fluorine

H270: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P220, P244, P260, P264, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P363, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H270 (100%): May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]

H280 (85.5%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H310 (39.9%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (34.7%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P220, P244, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P361+P364, P363, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 311 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P220, P244, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P220, P244, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P337+P317, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Warning: Fluorine is a corrosive gas and may be converted to hydrofluoric acid in the lungs and on other moist tissue.

Signs and Symptoms of Fluorine Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to fluorine include coughing, choking, and chills. Eye, nose, skin, and respiratory irritation may occur. Eyelid eczema and thermal burns have been noted after dermal contact. In severe exposures, pulmonary edema may develop after 1 to 2 days.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to fluorine exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to fluorine.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to fluorine.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with copious amounts of lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure: Not applicable. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

A few whiffs of the gas or vapor could cause death. Gas, vapor or liquid could be fatal on penetrating the firefighters' normal full protective clothing. Only special protective clothing designed to protect against fluorine should be used; the normal full protective clothing available to the average fire department will not provide adequate protection. Do not direct water onto fluorine leaks as the fire may be intensified.

For small fire, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. For large fire, use water spray, fog, or foam. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles. (EPA, 1998)

NO water. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

If material involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Do not use water on material itself. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Fluorine, compressed/

Wear chemical protective suit with self-contained breathing apparatus. Combat fires from behind barrier, with unmanned hose holder, or monitor nozzle. Cool exposed containers with water.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

· Ventilate the area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 124 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive - Oxidizing]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1045 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· See Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 100 m (300 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.5 km (0.3 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 2.3 km (1.4 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation.

Keep water away from release. Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

1. Ventilate area of leak to disperse gas. 2. Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is a cylinder & the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove the leaking cylinder to a safe place in open air, & repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P056, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Pretreatment involves reaction with a charcoal bed. The product of the reaction is carbon tetrafluoride which is usually vented. Residual fluorine can be combusted by means of a fluorine-hydrocarbon air burner followed by a caustic scrubber and stack.

A poor candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A poor candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temp range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A poor candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temp range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

Add to large volume concentrated reducer solution % hypo, a bisulfite, or a ferrous salt, and acidify with 3-MH2SO4. When reduction is complete, add soda ash, or dilute hydrochloric acid to neutralize. Route to sewage plant ... Contact local sewage authority.

PROCESSES /WITH/ ... POTENTIAL EXPOSURE HAZARD SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. ... WORKERS SHOULD NOT CONSUME FOOD OR BEVERAGES IN THE WORKPLACE AND RIGOROUS PERSONAL HYGIENE SHOULD BE OBSERVED BEFORE MEALS ARE TAKEN.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personal hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Do not use water on material itself. /Fluorine, compressed/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 124 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive - Oxidizing]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. Ventilate the area. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof if in building. Cool.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Isolate from all other storage.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Fluorides in urine = 2 mg/L prior to shift or 3 mg/L at end of shift; (Repeated measurements recommended.) Uranium in urine = 200 ug/L at end of shift;

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

1.7 [ppm]

13 [ppm]

0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3)

0.1 [ppm]

25 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

25.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that 2 men were able to tolerate 25 ppm very briefly but both developed sore throats and chest pains that lasted 6 hours; 50 ppm could not be tolerated [Rickey 1959]. Volunteers tolerated 10 ppm for 15 minutes with a minimum of irritation [Ricca 1970]. Intermittent exposures to 10 ppm were repeated every 3 to 5 minutes for 15 minutes over 2 to 3 hours with only slight irritation of the eyes and skin noted [Ricca 1970]. Much irritation of the eyes have been noted at 100 ppm, but with no aftereffects after only 30 seconds [Grant 1974]. It has been observed that exposures up to 30 ppm for 5 to 30 minutes had no ill effects [Lyon 1962].

See: 7782414

0.1 [ppm], as Fluoride (F)

0.5 [ppm], as Fluoride (F)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 2 ppm.

0.1 ppm as TWA; (ceiling value): 0.5 ppm as STEL.

0.1 ppm [2018]

0.5 ppm [2018]

1.58 mg/m

Acute Inhalation: 0.01 ppm (L134)

CAUTION: These materials do not burn but will support combustion. Some will react violently with water.

Small Fire

· Contain fire and let burn. If fire must be fought, water spray or fog is recommended.

