oxygen

H270: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]

P220, P244, P370+P376, and P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1% (13 of 1351) of reports.

H270 (99%): May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]

H280 (33.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H281 (16.2%): Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury [Warning Gases under pressure]

P220, P244, P282, P336+P317, P370+P376, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1351 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 13 of 1351 reports by companies.

There are 13 notifications provided by 1338 of 1351 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P271, P304+P340, P319, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P220, P244, P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P318, P319, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Refer for medical attention.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

INHALATION: in all but the most severe cases (pneumonia), recovery is rapid after reduction of oxygen pressure; supportive treatment should include immediate sedation, anticonvulsive therapy if needed, and rest.

EYES: treat frostbite burns.

SKIN: treat frostbite; soak in lukewarm water. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 122 [Gases - Oxidizing (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed. In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Clothing frozen to the skin should be thawed before being removed.

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 122 [Gases - Oxidizing (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical or CO2.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

LIQ: When fire results from a leak or flow of liq oxygen onto wood, paper, waste or another similar material, the first thing to do is stop flow if possible. For small spills, or after leak or flow of liq oxygen has been stopped, use enough water to put out fire quickly. When fire involves liq oxygen and liq fuels, control it as follows: (a) When liq oxygen leaks or flows into large quantities of fuel, shut off flow of liq oxygen, and put remaining fuel fire out with extinguishing agents suitable for use on class B fires. When fuel leaks or flows into large quantities of liq oxygen, shut off flow of fuel. (b) When fuel and liq oxygen are mixed or mixing but are not yet burning, isolate area from sources of ignition and get out quickly, allowing oxygen to evaporate. When large pools of water-soluble fuel are present, use water to dilute fuel and reduce intensity of fire. This method cannot be used with fuels which do not mix with water. Appropriate extinguishing agents may be used to put out fuel fires after the oxygen has evaporated.

If material involved in fire: Dangerously explosive. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities or water. Do not use water on material itself. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Oxygen, refrigerated liquid/

If material involved in fire: Dangerously explosive. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far as distance as possible. /Oxygen, compressed/

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame: consider evacuation of one-third (1/3) mile radius. /Oxygen, compressed; Oxygen, refrigerated liquid/

If oxygen-enriched clothing catches fire, extinguish under safety shower; fire blanket may not be effective. Use continuous water spray to soak clothing of a rescuer who must operate in oxygen-enriched fire area.

Most fibrous fabrics will absorb oxygen when exposed to concn greater than the normal 21% in air, and this is retained for a long time after excess oxygen is no longer present, greatly increasing the possibility of ignition.

Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting ... The gas is heavier than air.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Allow substance to evaporate.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 122 [Gases - Oxidizing (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

Large Spill

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Ventilation.

Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Notify safety personnel of significant leaks or spills. ... Shut off oxygen source if possible.

To increase the rate of controlled evaporation, spray with large amounts of water (fog may be generated and reduce visibility). /Liquid oxygen/

Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. USe water spray to disperse vapors and protect personnel.

Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. /Oxygen, liquefied/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Remove waste containers or leaking cylinders to exhaust hood or outdoors away from combustibles and allow to discharge at moderate rate. Tag cylinder to indicate defect, close valve and return to supplier. /Liquid and compressed oxygen/

Evaporation: Remove waste containers or leaking cylinders to exhaust hoods or outdoors away from combustibles and allow to discharge @ a moderate rate. Tag cylinder to indicate defect, close valve and return to supplier.

FDA and NIOSH recommend that plastic crush gaskets /on oxygen cylinders/ never be reused, as they may require additional torque to obtain the necessary seal with each subsequent use. This can deform the gasket, increasing the likelihood that oxygen will leak around the seal and ignite. The following general safety precautions should also be taken to avoid explosions, tank ruptures and fires from oxygen regulators. Always "crack" cylinder valves (open the valve just enough to allow gas to escape for a very short time) before attaching regulators in order to expel foreign matter from the outlet port of the valve. Always follow the regulator manufacturer's instructions for attaching the regulator to an oxygen cylinder. Always use the sealing gasket specified by the regulator manufacturer. Always inspect the regulator and CGA 870 seal before attaching it to the valve to ensure that the regulator is equipped with only one clean, sealing- type washer (reusable metal-bound rubber seal) or a new crush-type gasket (single use, not reusable, typically Nylon) that is in good condition. Always be certain the valve, regulator and gasket are free from oil or grease. Oil or grease contamination is widely known to contribute to ignition in oxygen systems. Tighten the T-handle firmly by hand, but do not use wrenches or other hand tools that may over-torque the handle. Open the post valve slowly. If gas escapes at the juncture of the regulator and valve, quickly close the valve. Verify the regulator is properly attached and the gasket is properly placed and in good condition. If you have any questions or concerns contact your supplier.

