lead chromate

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P273, P280, P318, P319, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (1 of 374) of reports.

H350 (99.7%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (99.5%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (99.7%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 374 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 374 reports by companies.

There are 13 notifications provided by 373 of 374 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

This compound is not very flammable but any fire involving this compound may produce dangerous vapors. You should evacuate the area. All firefighters should wear full-body protective clothing and use self-contained breathing apparatuses. You should extinguish any fires involving this chemical with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

NFPA recommends the use of water on fire.

From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers, If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Vacuum spilled material with specialist equipment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Cr(VI) cmpd in waste sludge are completely removed by redn by carbon at 600 °C. /Chromium VI/

Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. If chromic acid or chromates are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromic acid or chromates should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromic acid and chromates/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Chemical Treatability of Lead; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Metal; Scale of Study: Respirometer Study; Results of Study: Oxygen uptake inhibited.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with dilute acid or dilute alkali (e.g. dilute HNO3), then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with the dilute acid or alkali to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper and any of your clothing which may be contaminated in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent-wash all contaminated surfaces with dilute acid or alkali followed by washing with strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should keep this material in a tightly-closed container under an inert atmosphere, and store it in a freezer. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Keep in a dry place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects

Store in a secure poison location. ... Lead chromate must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates) and chemically active metals (such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc and ferric ferrocyanide), since violent reactions occur. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH] See Chromium for BEI of chromium (VI) water-soluble fume.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.0031 [mg/m3]

16 [mg/m3]

97 [mg/m3]

0.0002 mg/m³ (8 hr TWA)

5 µg/m³ [2.5 µg/m³ Action Level] (as CrVI)

15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100 mg/cu m /Lead (as Pb)/

250 mg/cu m (as Cr(II)). /Chromium(II) compounds (as Cr)/

25 mg/cu m (as Cr(III)). /Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)/

15 mg/cu m (as Cr(VI)). /Chromic acid and chromates/

NIOSH considers chromic acid and chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Chromic acid and chromates/

0.0002 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

0.0005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.012 mg/cu m. /Lead chromate, as Cr/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Lead chromate, as Cr/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead chromate, as Pb/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Lead chromate, as Pb/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(as Cr(VI), inhalable fraction): 0.0002 mg/m

0.0002 mg/m³ (inhalable particulate matter) [2017]

0.0005 mg/m³ (inhalable particulate matter) [2017]

(as Cr): 0.005 mg/m

(inhalable fraction): carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 2

Chronic Inhalation: 0.05 mg/m3 (Lead) (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent chromium) (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent chromium) (L134)

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying or when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the blood, bone marrow, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, kidneys and lungs. This may result in anaemia, peripheral nerve disease, abdominal cramps and kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. May cause toxicity to human reproduction or development.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO contact with incompatible materials: See Chemical Dangers

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Lead chromate appears as yellow or orange-yellow powder. One of the most insoluble salts. Basic lead chromates are used as pigments. (NTP, 1992)

Bright yellow solid; Low water solubility (5.8 ug/L); [ACGIH]

YELLOW-TO-ORANGE-YELLOW CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Yellow or orange-yellow crystals or powder.

Yellow or orange-yellow powder

Yellow-orange monoclinic crystals

Orthorhombic: yellow crystals; monoclinic: orange crystals; tetragonal: red crystals

Odorless

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes

not available (decomposes when heated)

482 °F (decomposes)

1551 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 0.2 mg/L

In water, 0.17 mg/L at 20 °C

In water, 0.058 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in acetic acid; soluble in dilute nitric acid and in solutions of fixed alkali hydroxides

Soluble in acid; insoluble in ammonia

Solubility in water at 25 °C: none

6.12 at 59 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

6.12 g/cu cm

6.3 g/cm³

6.12 at 59 °F

6.12 @25 °C

Approximately 0 mm Hg

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Cmpd of chromium considered /lead chromate/ are all stable materials.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /inorganic lead/

Bivalent chromium compounds are basic

Index of refraction: 2.31, 2.37 (Li /lamp/), 2.66

Lead chromate displays colors that indicate its trimorphism. The stable form is monoclinic and has an orange-yellow color. An unstable tetragonal orange-red form is isomorphous with, and stabilized by, PbMoO4. A second unstable yellow form is rthorhombic, isomorphous with and stabilized by PbSO4. The diversity shown by the lead salt is the key to its versatility as a pigment.

Strong oxidizing agent

dielectric constant

crystal structure

dielectric function

effective mass

positional coordinate

space group

unit cell parameter

Insoluble in water.

Salts, Basic

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

LEAD CHROMATE reacts violently with ferric ferrocyanide (NTP, 1992). The mixture of sulfur and the chromate is pyrophoric, as is the case of tantalum and the chromate. Under certain conditions, combinations of dry mixtures of lead chromate pigment and azo-dyes (nitrobenzeneazo derivatives) may lead to explosions. When these materials are intimately mixed, violent reactions may result [Loss Prev. Bull., 1978, (022), 117].