· Water only; no dry chemical, CO2 or Halon®.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fluorine is a pale yellow gas with a pungent odor. It is commonly shipped as a cryogenic liquid. It is toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Contact with skin in lower than lethal concentrations causes chemical burns. It reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid and oxygen. It is corrosive to most common materials. It reacts with most combustible materials to the point that ignition occurs. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may violently rupture and rocket.

Dry Powder; Gas Vapor; CBI

Pale-yellow to greenish gas with a pungent, irritating odor; [NIOSH] Vapor density = 1.31 (heavier than air); [Burke, p. 100]

YELLOW COMPRESSED GAS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Pale-yellow to greenish gas with a pungent, irritating odor.

Pale yellow, diatomic gas or liquid

Pale-yellow to greenish gas ...

Sharp penetrating odor

Strong, choking, intense

... Pungent, irritating odor.

-306.6 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

-188.13 °C

-188.12 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-363.3 °F (EPA, 1998)

-219.67 °C (triple point)

Reacts with water (NIOSH, 2024)

Decomposes in water

Soluble in water with decomposition, forming hydrofluoric acid.

Solubility in water: reaction

1.5127 at -306.6 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.5127 at -188.13 °C (liquid)

Saturated vapor density: 0.36850 lb/cu ft at -305 °F

Density = 1.667 g/L at 25 °C

1.5127 at -306.2 °F

1.553 @25 °C

1.31(relative gas density)

1.695 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.695 (Air = 1.29)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.3

760 mmHg at -306.2 °F (EPA, 1998)

Vapor pressure = 5X10+6 mm Hg at 25 °C /Extrapaloted/

760 mm Hg at 85 K

750 [mm Hg] @-188.3 °C

Conditions contributing to instability: Elevated temp may cause cylinders to burst.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

Decomposes in water, giving hydrofluoric acid, HF, oxygen fluoride, OF2, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and ozone.

0.257 mPa-s liquid at 85 deg K; 0.0218 mPa-s gas

Corrosive gas

6509 J/mol at 85 K

15.70 eV

Water vapor will react combustibly with Fluorine; an explosive reaction occurs between liquid fluorine and ice, after an intermediate induction period, [NASA SP-3037: 52(1967)]: If liquid air, which has stood for some time is treated with Fluorine, a precipitate is formed which is likely to explode. Explosive material is thought to be Fluorine Hydrate, [Mellor 2:11(1946-1947)]. It reacts with water to form hydrofluoric acid and oxygen.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Halogenating Agents

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Water-Reactive

Propellant; ignites upon contact with alcohols, amines, ammonia, beryllium alkyls, boranes, dicyanogen, hydrazines, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitroalkanes, powdered metals, silanes, or thiols [Bretherick, 1979 p.174]; Aluminum powder and iodine in close contact will ignite spontaneously, Fluorine with metals requires added heat for ignition, [NFPA 491M]. Antimony is spontaneously flammable in fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. With iodine, the reaction produces heat, which can cause flame or even an explosion if the quantities are great enough, [Mellor 9:379(1946-1947)]. The oxides of the alkalis and alkaline earths are vigorously attacked by fluorine gas with incandescence, [Mellor 2:13(1946-1947)]. Fluorine causes aromatic hydrocarbons and unsaturated alkanes to ignite spontaneously, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:55(1956)]. Fluorine vigorously reacts with arsenic and arsenic trioxide at ordinary temperatures, [Mellor 9:34(1946-1947)]. Bromine mixed with fluorine at ordinary temperatures yields bromine trifluoride, with a luminous flame, [Mellor 2:12(1946-1947)]. Calcium silicide burns readily in fluorine, [Mellor 6:663(1946-1947)]. The carbonates of sodium, lithium, calcium, and lead in contact with fluorine are decomposed at ordinary temperatures with incandescence, [Mellor 2:13(1946-1947)]. A mixture of fluorine and carbon disulfide ignites at ordinary temperatures, [Mellor 2:13(1946-1947)]. The reaction between fluorine and carbon tetrachloride is violent and sometimes explosive, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1, 198(1956)]. The uncontrolled reaction between fluorine and chlorine dioxide is explosive, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1, 532(1956)]. Fluorine and silver cyanide react with explosive violence at ordinary temperatures, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:63(1956)]. Fluorine and sodium acetate produce an explosive reaction involving the formation of diacetyl peroxide, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:56(1956)]. Selenium, silicon, or sulfur ignites in fluorine gas at ordinary temperatures, [Mellor 2:11-13(1946-1947)]. Each bubble of sulfur dioxide gas led into a container of fluorine produces an explosion, [Mellor 2:1(1946-1947)]. Fluorine and thallous chloride react violently, melting the product, [Mellor, Supp. 1:63(1956)].

