Potassium Dichromate

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 491) of reports.

H272 (92.3%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301 (98.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (91%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (99.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (98.6%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (33.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (99.8%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334 (99.8%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H340 (99.8%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (99.8%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (78.4%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360FD (21.4%): May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (91%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.6%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (99.8%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 491 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 491 reports by companies.

There are 18 notifications provided by 490 of 491 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered non-combustible containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

1) Ventilate the area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landspill. Liquid containing chromic acid or chromates should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

Environmental considerations: Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Environmental considerations: Water Spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped materials with suction hoses.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Oxidizing hazardous materials

... Store in a location separate from other materials, especially flammables and combustibles. ... Store in a secure poison location. ... Potassium chromates must be stored to avoid contact with combustible, organic, or other easily oxidized materials (such as paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum, hydrazine, and plastics) since violent reactions occur. A regulated, marked area should be established where potassium chromate is handled, used, or stored. Where possible, automatically transfer material from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.026 [mg/m3]

0.28 [mg/m3]

1.8 [mg/m3]

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI)

250 mg/cu m (as Cr(II)). /Chromium(II) compounds (as Cr)/

25 mg/cu m (as Cr(III)). /Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)/

15 mg/cu m (as Cr(VI)). /Chromic acid and chromates/

NIOSH considers chromic acid and chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Chromic acid and chromates/

0.0001 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

0.0005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Water-soluble Cr(VI) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(as Cr(VI), inhalable fraction): 0.0002 mg/m

(as Cr): 0.005 mg/m

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys and liver. This may result in tissue lesions.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause nasal ulceration. This may result in perforation of the nasal septum. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Approved dust mask; protective gloves; goggles or face shield. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO contact with combustible substances.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system or ventilation.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Potassium bichromate appears as orange red crystals. Denser than water and soluble in water. No distinctive odor. May severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Avoid contact with organic materials. Noncombustible. Used in pyrotehnic displays with tungsten and iron.

Bright orange-red crystals; [ChemIDplus] Sparingly soluble in water at 20 deg C; [ACGIH]

ORANGE-TO-RED CRYSTALS.

Orange-red triclinic crystals

Bright orange-red crystals

Odorless, no distinctive odor

Bitter, metallic taste

Decomposes at 932 °F (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes at about 500 °C

748 °F (NTP, 1992)

10 to 50 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 45,000 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water: 4.9 g/100 cc at 0 °C; 102 g/100 cc at 100 °C; insoluble in alcohol

Saturated aqueous solution contains 4.3% at 0 °C; 11.7% at 20 °C; 20.9% at 40 °C; 50.2% at 100 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 12 (moderate)

2.676 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.676 at 25 °C/4 °C

Crystal system: triclinic pinacoidal, transition to monoclinic at 241.6 °C; not hygroscopic or deliquescent; crystal habit: prismatic; bulk density: 100 lb/cu ft; heat of solution: -62.5 cal/g; specific heat: 0.186 at 16-98 °C; heat of fusion: 29.8 cal/g

2.7 g/cm³

2.68 @25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

More stable than sodium dichromate in humid conditions.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /potassium oxide/.

Decomposition @ 500 °C

Acid reaction: a 1% aqueous solution has pH of 4.04 and a 10% solution has a pH of 3.57

Index or refraction: 1.738

Strong Oxidizing Agent; May decompose, generating oxygen; Supports the combustion of other materials.

Metals -> Chromium Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Mutagens

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Food Contact Substances Listed in 21 CFR

Soluble in water.

Salts, Basic

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Potassium or sodium dichromate reacts explosively with hydrazine [Mellor 11:234. 1946-47]. A drop of anhydrous hydroxylamine on powdered potassium dichromate produces a violent explosion [Mellor 8:293. 1946-47].

Incompatible materials: Organic materials. Do not store near acids. Powdered metals, hydrazine.

Potassium dichromate ... reacts explosively with hydrazine.

A drop of anhydrous hydroxylamine on powdered potassium dichromate produces a violent explosion.