Incompatible materials: Organic materials, powdered metals

During grinding operations, the intimate mixture /of lead chromate and iron(3+) hexacyanoferrate(4-)/ was ignited by a spark and burned fiercely. Spontaneous ignition of Brunswick Green pigment (which also contains lead sulfate) soon after grinding was not uncommon, and similar incidents had led to the loss of ships with cargoes of Prussian Blue or Brunswick Green in wooden casks. The mixture /of lead chromate and sulfur/ is pyrophoric. The mixture /of lead chromate and tantalum/ is a pyrotechnic composition.

Considerable energy is released by the mixture /of lead chromate and aluminum dinitronaphthalene/ derived from chromate-catalyzed exothermic decomposition of the nitro compound, coupled with a thermite-type reaction of the aluminum and chromate.

Under certain conditions, dry mixtures of lead chromate pigments with the G & O azo-dyes ... dinitroaniline orange or ... chlorinated para-red may lead to violent explosions during mixing or blending operations.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Lead chromate is a yellow or orange-yellow powder. It is used as a pigment for paints and inks; in oil and water colors; printing fabrics; decorating china and porcelain; in chemical analysis of organic substances; and in traffic paints. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Lead chromate is toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Although no evidence has been found that lead-chromate causes lung cancer in lead chromate workers, it cannot be unequivocally stated that heavy exposures to lead chromate does not present a cancer hazard. One possible mechanism for lead chromate-induced carcinogenesis is through centrosome dysfunction, leading to the induction of aneuploidy. Lead in lead chromate could cause possible neurotoxicity. Increasing concentrations of lead chromate induced increasing amounts of cytotoxicity and clastogenicity in human skin cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: A single sc injection of 30 mg lead chromate(VI) oxide in water to 2 groups of 40 rats gave rise to 26/40 & 27/40 sarcomas, respectively, at site of injection within 117-150 weeks. No local sarcoma occurred in 60 vehicle-treated control rats. Lead chromate induced 14 fibrosarcomas & 17 rhabdomyosarcomas at the site of injection in 31/47 rats given monthly im injections of lead chromate. In addition, 3/24 lead chromate-treated rats had renal carcinomas. No such tumors appeared in a similar group of 22 controls injected with the vehicle. No lung tumors were found in rabbits and guinea pigs after intratracheal instillation. The potential mutagenicity of lead chromate was tested by following battery of microbial tests: the Escherichia coli pola+/pola- survival test; the Salmonella/microsome his+ reversion assay; the E coli trp+ reversion test plate assay; the E coli gal+ forward mutation test; & the Saccharomyces cerevisiae assay for mitotic recombination. Lead chromate was mutagenic in Salmonella & in Saccharomyces. Metabolic activation by rat liver homogenate (S9) was not required. Apparently, chromate ion is responsible for mutagenicity of lead chromate. An insoluble chromic compound, lead chromate (PbCrO4), was not cytotoxic nor mutagenic on V79 cells, probably because it is taken up by the cells very slowly. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Lead chromate was both cytotoxic and genotoxic to sea turtle cells. Concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 ug/sq cm lead chromate induced 108, 79, 54, and 7% relative survival, respectively. Additionally, concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 ug/sq cm lead chromate induced damage in 4, 10, 15, 26, and 36% of cells and caused 4, 11, 17, 30, and 56 chromosome aberrations in 100 metaphases, respectively. Increasing concentrations of lead chromate induce increasing amounts of cytotoxicity and clastogenicity in sperm whale skin cells.

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, its main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36, T4, A20, A22, L136)

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Lead chromate, as Cr/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Lead chromate, as Pb/

Lead and lead compounds are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. /Lead and Lead compounds/

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12, L21)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of dust and by ingestion.

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Redness.

See Effects of short-term exposure

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16, A2, L21)

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

LD50: >12 g/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 400 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Guinea pig) (L530)

LD50 Mouse oral >12 g/kg

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16, L21)

13 lead chromate-based pigments were assayed for mutagenicity and toxicity using Salmonella typhimurium TA100. The compounds were assayed with and without S9, both in the presence and absence of the chelating agent, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). In general, the use of NTA to solubilize the compounds resulted in mutagenicity and/or toxicity being observed where it had not in the absence of NTA, or being observed at lower concentrations than when water alone was used. Encapsulation of pigments with amorphous silica rendered these pigments non-mutagenic and non-toxic, indicating that the active moieties were biologically unavailable to the bacteria. Varying the percentage of silica encapsulation on one pigment, medium chrome yellow, indicated that 5% encapsulation did not alter the mutagenicity while 10% encapsulation inhibited the mutagenicity without or with NTA.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... If environmental sampling and analysis show that environmental levels are at or greater than the recommended environmental levels, ... blood analysis shall be conducted quarterly ... until blood levels have returned to below the acceptable limit. ... If a blood level of 0.060 mg Pb/100 g or greater is found and confirmed by a second sample to be taken within two weeks, steps to reduce absorption of lead shall be taken as soon as the high levels are confirmed and a medical examination for possible lead poisoning shall be made available to workers with unacceptable blood lead levels. /Inorganic lead/