... Do not use oil or grease to lubricate valves on oxygen cylinders. /Liquid oxygen/

If material not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Do not use water on material itself. /Oxygen, refrigerated liquid/

If material is not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames and other sources of ignition away. Attempt to stop leak if without hazard. /Oxygen, compressed/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for OXYGEN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 122 [Gases - Oxidizing (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from combustible substances and reducing agents. Cool.

GAS & LIQ: GASEOUS OXYGEN IS STORED ... IN CYLINDERS AT A PRESSURE OF 150-160 ATM, & INSULATED TANKS ARE USED FOR LIQUID OXYGEN; SMALL QUANTITIES OF LIQUID OXYGEN (2-50 L) CAN BE STORED IN DEWAR FLASKS.

Oxygen should be stored in an area that is at least 20 ft away from any flammable or combustible materials (especially oil & grease) or separated from them by a noncombustible barrier at least 5 ft high & having a fire-resistant rating of at least 1/2 hr.

LIQ: Protect against physical damage. Isolate from combustible gas installations and combustible materials by adequate distance or by gas-tight fire-resistive barriers. Protect against overheating. Outside storage of liq oxygen tanks is recommended.

Where oxygen may be released, provide adequate ventilation to prevent excessive oxygen-enrichment of the workplace atmosphere (holding at < 23 Vol % O2 is recommended for fire safety).

Store oxygen containers in a clean, cool, dry, well-ventilated, low-fire risk area ... Never expose any part of a cylinder to temperature above 125 °F. Ground equipment to eliminate build-up of static charge. Ensure that containers of liquid oxygen are properly vented to prevent pressure build-up and that suitable materials are used to contact liquid oxygen and high purity oxygen. /Liquid and compressed oxygen/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

· Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical or CO2.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

In the water, the US Navy permits oxygen breathing up to 10 min at a max depth of 50 feet (2.5 ATA) in decompressing resting divers in a closed, dry, diving suit. In active swimmers, oxygen breathing is only permitted to a max depth of 25 feet. Other navies specify an 18-feet max depth for long underwater swims by attack divers breathing 100% oxygen ... Scuba divers must never charge their tanks with 100% oxygen. Even when oxygen is diluted, current US Navy regulations stipulate that the partial pressure of oxygen at any depth in any mixture must not exceed 1.6 ATA effective for more than 30 min.

Techniques for avoiding CNS toxicity are straightforward in most commercial and military diving: the oxygen level low enough to prevent any reasonable possibility of having a convulsion or "CNS hit" (called a "fit" in British parlance). In general practice, this is below a level of about 1.4 bars pO2 ... The exposure guidelines technical divers use to manage oxygen toxicity are derived from those published in the NOAA Diving Manual. The upper range of these limits (eg, an "allowed" exposure of 45 min at 1.6 bars pO2) is appropriate for the tethered and helmeted diver or the diver doing very light work ...

It is commonly accepted in the commercial world that no more than 0.6 ATA oxygen partial pressure should be maintained in the saturation complex and in the bell so that metabolic demands are net, but toxic levels are not exceeded. This equivalent to breathing 60% oxygen on the surface. These exposures have proven safe for up to 2 weeks with regard to pulmonary oxygen toxicity, both in the North Sea and in air saturation in the Hydrolab habitat. /Saturation diving/

The substance at very high concentrations is irritating to the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system, lungs and eyes.

Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance at very high concentrations is irritating to the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Repeated or prolonged inhalation of high concentrations may cause effects on the lungs.

Safety goggles or face shield; insulated gloves; long sleeves; trousers worn outside boots or over high-top shoes to shed spilled liquid. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 122 [Gases - Oxidizing (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. (ERG, 2024)

Liq: Safety goggles or face shield; insulated gloves; long sleeves; trousers worn outside boots or over high-top shoes to shed spilled liquid.

