chromic acid

H271 (26.7%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H300 (32.7%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (16.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (46.5%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (38.6%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (22.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (48.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334 (48.5%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H340 (27.7%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H341 (21.8%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361 (49.5%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (27.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (88.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P283, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P306+P360, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 101 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected contrainers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distrance as possible. /Chromic acid solution/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Adjust pH to neutral (pH=7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Chromic acid solution/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment. /Chromic acid solution/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for chromic acid: Concentration process: Reverse Osmosis.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If employees' clothing may have become contaminated with solids or liquids containing chromic acid or chromates, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Clothing contaminated with chromic acid or chromates should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of substance from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the chromic acid or chromates, the person performing the operation should be informed of chromic acid or chromates hazardous properties.

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to solids or liquids containing chromic acid or chromates, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with chromic acid or chromates should be removed immediately and not reworn until the substance is removed from the clothing.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

15.0 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI)

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: A worker exposed for several days to concentrations of chromic acid mist of about 20 to 30 mg/m3 (equivalent to about 10 to 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3) experienced cough, headache, dyspnea, and substernal pain; the signs persisted for 2 weeks [ILO 1971]. Another man working on the same process was similarly but less severely affected [ILO 1971].

NIOSH considers chromic acid to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Chromic acid and chromates/

15 mg/cu m [as Cr(VI)]. /Chromic acid and chromates/

0.0002 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

0.0005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m /Chromium and inorganic compounds, as Cr; water-soluble Cr VI compounds/

A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. /Chromium and inorganic compounds, as Cr; water-soluble Cr VI compounds/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: total chromium in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 25 ug/L. /Chromium (VI), Water-soluble fume/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: total chromium in urine; Sampling Time: increase during shift; BEI: 10 ug/L. /Chromium (VI), Water-soluble fume/

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possiblity of skin contact with solids or liquids containing chromic acid or chromates.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Chromic acid and chromates/

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. /Chromic acid and chromates/

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Liquid; Other Solid

CrO3: Dark-red, odorless flakes or powder. [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution (H2CrO4); [NIOSH] Dark, red-purple solid; Soluble in water; [ACGIH]

Dark purplish-red crystals /Anhydrous chromic acid/

Red ortho crystals /Anhydrous chromic acid, chromic trioxide/

Brown solid

Decomposes at about 250 °C /Anhydrous chromic acid, chromic trioxide/

196 °C /Anhydrous chromic acid/

In water, 1.1X10+6 mg/L at 17 °C

In water, 169 g/100 g water at 25 °C /Anhydrous chromic acid, chromic trioxide/

In water, 1854 g/L at 20 °C

Soluble in alcohol and mineral acids /Anhydrous chromic acid/

For more Solubility (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.67-2.82 /Anhydrous chromic acid/

When heated to decomposition it emits smoke and irritating fumes.

Attacks most metals, particularly copper and brass. Attacks cloth, leather, and some plastics.

pKa = -0.8 to 1.6

Weighs 13.9 lb per gal /Chromic acid soln/

Deliquescent /Anhydrous chromic acid/

Metals -> Chromium Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Corrosives

Reactive agents - 1st degree

Dangerously reactive. Incompatible with acetic acid, acetic anhydride, tetrahydronaphthalene, acetone, alcohols, alkali metals, ammonia, arsenic, bromine pentafluoride, butyric acid, n,n-dimethylformamide, hydrogen sulfide, peroxyformic acid, phosphorus, potassium hexacyanoferrate, pyridine, selenium, sodium, sulfur & many other materials.

Combustible, organic, or other readily oxidizable materials (paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum, plastics, etc.); corrosive to metals. /Chromic acid and chromates/