Medical records shall include information on all biologic determinations and on all required medical examinations. These records shall be available to the medical representatives of the employer, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and at the employee's request, to the employee's physician. /SRP: OSHA regs 1910.20 require that medical records be kept for duration of employment plus 30 years./ These records should be kept ... after the last occupational exposure to inorganic lead. /Inorganic lead/

... Comparative advantages of /the biological indicator/ delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in typical (variable) occupational exposure conditions included: the highest sensitivity at low and relatively high lead exposure levels; better reflection of biologically active Pb as opposed to blood lead (PbB) (particularly compared to delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALAU) and coproporphyrin (CPU)); higher specificity compared to other indicators of lead effect; and generally higher reliability with regard to biologically and methodologically induced variations. ... /Inorganic lead/

The employer shall make available biological monitoring in the form of blood sampling and analysis for lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels to each employee who is or may be exposed above the action level for more than 30 days/yr. /Inorganic lead/

For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Lead: Possible neurotoxicity. /from Table 7/

/CASE REPORTS/ A case of unique acute bone marrow toxicity and pancytopenia following subcutaneous exposure to lead chromate, xylene, and ethylbenzene in a previously healthy patient is reported. The patient sustained an extensive degloving injury to his lower extremity. The wound was contaminated with traffic paint containing lead chromate pigment along with a large volume of xylene and ethylbenzene solvent. Consequences of the patient's clinical course and management of degloving injuries are discussed.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Sea turtles are a charismatic and ancient ocean species and can serve as key indicators for ocean ecosystems, including coral reefs and sea grass beds as well as coastal beaches. Genotoxicity studies in the species are absent, limiting our understanding of the impact of environmental toxicants on sea turtles. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a ubiquitous environmental problem worldwide, and recent studies show it is a global marine pollutant of concern. Thus, ...the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of soluble and particulate Cr(VI) in hawksbill sea turtle cells /was evaluated/. Particulate Cr(VI) was both cytotoxic and genotoxic to sea turtle cells. Concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 ug/sq cm lead chromate induced 108, 79, 54, and 7% relative survival, respectively. Additionally, concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 ug/sq cm lead chromate induced damage in 4, 10, 15, 26, and 36% of cells and caused 4, 11, 17, 30, and 56 chromosome aberrations in 100 metaphases, respectively. For soluble Cr, concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 uM sodium chromate induced 84, 69, 46, 25, and 3% relative survival, respectively. Sodium chromate induced 3, 9, 9, 14, 21, and 29% of metaphases with damage, and caused 3, 10, 10, 16, 26, and 39 damaged chromosomes in 100 metaphases at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5uM sodium chromate, respectively. These data suggest that Cr(VI) may be a concern for hawksbill sea turtles and sea turtles in general.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chromium (Cr) is a global marine pollutant, present in marine mammal tissues. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known human carcinogen. In this study, we compare the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of Cr(VI) in human (Homo sapiens) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin fibroblasts. Our data show that increasing concentrations of both particulate /lead chromate/ and soluble /sodium chromate/ Cr(VI) induce increasing amounts of cytotoxicity and clastogenicity in human and sperm whale skin cells. Furthermore, the data show that sperm whale cells are resistant to these effects exhibiting less cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than the human cells. Differences in Cr uptake accounted for some but not all of the differences in particulate and soluble Cr(VI) genotoxicity, although it did explain the differences in particulate Cr(VI) cytotoxicity. Altogether, the data indicate that Cr(VI) is a genotoxic threat to whales, but also suggest that whales have evolved cellular mechanisms to protect them against the genotoxicity of environmental agents such as Cr(VI).

Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain. The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Crocoite, a natural lead chromate, found use as a pigment because of its beautiful, permanent orange-red color(1). However, this mineral was very rare(1). Lead chromate occurs in nature as the minerals crocoite and phoenicochroite(2).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of lead chromate oxide (7758-97-6) in the United States as <10 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,932 workers (8,639 of these are female) were potentially exposed to lead chromate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to lead chromate may occur through inhalation of dust and partuculates and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where lead chromate is produced or used(2). Exposure to lead chromate may occur during the removal of lead paints containing lead chromate(3).

The mean chromium level in the urine of 10 production workers working in a pigment plant making lead chromate was 265 nmol/mmol creatinine (range 41-1250)(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Chemical Treatability of Lead; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Metal; Scale of Study: Respirometer Study; Results of Study: Oxygen uptake inhibited.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for LEAD CHROMATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Oxidizer Corrosive

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 45; R: 61-62-33-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III