Sodium Chlorate

H271: May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P210, P220, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P316, P306+P360, P321, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P405, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosion; strong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H302 (98.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H411 (98.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P220, P264, P270, P273, P280, P283, P301+P317, P306+P360, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2488 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P210, P220, P280, P370+P378, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P220, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P283, P301+P317, P304+P340, P306+P360, P317, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P391, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

INGESTION: induce vomiting and follow with gastric lavage, saline cathartics, fluid therapy, and oxygen.

EYES: wash thoroughly with water. (USCG, 1999)

EYES OR SKIN: Flush with running water for at least 15 min.; hold eyelids open if neccessary. Wash skin with soap and water.

INGESTION: If victim is CONSCIOUS, have victim drink water or milk and induce vomiting. IF UNCONSCIOUS OR HAVING CONVULSIONS, do nothing except keep victim warm. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (ERG Guide 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water in large amounts. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Sodium chlorate may burn, but does not readily ignite. Heat above 300 degrees C produces oxygen which can increase the intensity of fire and may ignite other combustible materials. Flood areas with water unless that is incompatible with other materials in the fire area. ... If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local healty and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Fire extinguishing agents not to be used: fire blankets.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Sodium chlorate; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution/

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable-consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Heat above 300 degrees C produces oxygen which can increase the intensity of fire and may ignite other combustible materials.Poisonous gases are produced in fire.

Behavior in fire: Melts, then decomposes to give oxygen gas that increases the intensity of fire.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not get water inside containers.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Small Liquid Spill

· Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

· If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. Keep sodium chlorate out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possiblity of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the build-up of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.

Sweep up spills immediately into metal containers.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Sodium chlorate (Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, NOS)/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Sodium chlorate (Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, NOS)/

Do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present, or to inter-tidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment washwater or rinsate.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

... Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your state pesticide or environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

Sodium chlorate should not be disposed of into waterways as fish and plant life may be affected.

Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Eliminations System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance, contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry.

Discard clothing or other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Store only in original container. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and incompatible materials. Dry. Well closed. See Chemical Dangers.

Store in cool, dry, fire resistant area, separate from ... solvents, oils, organic substances ,,, sulfides, powdered metals... . Do n ot contaminate food or feedstuffs by storage.

Keep out of contact with organic matter or other oxidizable substances.

Keep away from fire and flammable materials.

When not in use, keep tightly closed in original metal container. ... Store ... separately from ... strong acids.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

16 [mg/m3]

170 [mg/m3]

310 [mg/m3]

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided.

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the thyroid. This may result in impaired functions.

Sodium chlorate is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on the following raw agricultural commodities when used as a defoliant, desiccant, or fungicide in accordance with good agricultural practice: beans, dry, edible; corn, fodder; corn, forage; corn, grain; cottonseed; flaxseed; flax, straw; guar beans; peas, southern; peppers, chili; potatoes; rice; rice, straw; safflower, grain; sorghum, grain; sorghum, fodder; sorghum, forage; soybeans; and sunflower seed.

A time-limited exemption from the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of the defoliant/desiccant in connection with use of the pesticide under section 18 emergency exemptions granted by EPA. The exemption will expire and is revoked on the date specified: commodity: wheat; Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/31/06.

Clean work clothing (must be washed well with water after each exposure); rubber gloves and shoes; where dusty, goggles and an approved dust respirator. Do NOT use oils, greases, or protective creams on skin. (USCG, 1999)

Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

End-Use Products Intended for Occupational Use (WPS and Non-WPS):PPE Requirements for All Formulations: Some materials that are chemical-resistant to this product are /listed on the pesticide label/. ... All mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear long-sleeved shirt and long pants, and shoes and socks.

Engineering Controls for products within the scope of the Worker Protection Standard (WPS). Applicators must use an enclosed cockpit or enclosed cab that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides (40 CFR 170.240(d)(6)).

PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as soil or water, is coveralls, shoes and socks, and chemical-resistant gloves made of any waterproof material.

Where the potential exists for exposure to sodium chlorate, use a MSHA/NIOSH approved full facepiece respirator equipped with particulate (dust/fume/mist) filters. Particulate filters must be checked every day before work for physical damage, such as rips or tears, and replaced as needed. Where the potential for high exposures exists, use a MSHA/NIOSH approved supplied air respirator with a full facepiece operated in the positive pressure mode or use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure or other positive pressure mode.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO contact with flammables, combustible substances, reducing agents or organic materials. Do NOT expose to friction or shock.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Sodium chlorate appears as an odorless pale yellow to white crystalline solid. It is appreciably soluble in water and heavier, so may be expected to sink and dissolve at a rapid rate. Although it is not itself flammable, the solid product and even 30% solutions in water are powerful oxidizing agents. Contact with wood, organic matter, ammonium salts, sulfur, sulfuric acid, various metals, and other chemicals may result in fires or explosions, particularly if any solid materials are finely divided. Excessive heat, as in fires, may cause evolution of oxygen gas that may increase the intensity of fires and may also result in explosions. Mixtures with combustible materials are very flammable and may be ignited by friction. It is used for making herbicides, explosives, dyes, matches, inks, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, defoliants, paper, and leather.