LIQ: Wear special protective clothing that will not ignite on contact with liq oxygen and that is designed to prevent liq ... from coming in contact with skin.

Wear ... positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with flammables.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with flammables. NO contact with reducing agents.

Cold-insulating gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles.

Wear safety goggles or face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It will support life. It is noncombustible, but will actively support the burning of combustible materials. Some materials that will not burn in air will burn in oxygen. Materials that burn in air will burn more vigorously in oxygen. As a non-liquid gas it is shipped at pressures of 2000 psig or above. Pure oxygen is nonflammable. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Oxygen is used in the production of synthesis gas from coal, for resuscitation and as an inhalant.

Dry Powder; Wet Solid; Other Solid; Gas Vapor; Liquid

Colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas

Light blue, odorless gas; [CHRIS] Transported as a compressed gas (cryogenic liquid); [CHEMINFO]

ODOURLESS COMPRESSED GAS.

LIQUEFIED GAS. COLOURLESS-TO-BLUE EXTREMELY COLD LIQUID.

Colorless, odorless and tasteless gas.

Colorless gas

Slightly bluish liquid at -183 °C

Odorless

Tasteless

-297.3 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-182.96 °C

-297.3 °F

-361 °F (USCG, 1999)

-218.4 °C

TRIPLE POINT TEMP: 54.4 DEG K; TRIPLE POINT PRESSURE: 0.0015 ATM; HEAT OF FUSION: 3.3 CAL/G

1 vol gas dissolves in 32 vol water at 20 °C, in 7 vol alcohol at 20 °C; sol in other organic liquids and usually to a greater extent than in water

4.89 CU M SOL IN 100 CC WATER @ 0 °C; 2.46 CU M SOL IN 100 CC WATER @ 50 °C; 2.30 CU M SOL IN 100 CC WATER @ 100 °C; 2.78 G SOL IN 100 CC ALC @ 25 °C

37.5 mg/mL at 21 °C

Solubility in water, ml/100ml at 20 °C: 3.1

1.14 at -297.4 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

Gas: 1.429 g/L at 0 °C; liq: 1.14 g/ml at -183 °C

1.14 at -297.4 °F

1.43 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.1

1 kPa at -211.9 °C; 10 kPa at -200.5 °C; 100 kPa at -183.1 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at -118 °C: 5080

log Kow = 0.65

Gas: 101.325 kPa at 25 °C (0.020 75 cP); Liquid: 99.70 K (0.156 cP)

50.9 cal/g at -183 °C

Liq: liquid-surface tension: 13.47 dynes/cm= 0.01347 N/m @ -183 °C

Index of refraction: liq: 1.2243 at -181 °C/D

Atomic number: 8; valence: 2; occurs normally as diatomic gas O2; also occurs as ozone O3; three naturally occurring isotopes: 16 (99.759%); 17 (0.037%); 18 (0.204%); artificial radioactive isotopes: 13-15; 19; 20; neutral gas

Liq & solid: strongly paramagnetic

ATOMIC RADIUS: 0.66 A; IONIC (CRYSTAL) RADII: 1.26 A (-2 OXIDATION STATE); ELECTRONEGATIVITY (PAULING SCALE): 3.44; ORBITAL ELECTRONS: [HE]2S2-2P4

T/2: (14)O= 74 SEC; (15)O= 2.1 MIN; (19)O= 29.4 SEC; WHEN EXPOSED TO UV RADIATION, DIATOMIC OXYGEN MOLECULE IS BROKEN DOWN & OZONE IS FORMED

Gas: Ratio of specific heats of vapor: 1.3962

Gibbs energy

Absorbance

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

CSL00134

OXYGEN + COPPER(II) CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE + 2,6-DIBROMOPYRIDINE + N-BUTYLLITHIUM + DIETHYL ETHER

O2 reacted with the organocopper (or remaining organolithium) reagent to form some peroxides which exploded