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromic acid forms dark purplish-red crystals. It is used as photographic chemical; aluminum anodizing reagent; chrome electroplating/zinc colorless conversion coatings reagent; side-chain oxidation reagent, and wood preservative. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Repeated or prolonged exposure to chromic acid or chromate dust or mist may cause an ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum. Respiratory irritation may occur with symptoms resembling asthma. Liver damage with yellow jaundice has been reported. Prolonged or repeated exposure of the skin may cause a skin rash. Allergic skin rash may also occur. Contact causes severe eye injury characterized by infiltration, vascularization, and opacification of the cornea. Full-thickness skin burns covering as little as 1% of the body surface area may lead to irreversible acute tubular necrosis secondary to acute chromium intoxication. The mortality rate is high if the burned area exceeds approximately 10% of the body surface. The correlation with duration of chrome bath work associated with exposure to chromium acid was positive only for cancers of the lung and bronchus in male workers. It was experimentally and epidemiologically confirmed that hexavalent chromium compounds act as carcinogens and cause specific biological effects on the respiratory system. These characteristics of hexavalent compounds might be attributable to the strong oxidizing potency and/or high permeability through the cell membrane. Furthermore, hexavalent compounds might be entirely different in biological action from trivalent compounds which are chemically most stable. ANIMAL STUDIES: There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromic acid. There was an increased incidence in abnormalities (cleft palate, cleft sternum, perforated sternum) in developmental studies in mice. In CHO cells, there was a significant increase in SCE with CrVI compounds. In the Ames test there was a dose-response for increase in revertant colonies for all CrVI compounds at 10-200 ug/plate with TA1537, TA98 and TA100. Addition of S9 did not affect mutation incidence. In other studies, when tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 the S9 mix decreased the mutagenicity of CrVI compounds.

Chromic acid is highly corrosive and strongly oxidative. Many strong acids cause tissue burns through the denaturation of proteins and partial hydrolysis of proteins. Most proteins denature at pH values of less than 3-4. The large-scale denaturation of proteins, de-esterification of lipids and subsequent desiccation of tissues leads to chemical burns. . Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin or tissues, blistering and burning sensations. Chromic acid also denatures proteins through inserting oxygen atoms into protein side chains. Chromic acid is also a source of chromium and especially hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds (including chromium trioxide, chromic acids, chromates, chlorochromates) are toxic and carcinogenic. For this reason, chromic acid oxidation is not used on an industrial scale except in the aerospace industry. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds as encountered in the chromate production, chromate pigment production and chromium plating industries. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of calcium chromate, zinc chromates, strontium chromate and lead chromates. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium trioxide (chromic acid) and sodium dichromate. Overall evaluation: Chromium(VI) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). The Working Group made the overall evaluation on chromium(VI) compounds on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data which support the underlying concept that chromium(VI) ions generated at critical sites in the target cells are responsible for the carcinogenic action observed. /Chromium(VI) compounds/

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Skin contact with chromic acid can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Chromic acid may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if chromic acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain. Chronic exposure to low levels of chromic acid can lead to chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium is also known to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12)

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Skin contact can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns. Chromic acid may cause severe burns to the eye and permanent eye damage. Severe and rapid corrosive burns of the mouth, gullet and gastrointestinal tract will result if chromic acid is swallowed. Symptoms include burning, choking, nausea, vomiting and severe pain.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

Acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of 0.175 mg/day/man for chromium(VI). /Hexavalent chromium/

ATSDR Final

LD50: 330 mg/kg (Oral, Dog) (A551)

Severe poisoning follows the ingestion of as little as 1 to 2 g of compounds containing hexavalent chromium ion. The lethal dose is approximately 6 g.

LD50 Dog oral 330 mg/kg

LD100 Rat oral 350 mg/kg /From table/

The mainstay of treatment of any acid burn is copious irrigation with large amounts of tap water. To be most effective, treatment should be started immediately after exposure, preferably before arrival in the emergency department. Remove any contaminated clothing. Do not attempt to neutralize the burn with weak reciprocal chemicals (i.e. alkali for acid burns), because the heat generated from the chemical reaction may cause severe thermal injury.

