bromine

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P264, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (1 of 725) of reports.

H314 (99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (39.6%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (99.9%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 725 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 725 reports by companies.

There are 17 notifications provided by 724 of 725 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H290: May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P363, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P363, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Put clothes in sealable container. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects may be delayed for several hours. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bromine Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to bromine may include hypotension (low blood pressure), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes), and circulatory collapse. Neurological effects may include headache, dizziness, delirium, stupor, and shock. Gastrointestinal effects may include vomiting (vomitus may be blue), diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stools. Nephritis with oliguria (scanty urination) and anuria (absence of urine formation) has been reported. Bromine is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes; brown discoloration of the mucous membranes, lips, and tongue may be observed. Lacrimation (tearing), photophobia (heightened sensitivity to light), nosebleeds, coughing, asphyxiation, and pulmonary edema may also occur. A burning pain in the mouth and esophagus generally follows ingestion.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to bromine may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying and supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to bromine.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to bromine.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed IMMEDIATELY with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. IMMEDIATELY wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

4. Activated charcoal is of no value.

5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Move containers from fire area. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water.

Nonflammable, but a strong oxidizer. Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

May intensify fire; oxidizer.

Fire Fighting Procedures: Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use appropriate extinguishing agents on nearby combustible fires.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Hydrogen bromide gas. Container explosion may occur under fire conditions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1744 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Remove vapour with fine water spray. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1) VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2) COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL OR POUR SODIUM THIOSULFATE OR LIME WATER OVER SMALL SPILLS.

Soln or slurries of 10-50% potassium carbonate, 10-13% sodium carbonate, & 5-10% sodium bicarbonate or saturated "hypo" soln (prepared by dissolving 4 kg of technical-grade sodium thiosulfate in 9.5 l of water & adding 113 g of soda ash) are preferred neutralizing agents for liquid bromine spills.

A 5% lime slurry or 5% sodium hydroxide soln may be used, but heats of reaction are higher for these reagents. Ammonia soln should not be applied to liquid spills because of the high heat of reaction & nitrogen evolution. Anhydrous ammonia gas is useful for neutralization of bromine fumes.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Spill or Leak Procedures: Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Use soda ash to neutralize liquid. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Dermal: Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected area thoroughly with copious volumes of water for 20 minutes. Since effects may be delayed, close observation for blistering and discoloration of the skin is required for the next 24 hours.

Eye: The eye(s) should be irrigated with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persists, further medical evaluation is recommended.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BROMINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store only in original container. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Do not store in polyethylene containers. Handle and open container with care.

Storage Recommendations: Store in cool, dry, well-venilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

0.033 [ppm]

0.24 [ppm]

8.5 [ppm]

0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m³)

0.3 ppm (2 mg/m³)

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3)

0.1 [ppm]

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3) See Appendix G

3 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

3 ppm [From NPG: Bromine] (NIOSH, 2024)

3.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that 10 ppm and above cause such severe upper respiratory irritation that exposures will not be voluntarily borne [MCA 1968]. Also, it has been reported that 0.75 ppm caused no symptoms in 6 hours [Flury and Zernik 1931]. Further, 4 ppm has been recommended as the maximum concentration allowable for 0.5 to 1 hour, with 40 to 60 ppm dangerous for brief exposures [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. It has also been stated that respiratory damage occurs at 10 ppm [NFPA 1978]. It has been reported that 1.7 to 3.5 ppm produces severe choking, 4.5 to 9 ppm is extremely dangerous, and 30 ppm would prove fatal in a short time [ILO 1971].

See: 7726956

0.2 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.2 ppm.

0.1 ppm as TWA; 0.2 ppm as STEL.

0.7 mg/m

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

ERPG-1: 0.1 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 0.5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Bromine is a dark reddish-brown fuming liquid with a pungent odor. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Toxic by inhalation. Accelerates the burning of combustible material. It is very corrosive to tissue and to metals.

Bromine, solution appears as a reddish-brown aqueous solution. The solubility of bromine in water equals 0.33 mg/ mL.

Dark reddish-brown, fuming liquid with suffocating, irritating fumes; [NIOSH]

FUMING RED-TO-BROWN LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Dark reddish-brown, fuming liquid with suffocating, irritating fumes.