Incompatibilities: Combustible, organic, or other readily oxidizable materials: Paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum, plastics, etc.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Potassium dichromate forms bright orange-red crystals. It is used in In tanning leather, dyeing, painting, printing, decorating porcelain, photolithography, pigment-prints, staining wood, pyrotechnics, and safety matches. It is also used for bleaching palm oil; in wax and sponges; waterproofing fabrics; as an oxidizer in the manufacture of organic chemicals; in electric batteries; as a depolarizer for dry cells. It is also used as corrosion inhibitor and pharmaceutical aid (oxidizing agent). HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: In a population of 822 healthy adult volunteers, 2% of the 410 men & 1.5% of the 412 women showed a positive patch test reaction to 0.5% potassium dichromate in petroleum. In 2981 clinic patients tested during a 5-yr period, the frequency of chromate sensitivity was 6.8% in men & 2.8% in women among all patients tested, but 20% in men & 8% in women of the 499 patients with occupational hand eczema. Ulcers (chrome holes, chrome sores or acid bites) from contact with potassium dichromate in dust or liquid form commonly occur at breaks in the skin, nailroots, creases over knuckles, finger webs, backs of hands, and on forearms. Eye contact can cause severe damage with possible loss of vision. Potassium dichromate also quadrupled frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured human fibroblasts. ANIMAL STUDIES: Flare-up reactions were induced in potassium dichromate hypersensitive guinea pigs by a single oral dose of 55 mg/kg. This dose is systemically toxic and higher than the dose required to induce the same reactions in humans. A total oral dose of 90-115 mg/kg suppressed immunologic responsiveness for at least 6 wk. To guinea pigs, 10 mg administered subcutaneously in a single dose proved lethal, while 20 mg had the same effect on rabbits. To rabbits, 0.8-2 mg administered subcutaneously in a single dose produced nephritis. Sperm obtained from male mice were treated with potassium dichromate (0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, or 50 uM) for 3 hr. Cr(VI) significantly decreased sperm viability and acrosome reaction with increasing dose. These Cr(VI)-treated sperms were further used for IVF of oocytes obtained from female mice. Results showed that Cr(VI)-treated sperm caused a significant reduction in IVF success, higher developmental arrest at the two-cell stage of embryos, and delayed blastocyst formation with increasing dose. In particular, most blastocysts from the Cr(VI)-treated sperm resulted in hatching failure as well as decreased inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE). In male mice treated with potassium dichromate, a reduced number of sperm count and excessive destruction of testicular follicles, including destruction of spermatids, leydig cells, and sertoli cells was found. In female rat subacute treatment causes oxidative stress in rat uterus, leading to endometriotic stromal cells apoptosis. The exposure of pregnant female rabbits to trivalent (chromium chloride) or hexavalent (potassium dichromate) chromium compounds in drinking water (500 ppm) during the organogenesis period (6-18th day of gestation) revealed embryotoxic - and fetotoxic effects. Both trivalent and hexavalent compounds induced dwarfism, kinky and short tail and a significant reduction in the number of implantation sites and in the number of viable fetuses. The number of females with resorption was significantly increased in the hexavalent-exposed group. Visceral abnormalities in the form of lung hypoplasia, heart hypertrophy, intrathoracic hemorrhage and dilated nares and brain lateral ventricles were found in the fetuses of both chromium (III, VI) treated mothers. Skeletal anomalies (reduced number of sternal and caudal bones) were also recorded in both chromium groups. Furthermore, reduced ossification in parietal and interparietal bones was significantly increased in the hexavalent chromium exposed females. Potassium dichromate induced gene conversion in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. It is also induced forward mutations to 8-azaguanine resistance in Chinese hamster V79/4 cells. Potassium dichromate given chronically ip to rats 1 mg/kg body wt, caused significant increase in chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Potassium dichromate blocked sea urchins embryo development. In acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 0.35 mg/L for potassium dichromate, the EC0 was 0.11 mg/L. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concn was 0.018 mg/L. The 96-hour LC50 value for potassium dichromate was estimated to be 375.8 mg/L in a static system in Cyprinus carpio.

Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Cancer Classification: Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium(IV) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Chromium(VI) compounds/

Chromium Hexavalent Compounds: known to be human carcinogens. /Chromium hexavalent compound/

For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L16) ; oral (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Shock or collapse.

Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

LC50 (rat) = 99 mg/m3/4 hr; [CHEMINFO]

LD50: 26 mg/kg (Oral Rat) (L16)

LD50: 403 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (L16)

LD50: 37 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LC50: 35 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (L16)

LD50 Mouse oral 190 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 37 mg/kg

There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

Potassium dichromate enhanced the effects of mercuric chloride or citrinin on renal slice transport of the organic ions p-aminohippurate & tetraethylammonium under certain experimental conditions. At the doses employed & times studied no effects, or only minimal effects were observed on renal slice transport when the toxic compounds were tested individually. Potassium dichromate (10 mg/kg sc) in combination with mercuric chloride (4 mg/kg, sc) or citrinin (35 or 55 mg/kg, ip), resulted in marked depression of organic ion transport. Similarly, the addition of potassium dichromate to fresh renal cortex slices in combination with mercuric chloride, enhanced the mercuric chloride-induced reduction of transport. No other interactions were observed under in vitro conditions.

The interaction between nitrilotriacetic acid and soluble chromium(IV), ie, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), was studied by the Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA92, TA104 and TA103, and the sex linked recessive lethal test on Drosophila melanogaster. For the Ames test, potassium dichromate (0, 10, 15, or 20 ug/plate) was dissolved in distilled water or in different concn of nitrilotriacetic acid in water (1%, 5%, or 10% wt/vol). For the Drosophila, adult feeding (for 24 hr) was the route of admin of potassium dichromate (50 mM) and nitrilotriacetic acid (50 mM) dissolved in a 5% sucrose solution. With all the Salmonella strains the dose response curves showed a synergistic effect of nitrilotriacetic acid on potassium dichromate mutagenicity. The effect depended both on the genetic characteristics of the bacterial strains and the relative concn of dichromate and nitrilotriacetic acid. In the strains TA92 and TA103, the decline of revertants due to toxicity took place at 25 to 30 ug dichromate/plate. In a series comprising a large number of replicates, a statistically significant incr of revertants was produced by dichromate (15 ug/plate) and nitrilotriacetic acid (10%) compared to dichromate alone in all Salmonella strains. In the D melanogaster test, a significant dose related incr of lethal mutations was induced by dichromate both in the absence and presence of nitrilotriacetic acid (the regression lines gave t= 7.699, p < 0.005 without nitrilotriacetic acid and t= 5.112, p < 0.01 with. An in vitro assay was set up to measure in the presence or absence of nitrilotriacetic acid the reduction of potassium dichromate by proteins extracted from Salmonella or Drosophila. More Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by protein extracts in the presence of nitrilotriacetic acid. A similar enhancement of soluble Cr(VI) mutagenicity in S typhimurium TA92 was produced by 0.005 to 0.0005% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).

This study aimed to assess the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and chemical stress (triclosan-TCS; potassium dichromate-PD; prochloraz-PCZ) on bacterial communities of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (ZEBC). Embryos were exposed to two UVR intensities and two chemical concentrations not causing mortality or any developmental effect (equivalent to the No-Observed-Effect Concentration-NOEC; NOEC diluted by 10-NOEC/10). Effects on ZEBC were evaluated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and interpreted considering structure, richness and diversity. ZEBC were affected by both stressors even at concentrations/doses not affecting the host-organism (survival/development). Yet, some stress-tolerant bacterial groups were revealed. The structure of the ZEBC was always affected, mainly due to xenobiotic presence. Richness and diversity decreased after exposure to NOEC of PD. Interactive effects occurred for TCS and UVR. Aquatic microbiota imbalance might have repercussions for the host/aquatic system, particularly in a realistic scenario/climate change perspective therefore, future ecotoxicological models should consider xenobiotics interactions with UVR.

At ecosystems level, environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration and intensity of UV radiation (UVR) have an important role on the efficiency of organisms' physiological and behavioral performances and consequently on the capacity of response to contaminants. Insignificant alterations of these parameters may compromise this response. In addition, these parameters can additionally alter chemical compounds by inducing their degradation, producing thereafter other metabolites. Understanding the combined effects of chemicals and environmental parameters is absolutely necessary for an adequate prediction of risk in aquatic environments. According to this scenario, this work aims at studying the combined toxicity of UVR and three xenobiotics: the biocide triclosan (TCS), the metal chromium (as potassium dichromate, PD) and the fungicide prochloraz (PCZ). To achieve this goal zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (3hr post fertilization (hpf)) were exposed to several concentrations of each chemical combined with different UV intensities; mortality and eggs were recorded every 24hr for the all test duration (96hr). Results showed different response patterns depending on the toxicant, stress levels and duration of exposure. The combination of UVR and TCS indicated a dose ratio deviation where synergism was observed when UVR was the dominant stressor (day 2). The combination of UVR and PD presented a dose level dependency at day 3 indicating antagonism at low stress levels, changing with time where at day 4, a dose ratio deviation showed statistically that synergism occurred at higher PD concentrations. Finally, UVR combined with PCZ indicated a dose ratio at day 3 and dose level deviation at day 4 of exposure, suggesting a synergistic response when PCZ is the dominant stressor in the combination. The obtained results in this study highlighted the importance of taking into account the possible interaction of stressors and time of exposure to better predict environmental risk.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic Acids and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize, because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterline dressings after decontamination ... . /Ammonia and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid colume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic Acids and Related Compounds/