Explosive

Ullmann coupling

ACS Safety Letters

CSL00177

Phosphine (PH3) + Oxygen

Phosphine reacted with air resulting in an explosion

Not Available

User Reported

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

CSL00196

(Trimethylsilyl)acetylene + Acetone + Oxygen

"We would like to report an explosion that occurred in our laboratory last year while performing an oxidative coupling of trimethylsilylacetylene (TMSA) in a Glaser-Hay reaction. The explosion ruptured the 2-L reaction flask and seriously injured a researcher. This reaction has been routinely used in our and many other laboratories to prepare 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne-1,3 on a large scale (>100 g), and no dangerous or unusual behavior was previously noted. The procedure involves purging oxygen through a solution of TMSA in acetone in the presence of a copper(I) chloride:tetramethylethylenediamine complex catalyst at room temperature as described by Andrew B. Holmes et al. (Org. Syntheses 1993, Coll. Vol. 8, 63). The authors of the procedure recommend a safety shield as a general precaution while working with flammable materials in the atmosphere of oxygen, although no hazard was ever encountered. In this incident, the explosion occurred as soon as we started adding the solution of catalyst in acetone to the reaction. We have consulted with the pioneer of this reaction (Allan S. Hay) and the submitting author of the procedure (Holmes) and considered various scenarios to explain the explosion. Ignition of acetone/TMSA vapor by the external sources was hardly possible as the flask was well sealed and the outgoing gases were passed through a dry-ice condenser (lowering the vapor pressure below the explosive concentration) and brought to the back side of the fume hood through a 1-meter hose. The reaction temperature (5 ºC) was noted by the researcher a few seconds before the explosion, thus ruling out unexpected reaction exothermy. The autoignition of the vapor on a hot stirring adapter (possibly heated by rotation-induced friction) was refuted, because joint lubrication was checked before setting up the experiment, and it would have required achieving an unrealistic temperature of greater than 300 ºC. Also, the explosion occurred upon adding the first few drops of copper catalyst, which makes crystallization of the explosive intermediate—copper bis(trimethylsilylacetylide)—highly improbable. We speculate that a discharge of static electricity between the syringe needle and the digital thermometer inside the flask is the most likely cause of this explosion. A digital thermometer connected to a stirring hot plate (IKA) was used in the reaction, and a plastic syringe with a long metal needle was introduced through the same neck. An induced static voltage on the syringe through friction from handling (often observed in Montreal winter indoors while walking or even simply sitting) could then cause a sufficient differential potential on the needle for a discharge spark to occur close to the metallic body of the digital thermometer. The oxygen-rich atmosphere lowers the ignition energy and makes even a weak spark sufficient to cause a fire. The incident emphasizes once more the potential danger of mixing oxygen gas with flammable solvents or reagents. More important, introducing two conductors into a flask brings a risk of static electricity discharge between the conductors, which is dangerous whenever a flammable solvent is used without inert gas. As wired metal-gauge digital thermometers are used more often in synthetic practice, precautions must be taken to avoid their contact with other metallic (conducting) parts inside the reaction flasks." (reprint of the full-text)

Large (>100g)

Oxidation

Note to the Reviewer: I used https://www.convertunits.com/from/liters/to/grams to convert grams to liters as liters were the unit in the article. Converter said 2 Liters = 2000 Grams. Wanted to check with you to see if this correct as I indicated scale was Large.

10.1021/cen-v088n003.p002

Literature Reference

10/15/2022

Propellant; ignites upon contact with alcohols, alkali metals, amines, ammonia, beryllium alkyls, boranes, dicyanogen, hydrazines, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitroalkanes, powdered metals, silanes, or thiols [Bretherick 1979. p.174]. Heat of water will vigorously vaporize liquid oxygen, pressures may build to dangerous levels if this occurs in a closed container. Liquid oxygen gives a detonable mixture when combined with powdered aluminum [NFPA 491M. 1991].

Propellant; ignites upon contact with alcohols, alkali metals, amines, ammonia, beryllium alkyls, boranes, dicyanogen, hydrazines, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitroalkanes, powdered metals, silanes, or thiols [Bretherick 1979. p.174]. Heat of water will vigorously vaporize liquid oxygen, pressures may build to dangerous levels if this occurs in a closed container. Liquid oxygen gives a detonable mixture when combined with powdered aluminum [NFPA 491M. 1991]. Contact of very cold liquefied gas with water may result in vigorous or violent boiling of the product and extremely rapid vaporization due to the large temperature differences involved. If the water is hot, there is the possibility that a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquid gas contacts water in a closed container [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980].

Liq: Heat of water will vigorously vaporize liquid oxygen.