Sodium chlorate in a water solution is a clear colorless liquid. It is noncombustible but it can accelerate the burning of surrounding combustible materials. This can easily occur if the material should dry out. Contact with strong sulfuric acid may cause fires or explosions.

Colorless or white odorless solid; [Merck Index] Slightly hygroscopic; [CHEMINFO] Colorless or light yellow granules; [MSDSonline]

HYGROSCOPIC ODOURLESS COLOURLESS-TO-WHITE CRYSTALS.

Colorless cubic crystals

Colorless crystals or granules

Salty taste

478 °F (USCG, 1999)

100 g/100 g water at 25 °C; slightly soluble in ethanol

Sodium chloride diminishes solubility in water

790 g/L (in water) at 0 °C; 2300 g/L (in water) at 100 °C; in 90% alcohol 16 g/kg; soluble in glycerol

Solubility in water, g/l at 20 °C: 1000 (freely soluble)

2.49 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.5 g/cu cm

2.5 g/cm³

2.490 @ 15°C

Negligible at room temperature

-7.18 (estimated)

Stable at normal temp & when kept isolated from other materials.

At about 300 °C liberates oxygen; entirely decomp at higher temp.

Stable at normal temperatures if no acidic or oxidizable substances or ammonium salts are present.

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride, disodium oxide/.

± 300 °C

CORROSIVE TO ZINC & MILD STEEL

Aqueous solution is neutral

Index of refraction: 1.515 at 20 °C

Enthalpy of fusion: 21.3 kJ/mol; molar heat capacity: 100 kJ/mol at 20 °C; standard enthalpy of formation (crystal): -365.8 kJ/mol; on thermal decomposition sodium chlorate produces sodium perchlorate, sodium chloride, and oxygen

At about 300 °C liberates oxygen; entirely decomposes at higher temperatures

Stable at normal temperatures if no acidic or oxidizable substances or ammonium salts are present; a potent oxidizing agent, reacting with organic materials, so creating a serious fire hazard, for example with splashed clothing.

Other Classes -> Other Inorganic Compounds

Deodorant; Oxidising

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Soluble in water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Water and Aqueous Solutions

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

SODIUM CHLORATE decomposes upon heating forming O2; reacts with strong acids forming toxic and explosive ClO2; reacts with many substances [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 833]; metal chlorates are oxidants in the presence of strong acid; liberates explosive chlorine dioxide gas; heating a moist metal chlorate and a dibasic organic acid liberates chlorine dioxide and carbon dioxide; mixtures of perchlorates with sulfur or phosphorus are explosives [Bretherick 1979 p. 100]; mixtures of the chlorate with ammonium salts (ammonium thiosulfate), powdered metals, silicon, sulfur, or sulfides are readily ignited and potentially explosive [Bretherick 1979 p. 806]. A combination of finely divided aluminum with finely divided bromates(also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium or zinc can explode by heat, percussion, and friction [Mellor 2:310 1946-47]. Sodium chlorate and arsenic trioxide form a spontaneously flammable mixture [Ellern 1968 p. 51]. Mixtures of organic material and more than 10% sodium chlorate are sufficiently combustible to be hazardous at low relative humidity. Mixtures of organic material such as charcoal, sugar, flour, or shellac and sodium chlorate may be ignited by friction or shock [Chem. Safety Data Sheet SD-42 1951].

SODIUM CHLORATE decomposes upon heating forming O2; reacts with strong acids forming toxic and explosive ClO2; reacts with many substances [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980 p. 833]; metal chlorates are oxidants in the presence of strong acid; liberates explosive chlorine dioxide gas; heating a moist metal chlorate and a dibasic organic acid liberates chlorine dioxide and carbon dioxide; mixtures of perchlorates with sulfur or phosphorus are explosives [Bretherick 1979 p. 100]; mixtures of the chlorate with ammonium salts(ammonium thiosulfate), powdered metals, silicon, sulfur, or sulfides are readily ignited and potentially explosive [Bretherick 1979 p. 806]. A combination of finely divided aluminum with finely divided bromates(also chlorates and iodates) of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium or zinc can explode by heat, percussion, and friction [Mellor 2:310 1946-47]. Sodium chlorate and arsenic trioxide form a spontaneously flammable mixture [Ellern 1968 p. 51]. Mixtures of organic material and more than 10% sodium chlorate are sufficiently combustible to be hazardous at low relative humidity. Mixtures of organic material such as charcoal, sugar, flour, or shellac and sodium chlorate may be ignited by friction or shock [Chem. Safety Data Sheet SD-42 1951].