Dark reddish-brown, volatile, mobile diatomic liquid; vaporizes at room temperature

Dense, dark red, mobile liquid; vaporizes readily at room temperature to give a red vapor

Suffocating odor

Bleachy, penetrating

Taste threshold: 0.17-0.23 mg/L (as bromide) in water at pH 5-9

139.2 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

58.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

19 °F (EPA, 1998)

4 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Solubility in water (25 °C): 0.2141 mol/L with formation of 0.00115 mol/L of HOBr

In water, 33.6 g/L at 25 °C

Water solubility: 35.8 g/L at 20 °C; 41.7 g/L at 0 °C

Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, concentrated hydrochloride acid, aq solutions of bromides

Bromine is soluble in nonpolar solvents and in certain polar solvents such as alcohol and sulfuric acid. It is miscible with ... many halogenated solvents.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 4.0

3.1023 at 77 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

3.1023 at 25 °C/4 °C

Vapor density: 5.51 (Air = 1); bromine reacts with aluminum reacts vigorously and explosively with potassium

Relative density (water = 1): 3.1

3.1028 @25 °C

5.51 at 59 °F (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

7.139 g/L at 0 °C, 101.3 kPa

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.5

172 mmHg at 69.08 °F (EPA, 1998)

212.0 [mmHg]

212 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 23.3

172 mmHg

75 [mm Hg] @2.5 °C

Henry's law constant: 0.00132 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

0.134 cSt at 20 °C; 0.288 cSt at 30 °C; 0.264 cSt at 40 °C; 0.245 at 50 °C

0.264 mm²/s at 40 °C

Corrosive material

Fumes in air. Soluble in water.

Slightly soluble in water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Halogenating Agents

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Strong Oxidizing Agent

CSL00023

DIETHYL ETHER + BROMINE

Pre-mixing bromine in diethyl ether resulted in a siginificant exotherm and expulsion of flask contents.

Corrosive To Metals,Flammable

Aryl methyl ketone

M (up to 100g)

Bromination

Exotherm/soft explosion noted in Bretherecks.

User-Reported

CSL00040

BROMINE + TERT-BUTYL METHYL ETHER

Spontaneous exothermic reaction when mixed in 1:1 molar ratio

Explosive

CSL00049

BROMINE + SULFURIC ACID + SODIUM BROMIDE

Warning- Incorrect concentrations of sodium bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid can cause bromine gas to be released

Corrosive,Toxic

CSL00040 Bromination BROMINE

CSL00053

ACETONE + BROMINE

During bromination of acetone to bromoacetone, presence of a large excess of bromine must be avoided to prevent sudden and violent reaction.

HSDB Acetone

Bretherick's

BROMINE is a powerful oxidizing agent. Reacts vigorously with reducing reagents. Can ignite a combustible material upon contact. If heated by itself or if mixed with water or steam, highly toxic and corrosive fumes are emitted. Reacts explosively with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Mixtures with lithium or sodium are shock-sensitive. Ignites on contact with germanium, trialkyl boranes, copper and alkali metal acetylides [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 506]. Attacks most metals, including platinum and palladium [Hawley]. May react violently to form bromides upon contact with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form. Sodium, potassium, antimony and germanium ignite in bromine vapor and react explosively. Ignites on contact with germanium, trialkyl boranes, copper and alkali metal acetylides [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 506]. Violent reaction with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus. Methyl acetylides or carbides ignite at room temperature on contact with bromine vapor. Explosive reaction with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109]. Reacts violently on contact with natural rubber [Pascal, 1960, vol. 16.1, 371].

BROMINE SOLUTION is an oxidizing agent. Bromine disproportionates rapidly in basic water to give bromide ion and bromate ion. The latter is also an oxidizing agent. Dissolution lowers reactivity compared to pure bromine. Reacts with reducing reagents. Reacts with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Can react with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form, to form bromides. Can react with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus, natural rubber. Reactions with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues may be vigorous.[Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109].

Organic cmpd containing active hydrogen atoms adjacent to a carbonyl group (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids) may react violently in unmoderated contact with bromine.

Interaction of /bromine and diethyl zinc/ without diluents may produce dangerous explosions ...