Oxygen leaked into the free space in an acetaldehyde storage tank normally purged with nitrogen. Accelerating exothermic oxidation led to detonation. The self-ignition temperature of acetaldehyde-oxygen mixtures depends on dimensions of the reactor and the partial pressure of peracetic acid accumulated on the walls. Spontaneous ignition temperatures of 71 to 73 °C were observed.

Oxygen reacts explosively with phosphine, hydrazine, hydrogen sulfide ...

Synthesis gas (CO + H2) at 40 bar containing a low level of hydrogen sulfide was to be freed of the latter impurity by adding the theoretical quantity of oxygen and passing the mixture over a catalyst. Introducing of oxygen (from a supply at 60 bar) via a simple T-piece (instead of through the recommended small bore coaxial injection nozzle to ensure thorough mixing with the gas stream) caused development of an intense inverse flame in the locally very high oxygen concn which burned through the reactor side wall opposite the oxygen inlet and ejected a meter-long flame-jet.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for OXYGEN (98 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Cough. Dizziness. Sore throat. Visual disturbances.

Cough. Dizziness. Sore throat.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

See Skin.

... Toxicity of oxygen to dogs' eyes could be enhanced ... by promazine ... chlorpromazine, thioridazine, & chloroquine.

... Some anticancer drugs, for example, bleomycin and cyclophosphamide, show increased acute lung damage in animals in combination with hyperoxia. Whether this is also true in humans is uncertain. It appears that direct interaction between O2 and the anticancer drugs occurs, rather than interference by O2 with the repair of damage done by the drugs.

Hyperoxia and nitric oxide act synergistically in their cytotoxicity to A549 cells (human alveolar epithelial cells). This interaction is of human relevance because nitric oxide is being tested clinically for infants and children with pulmonary hypertension, and these patients are also frequently receiving simultaneous O2 therapy.

... Carefully maintained, anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated baboons /were exposed/ for 11 days to 40% O2, 80% O2, 100% O2 ... or 80% O2 followed by inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The groups exposed to 100% O2 or 80% O2 plus bacterial inoculation showed mixed exudative-reparative diffuse alveolar lesions, altered morphology of type II cells, increased numbers of type II cells and interstitial cells, and decreased numbers of type I and endothelial cells. The animals exposed to 40% O2 or 80% O2 showed increased numbers of alveolar macrophages and focal widening of alveolar walls. The most striking finding was that 80% O2 plus infection caused responses as severe as 100% O2. It was suggested that the combination with infection reflects the evolution of adult respiratory distress syndrome that occurs in some human patients in intensive medical care units (and other situations involving lung injury).

For more Interactions (Complete) data for OXYGEN (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Some protection against oxygen toxicity syndrome is offered by admin of gamma-aminobutyric acid, succinate, chelating agents, certain anesthetics, and trimethamine (tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane).

Contact with liquid oxygen: Remove victim from source of contact. Flush affected areas with lots of tepid water (Do not apply directly to affected area). Loosely apply dry sterile, bulky dressings to protect area from infection/injury. Get medical attention. /Liquid oxygen/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Oxidizers/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Oxidizers/