A strong oxidizer. Reacts violently with combustibles, sulfuric acid, and reducing materials. Reacts with strong acids giving off carbon dioxide. Explosions may be caused by contact with ammonia salts, ammonium thiosulfate, antimony sulfide, arsenic, carbon, charcoal, organic matter, organic acids, thiocyanates, chemically active metals, oils, metal sulfides, nitrobenzene, powdered metals, sugar. Reacts with some organic contaminants forming shock-sensitive mixtures.

Must not be triturated with any combustible substance.

The potential for explosive combustion of mixture of sodium chlorate based herbicides with other combustible agricultural materials was determined.

Reacts explosively, either as a solid or a liquid, with all organic matter and some metals.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (27 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water Disinfection Byproducts (Sodium Chlorate)

TR-517: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Sodium Chlorate (CASRN 7775-09-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) (2005 )

12/09/04

Some Evidence

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Under the conditions of this 2-year drinking water study, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium chlorate in male and female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of thyroid gland neoplasms. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium chlorate in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/L. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium chlorate in female B6C3F1 mice based on marginally increased incidences of pancreatic islet neoplasms.

Exposure to sodium chlorate resulted in nonneoplastic lesions in the thyroid gland of male and female rats and female mice, bone marrow of male rats and female mice, and spleen of male rats.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

See Ingestion.

Redness.

Sore throat. Cough. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Shock or collapse.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Hemolytic anemia - Decreased hemoglobin or number of red blood cells.

Sodium Chlorate

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) > 7,000 mg/m3/4h

Death invariably follows a dose of 100 g.

LD50 Rat oral 1200 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 596 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 8350 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 7200 mg/kg

Sodium and potassium chlorate were evaluated as promoters of renal tumors in N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN)-initiated F344 rats. Sodium chlorate and potassium chlorate were administered in the drinking-water for 28 weeks. There was an increased incidence of renal cell tumors (7/15 rats) in the EHEN-initiated group treated with sodium chlorate, but no effect was observed with potassium chlorate (1/5) relative to control rats (2/15). The small numbers of animals used in this study make the treatment groups indistinguishable from one another statistically ... .

Sodium chlorate was tested in an initiation/promotion model of rat renal carcinogenisis. Two groups of 15 male Fischer 344 rats were given /1% sodium chlorate/ in drinking water, for the first two weeks during the intiation phase, N-ethyl-N-hydroxethylnitrosamine (EHEN) at 0.05% and, thereafter for 25 weeks sodium chlorate 1% or distilled water respectively. Two other groups, used as controls, were treated similarly, except that distilled water instead of EHEN was given in the initiation phase. There were no statistically significant differences in the renal cell tumors between sodium chlorate and distilled water-treated rats initiated with EHEN. The authors concluded that, under the conditions of this study, sodium chlorate showed no promoting effect in rat renal carcinogenisis.