/EXPL/ Treatment of /chromic acid burns/ is directed at immediate, copious irrigation of all exposed areas. If irrigation cannot be achieved within seconds to minutes, full thickness burns and cutaneous absorption of the chromium ion will result. A variety of compounds have been recommended for limiting the toxic effects of the hexavalent chromium ion, including dressings of sodium thiosulfate, sodium citrate, 10% vitamin C gel to convert Cr(+6) to (Cr+3), lactate, and sodium metabisulfite. Recommended systemic antidotes include sodium thiosulfate, dimercaprol, calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and n-acetyl-cysteine. Some have advocated a prompt, deep, tangential incision of all contaminated tissues to prevent systemic ion penetration. All these approaches must be regarded as experimental.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's(LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic acids and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Repeated or prolonged exposure to chromic acid or chromate dust or mist may cause an ulceration & perforation of the nasal septum. Respiratory irritation may occur with symptoms resembling asthma. Liver damage with yellow jaundice has been reported. Prolonged or repeated exposure of the skin may cause a skin rash. Allergic skin rash may also occur.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Contact causes severe injury characterized by infiltration, vascularization, & opacification of the cornea. Chronic exposure to fine droplets in the air from electroplating baths or transfer to the eyes on the fingers causes chronic conjunctival inflammation & in rare instances a brown band in the superficial layers of the cornea.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Splash contact of concentrated strong acids, such as ... chromic acid ... can prove as severely & devastatingly injurious to the eye as splashes of strong alkalies.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology (after ingestion or skin contact): 4) Circulatory collapse with clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death. 5) Asphyxial death due to glottic edema. 6) Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses, which may require major surgical repair, should be anticipated. Signs of obstruction commonly appear within a few weeks but may be delayed for months and even years. Permanent scars may also appear in the cornea, skin and oropharynx. 7) Uncorrected circulatory collapse of several hours' duration may lead to renal failure and ischemic lesions in the liver and heart.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The effects of the chromic acid mist used in electroplating on the respiratory system of C57BL mice (female; n = 43) were examined histopathologically after exposure for 12 mo to the mist (1.81 mg chromium/cu m-120 min, twice a week). Among the 23 mice sacrificed at 12 mo after the first exposure, three cases of perforation in the nasal septum, a case of proliferative change of the tracheal epithelium, nine cases of emphysema and four of adenomatous metaplasia of the lungs were observed on autopsy. Among the 20 mice which were sacrificed six months after the last exposure, the same changes as the 12 mo exposure group were also observed in the nasal septum, trachea and lungs, but papillomas observed in the nasal epithelia of six mice and adenoma in the lung of a mouse were new findings not seen in the 12 mo exposure group. These results suggest that, in view of the low incidence of spontaneous lung tumor in C57BL mice, inhalation of chromic acid mist in electroplating might be a risk factor of lung cancer. Additionally, the occurrence of papillomas in the nasal epithelium demonstrates the need of directing attention to the possible development of cancer of the upper respiratory tract in chromium electroplating workers. Upon completion of our five reports on the effects of chromium compounds on the respiratory system, a recapitulation of our experimental studies was made and compared with the findings of a number of reports on chromium. It was experimentally and epidemiologically confirmed that hexavalent chromium compounds act as carcinogens and cause specific biological effects on the respiratory system. These characteristics of hexavalent compounds might be attributable to the strong oxidizing potency and/or high permeability through the cell membrane. Furthermore, hexavalent compounds might be entirely different in biological action from trivalent compounds which are chemically most stable.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Chromic Acid Solution -60% (purity = 55.05%) was administered by gavage to artificially inseminated female New Zealand white rabbits (16/dose) at 0 (deionized water), 0.1, 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 mg/kg/day during gestation days 7 through 19. Maternal NOEL = 0.5 mg/kg (Mortality for does was 6.25 and 31% at 2 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively. Abortion occurred in 8.33 and 33.3% at 2 and 5 mg/kg/day. The incidence of total litter resorptions (7-46%) was detected mainly as implantation loss. Food consumption was statistically significantly lower at 5 mg/kg/day but at 2 mg/kg it was decreased 12-21%. Clinical observations were increased at > or =2 mg/kg.) Developmental NOEL = 5.0 mg/kg (There were no treatment-related effects at any dose).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Chromic Acid Solution -60% (purity = 55.05%) administered by gavage to mated CD-1 mice (25/dose) at 0 (deionized water), 5, 20, 60 or 120 mg/kg/day during gestation days 6 through 15. Maternal NOEL = 5 mg/kg/day (Possible adverse effect: 1 dam at 120 mg/kg had total litter resorption. Food consumption was reduced up to 12, 19 and 28% for 20, 60 and 120 mg/kg/day, respectively. The death of a high dose dam was considered treatment-related.) Developmental NOEL = 20 mg/kg (There was an increased incidence in abnormalities (cleft palate, cleft sternum, perforated sternum) at > 60 mg/kg).