Lithium is stable in contact with dry bromine, but heavy impact will initiate explosion, while sodium in contact with bromine needs only moderate impact for initiation. Potassium ignites in bromine vapor and explodes violently in contact with liquid bromine and rubidium ignites in bromine vapor. Aluminum, mercury, or titanium react violently with dry bromine. Warm germanium ignites in bromine vapor and antimony ignites in bromine vapor and reacts explosively with the liquid halogen. During preparation of praseodymium bromide, accidental contact of liquid bromine with small particles of praseodymium led to a violent explosion.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for BROMINE (56 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Combustible organics (sawdust, wood, cotton, straw, etc.), aluminum, readily oxidizable materials, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, phosphorus, potassium, sodium [Note: Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel & copper.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bromine is a dark reddish-brown, volatile, mobile diatomic liquid; vaporizes at room temperature. Pure bromine is used in the synthesis of a variety of bromine containing substances. Other uses for bromine include flame retardants, cleaning agents, dyestuffs, photography, water sanitation, pharmaceuticals, bleaching fibers and silk. Bromine is registered for use in water filters to purify drinking water aboard US Naval ships and offshore oil well platforms. It is also used as a general disinfectant and sanitizer in indoor, non-food contact areas such as commercial establishments, hospitals and households, to control bacteria and fungi. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Inhalation of the irritant bromine vapors or direct contact with the liquid or vapor with skin and mucous membranes will produce direct tissue injury. Injury may occur at various levels of the respiratory tract depending upon the concentration of bromine and the duration of exposure. Pure bromine liquid or vapor is extremely irritating to the skin. Unlike other chemical agents, there is no immediate visible skin reaction after contact. The delay before initial signs or injury become apparent often results in more extreme damage. The most common local effects are blister formation, brownish discoloration of the skin and slow healing ulcers. Exposure to low concentrations produces lacrimation, rhinorrhea, eye irritation, coughing, dyspnea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis and headache. A brownish discoloration of the tongue and buccal mucosa may result and be accompanied by a characteristic breath odor. Inflammatory lesions of the upper airway, photophobia and blepharospasm are noted at higher levels. Upper and lower respiratory tract: delayed or immediate bronchoconstriction and the development of laryngeal spasm, glottal edema and asthma. With increased parenchymal penetration, there may be associated peribronchiolar abscesses, pulmonary infiltrates consistent with chemical pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans and pulmonary edema. Acute obstructive ventilator impairment may lead to acidosis, measles like rash and subsequent death. It should be noted that more severe respiratory symptoms may be delayed for several hours after the exposure. There is a rare cutaneous manifestation of bromide accumulation is known as bromoderma tuberosum which progresses from red papules to pustules that enlarge and develop into indurated lesions. A mild degree of spermatogenic suppression and impaired reproductive performance following paternal exposure to bromine vapor described in the literature. ANIMAL STUDIES: The mortality of mice exposed to 240 or 750 ppm bromine was dependent on the duration of the study. Rats, mice and rabbits inhaling 0.2 ppm bromine developed disturbances in the functions of their respiratory, nervous and endocrine systems. Rats fed bromine (0.01 mg/kg)) for 6 months experienced changes in their conditioned reflexes and several blood indexes. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Bromine releases as a consequence of production activities have had serious effects upon vegetation.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Wheezing. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Burning sensation. Pain. Serious skin burns.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Blurred vision. Pain. Burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

dizziness, headache; lacrimation (discharge of tears), epistaxis (nosebleed); cough, feeling of oppression, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis; abdominal pain, diarrhea; measle-like eruptions; eye, skin burns

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. (L626, L627)

respiratory system, eyes, central nervous system, skin

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

1 mg/kg body wt

LC50 (mice) = 750 ppm/9 min

LD50: 85.2 ppm (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (A542)

LD50: 2600 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A542)

LC50: 750 ppm over 9 minutes (Inhalation, Mouse) (A542)

An oral dose of 1 mL is regarded as lethal in adults.

Concentration of 11-23 mg/cu m produces severe choking ... 30-60 mg/cu m is extremely dangerous ... 200 mg/cu m would prove fatal in very short time ... vapors can cause acute as well as chronic poisoning .. it has cumulative properties ..