A fatal case of oral ingestion of potassium dichromate is presented. Following an initial presentation of abdominal pain & vomiting, the patient had a rapid progression to coma with the development of methemoglobinemia, coagulopathy, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, & respiratory distress syndrome. A blood concn of chromium on admission was 5,800 mcg/dL, 80% of which was found to be in the intracellular fraction. Supportive treatment was also initiated as a 4-hr period of hemodialysis followed by a 1-hr period of charcoal hemoperfusion. Neither of these treatment modalities were found to significantly remove chromium from whole blood & neither seemed to affect the progression or outcome of this intoxication. We conclude that the ingestion of potassium dichromate is highly toxic and may rapidly lead to death. Hemodialysis & charcoal hemoperfusion appear to have little role in the management of chromium intoxication.

Diffuse eczematous contact dermatitis resulted from exposure in a blueprint worker. Washing every 30 min in sodium bisulfite averted further dermatitis.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a population of 822 healthy adult volunteers, 2% of the 410 men & 1.5% of the 412 women showed a positive patch test reaction to 0.5% potassium dichromate in petroleum. In 2981 clinic patients tested during a 5-yr period, the frequency of chromate sensitivity was 6.8% in men & 2.8% in women among all patients tested, but 20% in men & 8% in women of the 499 patients with occupational hand eczema.

LC50; Species: /Coturnix japonica/ (Japanese quail) 14 days old; oral 4400 ppm for 5 days

LC50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck) 10 days old; oral >5000 ppm for 5 days (no mortality to 5000 ppm)

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish); Conditions: flow through, water hardness of 220 mg/L as calcium carbonate; Concentration: 90,000-135,000 ug/L as chromium (range), measured method

LC50; Species: Macrobrachium lamarrei (freshwater prawn); Concentration: 5.44, 3.69, 2.47, and 1.84 mg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr, respectively /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (42 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Marine diatoms (Skeletonema costatum, 10,000 cells/mL) were exposed to a series of 5 or more concentrations of potassium dichromate (K2CrO7) for 5 days (replicated 3 times). 14.7 mg/L K2CrO7 caused a 50% reduction in the number of cells per mL, and 15.2 mg/L caused a 50% reduction in total cell volume. The no observed effect level (NOEL) was 1 mg/L for both cell measurements.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-one- day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 4.6 to 142 ug/L potassium dichromate in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/wk in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concentration level. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 0.35 mg/L for potassium dichromate, the EC0 was 0.11 mg/L. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concentration was 0.018 mg/L, with the more sensitive parameters being parent mortality and reproduction rate.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Fertilized eggs of sea urchins were observed morphologically during exposure to /potassium dichromate/.... Potassium dichromate ... blocked embryo development at concentrations ranging between 0.25x10-4 and 0.25x10-5 M. ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Experiments were carried out to determine the short-term toxicity of potassium dichromate to Macrobrachium lamarrei (freshwater prawn) and the effect of acute and sub-acute concentration on hemolymph glucose level of the animal. The LC50 values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr were 5.44, 3.69, 2.47, and 1.84 mg/L, respectively. Exposure of potassium dichromate decreased the hemolymph glucose level up to 24 hr but thereafter an increase in hemolymph glucose level was observed that continued up to 72 hr. The hemolymph glucose level decreased after 96 hr.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Using potassium dichromate as the source for chromium, a BCF of 2.8 (based on chromium) was determined for the muscle tissue of Salmo gairdneri (rainbow trout) over a 180 days duration period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF range suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 61,073 workers (19,198 of these are female) are potentially exposed to potassium dichromate in the US(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 411 60; Potassium dichromate

Oxidizer Poison

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N, O; R: 45-46-60-61-8-21-25-26-34-42/43-48/23-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E, 3

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II