/GENOTOXICITY/ Oxidized CrVI (chromic acid, potassium chromate, sodium chromate, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate) and CrIII (Cr-chloride, Cr-nitrate, Cr-potassium sulfate, Cr-acetate) were tested on baby hamster kidney (BHK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines for cytotoxic and cytogenetic effects. Results showed CrVI compounds had inhibiting doses (50%) at 100 - 375 times lower than those of CrIII compounds with BHK cells. LD50 for CrVI compounds was more than 1250 fold lower than LD50 for CrIII with CHO cells. In CHO cells, there was a significant increase in sister chromatid exchange (SCE) with CrVI compounds. CrVI at 0.25 to 1 ug/mL reduced cell growth by 300-fold and survival (as indicated by DNA and RNA synthesis) with BHK cells. The frequency of SCE (1.5 - 2.1-fold) and chromosome aberrations (3.3 - 9.9-fold) was increased in CHO cells when CrVI and CrIII (SCE = 1.0-1.1-fold; CA = 1.2 - 2.3-fold) compounds were used, when compared to controls.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chromic (VI) Acid (CAS #7738-94-5) was tested for carcinogenicity in Porton Wistar rats (52 females/48 males) exposed for up to 2 years to 2 mg of the test compound in stainless steel mesh pellets surgically implanted in the left inferior bronchiolus. Control rats (25-50/sex/treatment group) received a similar treatment with 2 mg of cholesterol (negative control) or 2 mg of 20-methylcholanthrene (positive control) or calcium chromate (positive control). Treatment with the test compound had no adverse effects with respect to mortality rate, body weights, or non-lung tumors. There were two occurrences of bronchial carcinomas out of 100 lungs examined and was considered not significant when analyzed by statistical methods based on the Null Hypothesis. Both groups of positive control rats had an increased incidence (25-46%) of bronchial carcinomas, as compared to the negative control group (0%).

Chromic (VI) Acid (CAS #7738) was tested for carcinogenicity in Porton Wistar rats (52 females/48 males) exposed for up to 2 years to 2 mg of the test compound in stainless steel mesh pellets surgically implanted in the left inferior bronchiolus. Control rats (25-50/sex/treatment group) received a similar treatment with 2 mg of cholesterol (negative control) or 2 mg of 20-methylcholanthrene (positive control) or calcium chromate (positive control). Treatment with the test compound had no adverse effects with respect to mortality rate, body weights, or non-lung tumors. There were two occurrences of bronchial carcinomas out of 100 lungs examined and was considered not significant when analyzed by statistical methods based on the Null Hypothesis. Both groups of positive control rats had an increased incidence (25-46%) of bronchial carcinomas, as compared to the negative control group (0%).

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) diet (chemical incorporated into food) >5100 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 38 wk; oral via capsule 164 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 125-250 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 10 days; diet (chemical incorporated into food) >5100 ppm for 8 days

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 760 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 680-900 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /57% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 126,538 workers (19,927 of these were female) were potentially exposed to chromic acid in the US(1).

Chromic acid fumes ... can affect the body if they are inhaled or come in contact with the eyes or skin. They can also affect the body if they are swallowed.

Skin problems caused by chromic acid are associated with chrome baths in the electroplating industry. /From table/

Chrome platers are exposed to chromium trioxide (CrO3) & its aqueous soln, chromic acid (H2CrO4). There is no convincing evidence that these highly corrosive soluble chromates pose a lung cancer risk among chrome platers, although the suggestion of an increased risk has been reported. Today, however, there are additives that reduce the escape of mist by reducing bubbling at electrodes, & newer plating methods, including electrolysis plating, & other control measures have greatly reduced exposures to these chromates.

For more Probable Routes of Human Exposure (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for chromic acid: Concentration process: Reverse Osmosis.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chromic acid, solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Chromic acid, solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chromic acid, solution/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chromic acid, solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHROMIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1755; Chromic acid solution

IMO 8; Chromic acid solution

49 302 06; Chromic acid solution

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/