Strong oxidizer. Reacts with every known element except, helium, neon, argon. Reacts with all materials except for some Teflons and some metals at low temperatures. Water reactive. Reacts with water to form hydrogen fluoride and oxygen.

Reacts with water or steam to produce heat & toxic & corrosive fumes.

Hydrogen bromide ... and hydrogen iodide ignite in contact with fluorine, and the concn aq soln, incl that of hydrogen fluoride, also produce flame. ... Mixtures of liq fluorine and ice are highly impact sensitive, with a power comparable to that of TNT. ... Monocesium acetylide and cesium acetylide, lithium acetylide and rubidium acetylide, tungsten carbide and ditungsten carbide ... all ignite in cold fluorine, while uranium dicarbide ignites in warm fluorine. ... Interaction /between metal borides and fluorine/ frequently attains incandescence. ... Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II), lead hexacyanoferrate(III) and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) become incandescent in fluorine, and the liberated dicyanogen also ignites. ... Copper hydride, potassium hydride and sodium hydride all ignite on contact with fluorine at ambient temp. ... Fluorine decomp calcium iodide, lead iodide, mercury iodide and potassium iodide at ambient temp, and the liberated iodide ignites ... .

Methanol, ethanol and 3-methylbutanol, acetaldehyde, trichloroacetaldehyde and acetone all ignite in contact with gaseous fluorine. Lactic acid, benzoic acid and salicylic acid ignite, while gallic acid becomes incandescent. Ethyl acetate and methyl borate ignite in fluorine.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for FLUORINE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water, nitric acid, oxidizers, organic compounds [Note: Reacts violently with all combustible materials, except the metal containers in which it is shipped. Reacts with H2O to form hydrofluoric acid.]

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Fluoride ions are incorporated into bone by substituting for hydroxyl groups in the carbonate-apatite structure to produce hydroxyfluorapatite, thus altering the mineral structure of the bone. Alteration in mineralization increases hardness and bone mass, but also decreases mechanical strength. A portion of the circulating inorganic fluoride acts as an enzyme inhibitor because it forms metalfluoride-phosphate complexes that interfere with the activity of those enzymes requiring a metal ion cofactor. In addition, fluoride may interact directly with the enzyme or the substrate. It is a general inhibitor of the energy production system of the cell. Fluorine may bind calcium and decrease its concentration. This is thought to indirectly inhibit amelogeninase activity, resulting in altered crystal growth and subsequently causing dental fluorosis. (L963)

Fluorine (soluble fluoride)

Gastrointestinal

6 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Inorganic fluorides used in drinking-water are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). (L135)

Exposure to high levels of fluoride can result in denser bones. However, if exposure is high enough, these bones may be more fragile and brittle and there may be a greater risk of fracture. Chronic exposure may also cause dental fluorosis, which alters the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development. (L963, L969)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L963) ; inhalation (L963) ; dermal (L963)

Burning sensation. Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns. ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

irritation eyes, nose, respiratory system; laryngeal spasm, wheezing; pulmonary edema; eye, skin burns; In Animals: liver, kidney damage

Fluorine is very irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Symptoms of fluoride exposure include abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysphagia, hypersalivation, mucosal injury, nausea, vomiting. Electrolyte abnormalities including hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and hypomagnesemia may occur. Neurological symptoms include headache, muscle weakness, hyperactive reflexes, muscular spasms, paresthesia seizures, tetanic contractions, and tremors. In severe cases, multiorgan failure will occur. Death typically results from cardiac arrest, shock, widening of QRS, and various arrhythmias occur. (L963, L969)

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Dermal (Skin), Musculoskeletal (Muscles and Skeleton), Ocular (Eyes), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ATSDR Final

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) = 185 ppm/1H

500 mg/kg has been fatal to humans.

