fluid/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ When administered orally, sulfur reportedly has a laxative or cathartic effect.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Topically applied sulfur is a keratolytic agent. Sulfur has keratoplastic activity at low concentrations, correcting abnormal keratinization, and keratolytic activity at high concentrations, causing peeling of skin; these effects apparently result from the same action of the drug. ... Although the mechanism of sulfur's keratolytic action has not been determined, this action may depend on formation of hydrogen sulfide when the drug comes in contact with skin; the production of the characteristic odor of rotten eggs when sulfur comes in contact with skin results from hydrogen sulfide formation. Hydrogen sulfide may be formed within the epidermis by sulfur reacting with cysteine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute effects of sulfur inhalation including catarrhal inflammation of nasal mucosa, which may lead to hyperplasia with abundant nasal secretion. Tracheobronchitis is frequent occurrence with dyspnea, persistent cough and expectoration ... sometimes streaked with blood. There may also be irritation of eyes, with lacrimation, photophobia, conjunctivitis and blepharoconjunctivitis; cases of damage to crystalline lens have also been described, with formation of opacities and even cataract and focal chorioretinitis. Skin may be subject to erythematous and eczematous lesions and signs of ulceration, especially in ... workers whose hands are in prolonged or repeated contact with powdered sulfur ... at beginning, miner suffers from upper respiratory tract catarrh, with cough, and expectoration which is mucoid and may even contain grains of sulfur. Asthma is frequent complication. Maxillary and frontal sinuses may be affected; involvement is usually bilateral and pansinusitis may be observed in some cases. ... Lung function exam has shown changes in pulmonary ventilation, increased oxygen consumption, reduced expiratory volume/sec and increased residual volume pulmonary carbon dioxide diffusion capacity was also impaired.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Using a maximization test with the guinea pig, a 1% or 5% aqueous solution of elemental or lime sulfur was a moderately strong allergen.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In /a/ nonstandard test, using subcutaneous injection in the Wistar rat, a 25% aqueous solution of wettable powder or a 22% solution of lime sulfur caused a four or five (mild or slight irritation or slight erythema).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Using the Buehler test, induction doses were applied to clipped skin at 0.4 mL or 500 mg/guinea pig (ca. 1 to 2 g/kg) three times, on a weekly basis, followed two weeks later by a challenge dose, to a naive site. Dermal sensitization was measured, as erythema with or without edema, in response to the challenge dose, at 24 and 48 hr, on a scale of 0 to 3. All of the (seven) formulations tested scored zero, i.e., were negative.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single-dose limit test was conducted using the rabbit (six of either sex), dosed at 0.5 mL/sq inch (or 0.5 g/sq inch) for 4 hr. The responses were graded. Nineteen of 20 formulations caused mild or slight irritation (Category IV); 1 showed moderate irritation at 72 hr (Category III).

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail, age 14 days) diet >5620 ppm for 14 days

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: >5000000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /90% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, 1st instar larvae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 3850000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /90% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp, age 24 hr); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 736000 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 646000-839000 ug/L) /90% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Freshwater toxicology of sulfur on fish as follows: 16,000 ppm for 5 hr on goldfish resulted in 100% mortality under turbid water conditions; 10 to 80 ppm on goldfish resulted in a theoretical threshold; 10,000 ppm for 96 hr on mosquito fish was the resulting TLm under turbid water conditions; 1,600 for 3.5 to 5.25 hr on goldfish proved fatal under colloidal sulfur in tap water.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Recent literature indicates that the elemental sulfur occurring in organic extracts of sediment samples can be toxic to the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, used in standard Microtox bioassays. This observation was tested by means of the solvent extraction of 14 freshwater sediment samples from rivers tributary to Lake Geneva (Switzerland-France), measuring both Microtox toxicity and the elemental sulfur concentration of the extracts. Aliquots of these sediment extracts were further treated to remove the sulfur by adding acid-activated copper to the crude extracts; for 18 hr in one case, and for 116 hr in another. The results were a significant amount of the observed acute toxicity in the Microtox assay of 81% of sample extracts (n = 42, crude and after cleanup) was due to elemental sulfur, and despite a median decrease of 99.1% of elemental sulfur in the extracts subject to a 116-hr cleanup, sulfur toxicity was not completely excluded for 57% (8/14) of the samples.

/PLANTS/ Phytotoxic, to some extent, to a number of crops, incl cucurbits, apricots, raspberries, and certain other 'sulfur-shy' /sulfur sensitive plant/ varieties.

/FIELD STUDIES/ In the case of a 3-year field study on highbush blueberry bushes in mineral soil, sulfur amendment increased both early growth and blueberry yield. It was concluded that the effects of sulfur were probably mediated by a decrease in soil pH with corresponding increases in Mn and Fe levels. It was also found, in a lysimeter study, that increasing the sulfur content of soil led to a rise in sulfur content of plants, such as corn, wheat, barley, sunflower, and mustard.