LD50 Rat ip 85.2 ppm

LD50 Mouse oral 3100 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat oral 2600 mg/kg bw

LD50 Guinea pig oral 5500 mg/kg bw

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromine should be washed with water from any areas of dermal or ocular contact. If inhaled, treatment is mainly symptomatic and may include maintaining an adequate airway, administering oxygen, antibronchospasm therapy, and/or antibiotics. (L626)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Laboratory criteria for diagnosis: Biologic: No specific test for bromine is available; however, detection of elevated bromide levels in serum (reference level is 50-100 mg/L) might indicate that an exposure has occurred.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Dermal: There is a rare cutaneous manifestation of bromide accumulation known as bromoderma tuberosum, which progresses from red papules to pustules that enlarge and develop into indurated lesions with a central ulcer. This effect is related to the ingestion of bromides formerly used in medications and, in theory, to chronic inhalation of low-level concentrations of bromine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Dermal: Pure bromine (liquid or vapor) is extremely irritating to the skin. Unlike most other chemical agents, there is no immediate visible skin reaction after contact. The delay before initial signs of injury become apparent often results in more extensive damage. The most common local effects are blister formation, brownish discoloration of the skin and slow-healing ulcers.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Skin burns can occur from liquid bromine spills. Bromine initially causes a cooling effect on the skin and after a delay will produce a burning sensation that can progress to deep chemical burns and brown discoloration of the skin.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Upper and lower respiratory tract: Initial irritant symptoms of bromine vapor inhalation include: dyspnea, coughing, choking, and wheezing. In addition, immediate or delayed bronchoconstriction and the development of laryngeal spasm, glottal edema, asthma and tracheobronchitis. With increased parenchymal penetration, there may be associated peribronchiolar abscesses, pulmonary infiltrates consistent with chemical pneumonitis, bronchiolitis obliterans and pulmonary edema. Acute obstructive ventilatory impairment may lead to severe hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, measles-like rash and subsequent death. It should be noted that more severe respiratory symptoms may be delayed for several hours after the exposure.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMINE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Bromine/ exposure of 7 hours to 23 ppm provoked only slight irritation of respiratory tract and slight dyspnea in cats, rabbits and guinea pigs, while 180 ppm caused disturbances of function of CNS. Necropsy of guinea pigs and rabbits following 3 hour exposure at 300 ppm revealed edema of lung, a pseudomembranous deposit on trachea and bronchi, and hemorrhages of gastric mucosa. Foci of bronchopneumonia were found in animals that died several days after exposure and there was evidence of functional disturbances in CNS.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Skin irritation in rat:/ irritating.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or = 24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 1500 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 1000-2200 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or = 24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22 °C, pH 8.0 (7.4-9.4), hardness 173 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen >60%; Concentration: 1000 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 460-2200 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 0.52 ppm for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.38-0.83 ppm)

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 0.31 ppm for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.35 ppm)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Zygotes and young embryos derived from Fucus vesiculosus /bladderwack (seaweed)/ collected in the achipelgo of Stockholm (Sweden) in 1990, growing at a salinity of 6 to 7 S /salinity/, were cultured under different salinity conditions and in media of different bromine concentrations. Optimum salinity was 10 to 12 S for germination (rhizoid initiation) while apical hair formation showed a broader tolerance curve with an optimum at 8 to 14 S. Bromide caused inhibition of early development of F. vesiculosus. At 6 salinity a 50% reduction in germination took place at 10.0 mM Br and at 1.25 mM Br only 4.7% of the embryos developed apical hairs, as compared to 32.7% in the control. Bromine toxicity decreased at higher salinities. The results indicate that F. vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea has diverged from its Altantic progenitors and to some extent acclimated to low salinity. Still, the salinity in the normal environment of the tested population is lower than optimum, leading to a lower degree of germination.

/PLANTS/ Immediate and delayed (24 hr) effects of a 20 min exposure of cowpea primary leaf tissue to 1, 3, or 5 ppm bromine gas was studied. The formation of circular, adaxial and abaxial surface lesions and leaf compression were the most visible changes. At 1 ppm cellular changes such as adaxial depression and anticlinal cell wall interdigitation were reversed when exposed plants were returned to normal environment. At 5 ppm the entire population immediately became irreversibly necrotic.