LC50 Rat inhalation 185 ppm/1 hr

LC50 Mouse inhalation 150 ppm/1 hr

LC50 Rabbit inhalation 270 ppm/30 min

LC50 Guinea Pig inhalation 170 ppm/1 hr

Oral exposure to fluoride compounds should be treated by giving milk, calcium carbonate, or milk of magnesia to slow absorption. Eye or skin contact should be treated by removing any contaminated clothing and flushing with water. (L969)

Call for medical aid. ... Move to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. ... Will cause frostbite. Flush affected areas with plenty of water. If in eyes, hold eyelids open, and flush with plenty of water. Do not rub affected areas.

Flush all affected parts with water for at least 15 min. Do not use ointments. Administer artificial respiration and oxygen if required.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Fluorine and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures adn treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Fluorine and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for FLUORINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Recommended medical surveillance: ... A complete history and physical examination: ... Examination of ... liver and kidney should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. 14" x 17" chest roentgenogram ... /along with respiratory function tests:/ FVC and FEV (1 sec) ... Periodic medical exam: The aforementioned medical exam should be repeated on an annual basis, except that an X-ray is necessary only when indicated by the results of pulmonary function testing or by signs and symptoms of resp disease.

Consider the points of attack /resp system, lung, eyes, skin/ in preplacement and periodic physical exam.

Fluoride levels in urine should be checked periodically and all workers should be subjected to periodical skeletal X-ray exam particularly of the pelvis. /Fluorine and fluorine compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Five volunteers (19-50 years of age; gender not specified) were exposed to fluorine through a face mask that covered the eyes and nose but not the mouth. A concentration of 10 ppm was not irritating to the respiratory tract for at least 15 minutes. Slight nasal irritation was reported following a 3-minute exposure to 50 ppm, and exposure to 100 ppm for 0.5 or 1 minute was very irritating to the nose. Intermittent inhalation (3-5-minute exposure every 15 minutes for 2-3 hours) of 23 ppm did not cause respiratory difficulty.

LC50; Species: Lemna minor (Duckweed) 20 colonies or 40 fronds; Conditions: freshwater, static, 27 °C, pH 7.5; Concentration: 60000 ug/L for 96 hr /technical/

4.70e+03

7.00e+04

1.40e+01

5.70e+01

1.20e+03

4.00e+03

1.80e+02

6.00e+02

6.00e-02

1.30e-02

Volatile

1.40e+04

2.10e+05

4.10e+01

1.70e+02

3.60e+03

Fluorine's production and use in the manufacture of uranium fluoride (UF6) for nuclear power generation, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and other fluorine compounds may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Fluorine gas has been identified as a trace material in atmospheric emissions from coal-fired power plants and in emissions from volcanoes. If released to air, fluorine will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Fluorine gas is a powerful oxidizing agent that reacts with water and with many gases and oxidant species which indicates that fluorine gas will be converted to a variety of fluorine compounds in the atmosphere. The elemental form of fluorine, a pale yellow-green, irritating gas with a sharp odor, is so chemically reactive that it rarely occurs in the environment in the elemental state. If released to soil, fluorine has been observed to be very mobile in both sandy and sandy loam soils. Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2); therefore, fluorine is expected to decompose in moist soils as it reacts with water. Since fluorine is a gas at environmental temperatures, it will volatilize from dry soil. If released into water, hydrolysis will be the dominant fate process for fluorine. Volatilization, bioconcentration and adsorption to sediment will not be important fate processes. Occupational exposure to fluorine gas will occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fluorine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to fluorine gas via inhalation of ambient air in the vicinity of coal-fired power plants or volcanoes. (SRC)

Fluorine gas has been detected in emissions from volcanoes(1).

Widely distributed to the extent of 0.03% of the earth's crust. The chief minerals are fluorapatite, cryolite, and fluorspar (Spain, Mexico, South Africa).

... IN EARTH'S CRUST 0.065% BY WT NATURAL ABUNDANCE OF ISOTOPES: (19)F 100% ... DOES NOT OCCUR IN ELEMENTAL STATE IN NATURE. MOST IMPORTANT SOURCES ARE FLUORITE, CRYOLITE & FLUOROPATITE ... .

Fluorine's production and use in the manufacture of uranium fluoride (UF6) for nuclear power generation, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) for dielectrics, and other fluorine compounds(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Fluorine has been identified as a trace material in atmospheric emissions from coal-fired power plants(1).

Fluorine emitting industries, such as the production of aluminum, super phosphate fertilizer, glass, ceramics, fluorspar, and bricks. ... Additional sources of fluorine emissions are beryllium and antimony industries as well as power stations using brown coal for energy production.