Sulfur accounts for 15% of the inner core of the earth and 0.052% of its crust. The total sulfur content of the earth is estimated to be about 18.2X10+15 tons. The world is rich in large and highly pure deposits of elemental sulfur from which commercial sulfur can be mined. Sulfur minerals include gypsum, epsomite, miralulite, pyrite and marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, cobaltitle, pyrrhalite, galena, arsenopyrite, and pentlandite. Elemental sulfur occurs in salt domes, volcanic deposits and some deposits of calcite, gypsum, and anhydrite. In every state, whether gas, liquid, or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form. Three are relevant in nature: -2 (sulfhydryl and sulfide), 0 (elemental sulfur), and +6 (sulfate). The global sulfur cycle involves an atmospheric flux of about (140-350)X10+6 tons/annum, with (40-60)X10+6 tons as anthropogenic sulfur, in the form of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and sulfate. The rest ((100-290)X10+6 tonns/annum) involves biological decay, sea spray, and volcanism. However, the increasing acid precipitation from industrial stack emissions has seriously disturbed the natural sulfur cycle. Sulfur also paricipates in microbial cycles. Numerous microorganisms and plants use sulfate as their sole source of sulfur, converting it to organic sulfhydryl compounds in the oxidation state of -2. Many microorganisms, mainly Thiobacillus sp., can produce sulfide which under aerobic conditions is oxidized to sulfur and sulfate either spontaneously or through biochemical processes. (SRC)

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail, age 14 days) diet >5620 ppm for 14 days

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: >5000000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /90% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, 1st instar larvae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 3850000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /90% purity/

LC50; Species: Americamysis bahia (Opossum Shrimp, age 24 hr); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 736000 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 646000-839000 ug/L) /90% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Freshwater toxicology of sulfur on fish as follows: 16,000 ppm for 5 hr on goldfish resulted in 100% mortality under turbid water conditions; 10 to 80 ppm on goldfish resulted in a theoretical threshold; 10,000 ppm for 96 hr on mosquito fish was the resulting TLm under turbid water conditions; 1,600 for 3.5 to 5.25 hr on goldfish proved fatal under colloidal sulfur in tap water.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Recent literature indicates that the elemental sulfur occurring in organic extracts of sediment samples can be toxic to the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, used in standard Microtox bioassays. This observation was tested by means of the solvent extraction of 14 freshwater sediment samples from rivers tributary to Lake Geneva (Switzerland-France), measuring both Microtox toxicity and the elemental sulfur concentration of the extracts. Aliquots of these sediment extracts were further treated to remove the sulfur by adding acid-activated copper to the crude extracts; for 18 hr in one case, and for 116 hr in another. The results were a significant amount of the observed acute toxicity in the Microtox assay of 81% of sample extracts (n = 42, crude and after cleanup) was due to elemental sulfur, and despite a median decrease of 99.1% of elemental sulfur in the extracts subject to a 116-hr cleanup, sulfur toxicity was not completely excluded for 57% (8/14) of the samples.

/PLANTS/ Phytotoxic, to some extent, to a number of crops, incl cucurbits, apricots, raspberries, and certain other 'sulfur-shy' /sulfur sensitive plant/ varieties.

/FIELD STUDIES/ In the case of a 3-year field study on highbush blueberry bushes in mineral soil, sulfur amendment increased both early growth and blueberry yield. It was concluded that the effects of sulfur were probably mediated by a decrease in soil pH with corresponding increases in Mn and Fe levels. It was also found, in a lysimeter study, that increasing the sulfur content of soil led to a rise in sulfur content of plants, such as corn, wheat, barley, sunflower, and mustard.

Sulfur accounts for 15% of the inner core of the earth and 0.052% of its crust. The total sulfur content of the earth is estimated to be about 18.2X10+15 tons. The world is rich in large and highly pure deposits of elemental sulfur from which commercial sulfur can be mined. Sulfur minerals include gypsum, epsomite, miralulite, pyrite and marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, cobaltitle, pyrrhalite, galena, arsenopyrite, and pentlandite. Elemental sulfur occurs in salt domes, volcanic deposits and some deposits of calcite, gypsum, and anhydrite. In every state, whether gas, liquid, or solid, elemental sulfur occurs in more than one allotropic form. Three are relevant in nature: -2 (sulfhydryl and sulfide), 0 (elemental sulfur), and +6 (sulfate). The global sulfur cycle involves an atmospheric flux of about (140-350)X10+6 tons/annum, with (40-60)X10+6 tons as anthropogenic sulfur, in the form of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and sulfate. The rest ((100-290)X10+6 tonns/annum) involves biological decay, sea spray, and volcanism. However, the increasing acid precipitation from industrial stack emissions has seriously disturbed the natural sulfur cycle. Sulfur also paricipates in microbial cycles. Numerous microorganisms and plants use sulfate as their sole source of sulfur, converting it to organic sulfhydryl compounds in the oxidation state of -2. Many microorganisms, mainly Thiobacillus sp., can produce sulfide which under aerobic conditions is oxidized to sulfur and sulfate either spontaneously or through biochemical processes. (SRC)

Sulfur accounts for 15% of the inner core of the earth and 0.052% of its crust. The total sulfur content of the earth is estimated to be about 18.2X10+15 tons. ... The global sulfur cycle involves an atmospheric flux of about (140-350)X10+6 tons/annum, /with (100-290)X10+6 tonns/annum involving/ ... biological decay, sea spray, and volcanism. Sulfur also paricipates in microbial cycles. The world is rich in large and highly pure deposits of elemental sulfur from which commercial sulfur can be mined.