/PLANTS/ Bromine releases as a consequence of ... production activities has had serious effects upon vegetation in the locale. The first noted manifestation of a problem was damage to coniferous trees near the bromine plants. Needle tip necrosis after 13 to 14 month and 1 to 2 month exposure times was very evident within a 3 mile radius of all bromine facilities sampled. At further distances of 3.5 to 12 miles, tip damage was sporadic, varying from tree to tree, and not evident on 1 to 2 month-exposure needles. The foliage burn and death of trees within 0.5 to 1 mile was extreme. Conifers were decidedly more susceptible to the bromine emissions than were broadleaf trees, shrubs, and grasses. Chlorophyll (a and b) levels were greatly reduced in the conifer trees surrounding the bromine plants. This was taken as a strong indicator of extreme air pollution problems because chlorophyll does not reflect environmental problems until they become overwhelming.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Bromine's production and use in the manufacture of flame retardants, oil well drilling fluids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other compounds may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fumigant for stored grains and other produce and use as water disinfectant in hot tubs, swimming pools and whirlpools will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bromine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromine in the atmosphere (BR2) will react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8.6 hours. Bromine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.32X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Bromine is expected to volatilize rapidly from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. When bromine dissolves in water, it partially disproportionates into HOBr (hypobromous acid). Above pH 3, the fraction present as Br2 decreases and HOBr is formed; between pH 6 and pH 8, most of the bromine is present as HOBr. Bromine will slowly be reduced to bromide by natural oxidizable materials in water and soil. Occupational exposure to bromine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromine is produced or used. (SRC)

Bromine does not exist in nature in its elemental state, Br(1), but is found solely as the bromide(2).

Bromine's production and use in the manufacture of flame retardants, oil well drilling fluids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other compounds(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC); its use as a fumigant for stored grains and other produce(2) and use as water disinfectant in hot tubs, swimming pools and whirlpools(1,2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Volatilization of bromine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.32X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). Bromine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C(2). Bromine is reportedly vaporized rapidly at room temperature(3). Bromine will slowly be reduced to bromide by natural oxidizable materials in water and soil(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Volatilization of bromine from water surfaces is expected(1) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.32X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(1), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.5 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). When bromine dissolves in water, it partially disproportionates into HOBr (hypobromous acid) and HBr(3). Above pH 3, the fraction present as Br2 decreases and HOBr is formed(4); between pH 6 and pH 8, most of the bromine is present as HOBr(4). Bromine will slowly be reduced to bromide by natural oxidizable materials in water and soil(4). Bromine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis on water surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromine, which has a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The reaction of bromine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals yields the bromide radical and HOBr(3). Bromine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Bromine will slowly be reduced to bromide by natural oxidizable materials(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 4.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The reaction of bromine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals yields the bromide radical and HOBr(1). In the presence of moisture and sunlight, bromine has a short life-time and is transformed into hydrobromic acid and oxygen(3). In water below pH 3, bromine is present almost entirely as the molecular Br2(3); above pH 3, the fraction present as Br2 decreases and HOBr is formed(3); between pH 6 and pH 8, most of the bromine is present as HOBr(3). Bromine gas absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for bromine is 1.32X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bromine is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Bromine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Bromine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Bromine is reported to vaporize rapidly at room temperature(4).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of bromine is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 62,214 workers (10,780 of these are female) are potentially exposed to bromine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to bromine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromine is produced or used(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Bromine; Bromine, solution; Bromine, solution (Inhalation Hazard Zone A)/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Bromine; Bromine, solution; Bromine, solution, Inhalation Hazard Zone A [Table#1443]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Bromine, solution (Inhalation Hazard Zone B)/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Bromine, solution, Inhalation Hazard Zone B [Table#1444]

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Bromine; Bromine, solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BROMINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1744; Bromine; Bromine solutions

IMO 8; Bromine or bromine solutions

49 361 10; Bromine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Bromine is usually shipped in monel alloy drums constructed of 14-gage metal and designed to contain 38 L or 102 kg of liquid bromine. Larger bulk shipments of bromine use lead- or nickel-lined tank cars or tank trucks. The latter must be filled to a minimum 98% of capacity before shipping to avoid inertia effects in transport.

Corrosive Poison Inhalation Hazard

Special material. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, C, N; R: 26-35-50; S: (1/2)-7/9-26-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I