The halogens fluorine and chlorine present in the mineral matter of coals are being transferred during coal combustion into volatile hydrogen halides with increasing combustion temperature to an increasing degree by pyrohydrolysis. These gases then appear in the flue gas. The degree of liberation and subsequent recapture in the cooler parts of the flue gas duct were evaluated in a laboratory combustor for which complete mass balances could be established. Variables investigated were operating parameters, fuel, and sorbent. A substantial retention of fluorine was found when adding finely powdered limestone sorbent in excess of what is required for sulfur capture alone.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Elemental fluorine was found to be very mobile in both sandy and sandy loam soils(1). Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2)(2); therefore, fluorine is expected to decompose in moist soils as it reacts with water(SRC). Fluorine is a gas at environmental temperatures(2) which indicates volatilization from dry soil will occur(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2)(1). This hydrolysis will be the dominant fate process in water(SRC). Volatilization, bioconcentration and adsorption to sediment will not be important fate processes(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: At atmospheric pressures, fluorine is a gas above its boiling point of -188.13 °C(1), and therefore, will exist as a gas in the ambient environment(SRC). Fluorine gas is a powerful oxidizing agent that reacts with water to form HF and other compounds(1,2). It also reacts readily with many gases and oxidant species(1,2) which indicates that fluorine gas will be converted to a variety of fluorine compounds in the atmosphere(SRC). The elemental form of fluorine, a pale yellow-green, irritating gas with a sharp odor, is so chemically reactive that it rarely occurs in the environment in the elemental state(3).

Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2)(1). Fluorine gas is a powerful oxidizing agent that combines directly with many gases and liquids (sometimes violently) to form a variety of fluorine compounds(1,2). The elemental form of fluorine, a pale yellow-green, irritating gas with a sharp odor, is so chemically reactive that it rarely occurs in the environment in the elemental state(3).

Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2)(1). Therefore, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

Elemental fluorine was found to be very mobile in both sandy and sandy loam soils(1). Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2)(2); therefore, fluorine is expected to decompose in moist soils as it reacts with water(SRC).

Fluorine decomposes in water to form hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen fluoride (OF2)(1). Therefore, volatilization from surface waters is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Fluorine is a gas at environmental temperatures(1) which indicates volatilization from dry soil will occur(SRC).

Monitoring of atmospheric emissions from two coal-fired power plants found median fluorine concentrations of 0.3-3 ppm(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of fluorine is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 12,854 workers (2,059 of these were female) were potentially exposed to fluorine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to fluorine gas will occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fluorine is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to fluorine gas via inhalation of ambient air in the vicinity of coal-fired power plants or volcanoes(SRC); however, the elemental form of fluorine, a pale yellow-green, irritating gas with a sharp odor, is so chemically reactive that it rarely occurs in the environment in the elemental state(2).

... Inhalation ... eye and skin contact. ...

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P056, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Pretreatment involves reaction with a charcoal bed. The product of the reaction is carbon tetrafluoride which is usually vented. Residual fluorine can be combusted by means of a fluorine-hydrocarbon air burner followed by a caustic scrubber and stack.

A poor candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A poor candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temp range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A poor candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temp range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

Add to large volume concentrated reducer solution % hypo, a bisulfite, or a ferrous salt, and acidify with 3-MH2SO4. When reduction is complete, add soda ash, or dilute hydrochloric acid to neutralize. Route to sewage plant ... Contact local sewage authority.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Fluorine; Fluorine, compressed/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Fluorine; Fluorine, compressed [Table#1563]

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Fluorine, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Fluorine, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid) [Table#1564]

/GUIDE 124: GASES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE - OXIDIZING/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Fluorine; Fluorine, compressed/

/GUIDE 124: GASES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE - OXIDIZING/ Fire or Explosion: Substance does not burn but will support combustion. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. These are strong oxidizers and will react vigorously or explosively with many materials including fuels. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Some will react violently with air, moist air and/or water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Fluorine; Fluorine, compressed/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for FLUORINE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9192 167(cryogenic liquid)

UN 1045; Fluorine, compressed

IMO 2.3; Fluorine, compressed

49 040 30; Fluorine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Gas Oxidizer Corrosive

Symbol: T+, C; R: 7-26-35; S: (1/2)-9-26-36/37/39-45

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 5.1 and 8