Native in Texas; Louisiana; Sicily; Canada (Alberta); Poland; Saudi Arabia; Mexico; Iraq; offshore deposits in Gulf of Mexico; the former USSR; Japan

Has been known from very early times. Occurs both in free state, and in combination, mainly as sulfides and sulfates

Sulfur minerals include gypsum, epsomite, miralulite, pyrite and marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, cobaltitle, pyrrhalite, galena, arsenopyrite, and pentlandite. Elemental sulfur occurs in salt domes, volcanic deposits and some deposits of calcite, gypsum, and anhydrite.

For more Natural Pollution Sources (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Waste from kraft mills, sugar refining, petroleum refining, and copper and iron extraction contain appreciable amount of sulfur.

Sulfuric acid manufacture, pulp and paper manufacture, carbon disulfide, rubber vulcanization, detergents, petroleum refining, dyes and chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, explosives, rodent repellants, soil conditioner, coating for controlled-release fertilizers, nucleating reagent for photographic film, cement sealant, binder and asphalt extender in road paving (up to 40%), base material for low-temperature mortars. /Sulfur compounds/

Considerable quantities of sulfur are recovered ... from sources other than sour natural gas, such as from smelter gases, other metallurgical processes, and petroleum refining.

The global sulfur cycle involves an atmospheric flux of about (140-350)X10+6 tons/annum, with (40-60)X10+6 tons as anthropogenic sulfur, in the form of sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and sulfate. The rest involves biological decay, sea spray, and volcanism. Sulfur also paricipates in microbial cycles. The world is rich in large and highly pure deposits of elemental sulfur from which commercial sulfur can be mined.

The increasing acid precipitation from industrial stack emissions has seriously disturbed the natural sulfur cycle(1,2). /Sulfur compounds/

Biogenic sulfur compounds originate from non-specific bacterial reduction of organic sulfur, for example plant decomposition, and from specific sulfate reducing bacteria. Sulfate-reducing microbes are strict anaerobes, while the nonspecific reducers may be found in aerobic or anaerobic environments(1). Microbial activity plays a key role in the release and leaching of trace elements such as sulfur from metalliferous peat soils from the Elba, New York region(2).

Sulfur reaches local water courses, in limited amounts by dusting of solid sulfur (state form) during transportation and handling at ports; runoff from storage areas; and accidental spills.

When spilled onto soil, molten sulfur will solidify prior to any significant movement into the soil. In solid form, sulfur is insoluble and thus cannot be transported downward to the ground water table. Traces of hydrogen sulfide represent the only aqueous phase contaminant likely to be detected.

SOIL: The weight percent of elemental sulfur in soil has been reported to range from 0.003 to 1%(1). The average amount of sulfur in soils of the conterminous US has been reported as 1600 ppm, ranging from <800 to 48,000 ppm(2).

... Soybean flour contains 14 wt% ... milk, eggs, beef, bread, beans, soybean, wheat, and peanut all contain between 1.1 and 8 wt% sulfur.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sulfur is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

SULFUR IS WIDELY USED & THERE ARE NUMEROUS OPERATIONS, SUCH AS SHOVELING, GRINDING, SCREENING, & BAGGING, WHERE SULFUR DUST IN CONSIDERABLE AMT IS FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE.

The greatest sulfur hazard is encountered in the traditional extraction of sulfur bearing rock, since the inhalation of the high concentrations of sulfur dust encountered in sulfur mines may have harmful effects on the respiratory system.

Sulfur reaches local water courses, in limited amounts by dusting of solid sulfur (state form) during transportation and handling at ports; runnoff from storage areas; and accidental spills.

According to the FDA Total Diet Study, conducted from July 1986 through April 1991, the mean daily intake of body weight (ug/kg body weight/day, age) of sulfur was as follows: 0.0064 (6-11 months); 0.0368 (2 yrs); 0.0055 (14-16 years, female); 0.0054 (14-16 years, male); 0.0053 (25-30 years, female); 0.0031 (25-30 years, male); 0.0069 (60-65 years, female); 0.0068 (60-65 years, male)(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration, or if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

Dump into a landfill site. Recommendable method: Landfill. Not recommendable method: Thermal destruction. Peer review: Caution: sulfur could be a fire hazard and may cause bacterial degradation, landfill is recommendable for small amt only. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Health: Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 25 meters (75 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 133: FLAMMABLE SOLIDS/ Protection Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Sulfur, Elemental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1350; Sulfur, lump and coarse grained powder, or fine grained powder; Sulfur, molten

UN 2448; Sulfur, molten

IMO 4.1; Sulfur, lump and coarse grained powder, or fine grained powder; Sulfur, molten

49 453 56; Sulfur; Sulphur; Sulfur flow; Flowers of Sulfur

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

UN Hazard Class: 4.1; UN Pack Group: III