A case of severe sodium chlorate poisoning was observed within 5 hr after suicidal ingestion of 150-200 g. Treatment with methylene blue and ascorbic acid did not prevent massive hemolysis with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hypercoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis was treated successfully with exchange transfusions, heparin and fresh plasma. During the 1st hr, 70 mmol chlorate were excreted before complete renal failure occurred which required hemodialysis for several weeks. Clinical observations and in vitro experiments provided evidence that methylene blue was effective only in the early stages of chlorate poisoning. The following treatment was suggested: gastric lavage, exchange transfusion, bicarbonate infusion, hemodialysis, anticoagulation with heparin and substitution of clotting factors if necessary.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorates and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Chlorates and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorates and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Before beginning employment and at regular times after that, for those with frequent or potentially high exposures, the following are recommended: lung function tests. If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful: complete blood count (CBC). Test for methemoglobin if skin is blue.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Administration of 500 mL of a 5 ppm solution to 10 males daily for 12 weeks did not cause any adverse clinical effects or changes in the biochemical or cellular composition of blood or urine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Incident reports show that ingestion of toxic doses of sodium chlorate by humans produces gastritis, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinurea, late toxic nephritis, and acute renal failure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Poisoning symptoms after ingestion include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, cyanosis, dyspnea; methemoglobinemia.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The irritant action on the gut causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Once absorbed, hemoglobin is rapidly oxidized to methemoglobin, and intravascular hemolysis occurs. Cyanosis is prominent if methemoglobinemia is severe and may be the only presenting sign. Acute tubular necrosis and hemoglobinuria may result from the hemolysis or direct toxic injury. Plasma and urine are dark brown from the presence of free hemoglobin and methemoglobin. Release of potassium from red cell destruction results in hyperkalemia which may be severe enough to cause life-threatening arrythmias. The liver and spleen are often enlarged due to uptake of hemolyzed erythrocytes. Hypoxemia may lead to convulsions. Death may be the result of shock, tissue hypoxia, renal failure, hyperkalemia, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In acute toxicity tests, sodium chlorate is slightly toxic by the oral /LD50 >/= 5000 mg/kg (rat)/ (Toxicity Category IV), dermal /LD50 = > 2000 mg/kg (rabbit)/ (Toxicity Category III), and inhalation /LC50 = 5.59 mg/L (rats)/ (Toxicity Category IV). Sodium chlorate crystals were mildly irritating to the rabbit eye (Toxicity Category III), and were a minimal to mild dermal irritant (Toxicity Category III). Incident reports show that ingestion of toxic doses of sodium chlorate by humans produces gastritis, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hemoglobinurea, late toxic nephritis, and acute renal failure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Moderate conjunctival irritation was noted 4 hours after instillation into the eye. These effects disappeared by 24 hours in most rabbits. The cornea and iris were not involved.

EC50; Species: Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Diatom, exponential growth phase, CCAP 1052/A strain); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 298000 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 177000-468000 ug/L); Effect: decreased population biomass />99.0% purity/

EC50; Species: Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Diatom, exponential growth phase, CCAP 1052/A strain); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 444000 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 274000-719000 ug/L); Effect: decreased population growth rate />99.0% purity/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 133000 ug/L for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 122000-144000 ug/L); Effect: population abundance /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 12 °C, pH 6.52-6.59; Concentration: 3162000 ug/L for 48 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In acute studies of the Mallard duck, the LD50 was > 2510 mg/kg-bw. No mortality and no clinical signs of toxicity were observed. In chronic studies of the bobwhite quail, the NOAEC = 271 ppm. The LOAEC was 964 ppm based on effects on egg production and thickness, embryonic survival, and hatchling body weight.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxicity studies for both freshwater and marine/estuarine fish were consistent with a practically non-toxic designation for fish. No effects were observed in sheepshead minnows (estuarine/marine) or bluegill (freshwater) fish at up to 1000 mg/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /In an acute toxicity test,/ ...a 10%, 15%, and 30% reduction in shell growth /of Easter oysters/ was observed at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/L, respectively. /from table/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The 96-hour acute toxicity of sodium chlorate to mysid shrimp was studied under flow-through conditions. Mysid shrimp (20/concentration) were exposed to sodium chlorate at nominal concentrations of 0, 130, 220, 360, 590, and 1000 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was 7.4 to 8.9 mg/L, pH was 7.6 to 7.8, and the temperature was 21.4 to 23.0 °C. 2/20 mysids died at 1000 mg/L, and 1/20 died at 590 mg/L. No other mortalities or signs of toxicity were noted.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment because it is persistent.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Remains in soil for 0.5 to 5 years, depending upon rate of application, soil type, fertility, organic matter content, moisture, and weather conditions.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: AT 300 KG/HECTACRE ... GIVES CONTROL FOR ABOUT 05.YR BUT IS LEACHED BY HIGH RAINFALL.

Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent and in the environment, it gets reduced to chlorine species in the lower oxidation states(1). The compound is not compatible with herbicides which are susceptible to oxidation(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 28,583 workers (5,207 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium chlorate in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

... Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your state pesticide or environmental control agency or by contacting your regional EPA office.

Sodium chlorate should not be disposed of into waterways as fish and plant life may be affected.

Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans, or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Eliminations System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance, contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Sodium chlorate; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Health: Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Sodium chlorate; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Sodium chlorate; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution/

/GUIDE 140: OXIDIZERS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Sodium chlorate; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1495; SODIUM CHLORATE (SODA CHLORATE)

UN 2428; SODIUM CHLORATE, AQUEOUS SOLUTION

IMO 5.1; Sodium chlorate, aqueous solution, Soda chlorate,

49 187 43; Sodium chlorate (chlorate of soda)

49 187 65; Sodium chlorate and sodium chloride, in water solution (oxidizing material)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Oxidizer

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Pack Group: II