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention ... Eye exposure: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. /Oxygen, liquefied/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ "Hyperbaric" is an atmospheric pressure greater than that at sea level. This increase in pressure, often associated with diving, is opposite of the decrease in atmospheric pressure associated with aviation and mountain climbing (hypobaric). Partial pressures of O2 are higher in hyperbaric, and lower in hypobaric, atmospheres. Increased O2 pressures result in hyperoxygenation of the blood (increased dissolved O2) and allows for improved O2 delivery to tissues. Hyperbaric O2 has a number of important uses in medicine. However, the toxicity of increased O2 pressures are also evident in human and animal studies.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ As part of a comprehensive study of specific organ oxygen tolerance, oxygen effects on pulmonary function were measured in normal, resting men who breathed oxygen continuously at 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 atmospheres absolute for average durations of 3.4, 5.7, 9.0, and 17.7 hr, respectively. Rates of development of effects of pulmonary oxygen toxicity were monitored during oxygen exposure at 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 atmospheres absolute with repeated flow-volume loops, spirometry, and symptom assessment. Additional pulmonary measurements before and after exposure included lung compliance, airway resistance, density dependence of flow, nitrogen closing volumes, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and alveolar-arterial oxygen differences. Of these measurements only airway resistance and closing volumes were not significantly affected at any pressure, but patterns and magnitudes of effects varied at different pressures. Overall, the data indicate that continuous oxygen exposure at 3.0 to 1.5 atmospheres absolute affects pulmonary mechanical function earlier and more prominently than carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Recovery of lung mechanical function usually occurred within 12-24 hr after exposure, but required more than 24 hr in some individuals. No individual measure of pulmonary function was found to be uniquely satisfactory for monitoring rates of development or reversal of pulmonary oxygen poisoning. The existence of multiple pulmonary effects of oxygen toxicity and the complexity of their interactions require selective applications of individual toxicity indices to specific conditions of exposure and recovery.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Direct visual observations /were made/ of the interior of the trachea and ... rate of mucus transport /measured/ in 10 human volunteers who breathed oxygen through a face mask for 6 hr. The oxygen concn was 90 to 95%. Observations were made after 3 and 6 hr. Tracheal mucous velocity was decreased after 3 hr and all subjects showed visual evidence of tracheal irritation after 6 hr. ... Three subjects had fever and two had symptoms of acute bronchitis several hours after the study was completed; one had sinusitis and conjunctivitis. These phenomena might be related to the procedure of passing a fiberoptic bronchoscope into the trachea. Two others became nauseated and vomited during the evening of the study. All were extremely fatigued. None complained of substernal pain or other symptoms of tracheal or bronchial irritation during the oxygen exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ To study the early changes in the lower respiratory tract in persons exposed to periods of hyperoxia usually considered safe, 14 normal subjects were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage before and immediately after 16.7 +/ - 1.1 hours of breathing more than 95% oxygen. Hyperoxia caused a significant alveolar-capillary "leak" as detected by the presence of increased plasma albumin and transferrin in lavage fluid. Although some of the effects of exposure to 17 hr of more than 95% oxygen are reversible, hyperoxia for even this short period lowers the structural or functional barriers that normally prevent alveolar-capillary "leak" and induces processes that can culminate in fibrosis of the alveolar wall.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for OXYGEN (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... One-day-old rats were exposed to 2 to 4 days of /normobaric hyperoxia/ (NH) (Fio2>0.98) or normoxia (Fio2=0.21), with or without weaning. Pups were then euthanized and 100 uL of blood was collected (cardiac puncture) for differential white blood cells analysis (n=12 per group). The lungs, a piece of distal ileum, and the left kidney were removed for histologic evaluation. Both NH and weaning /(return to air breathing)/ generated significant increases in blood neutrophil count, whereas lymphocyte population was significantly increased only after weaning (P<0.05; analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons). Normobaric hyperoxia created mild increases in the renal tubular necrosis, dilation, regeneration, and interstitial inflammation. A significant increase in the intestinal serosal and submucosal vasodialation and vascularization occurred 1 day after weaning from 4 days of NH (P<0.001).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Dogs inhaling pure O2 at atmospheric pressure/ ... poisoning begins after 36 hr, causes distress within 48 hr, and death in 60 hr. Ninety per cent O2 in air requires double exposure period for similar results; in 80% oxygen in air the animals did not die but were ill at the end of a continuous exposure of 1 wk. A decline in O2 saturation of blood, rise in hemoglobin, lung congestion and edema, right-heart failure, and liver congestion were frequent findings in oxygen poisoning.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The role of neutrophils in the mediation of severe normobaric hyperoxic lung injury was studied by monitoring the effects of neutrophil depletion on a rat model of pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Pulmonary capillary permeability, assessed using an radioactive iodine labeled albumin lung permeability index, progressively increased with an increased duration of hyperoxic exposure in normal animals (lung permeability index of 0.43 +/ - 0.09 at 2 hr; 0.95 +/ - 0.17 at 48 hr; 1.56 +/ - 0.21 at 60 hr) despite the absence of any significant tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage evidence of neutrophil infiltration until 60 hr of hyperoxia exposure. Neutrophil depletion with cyclophosphamide blocked this late neutrophil infiltrate but failed to attenuate lung injury.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ One litter of term newborn New Zealand albino rabbits (n= 9) and 15 adult rabbits were exposed to 65 hr of > 95% oxygen (O2). ... Sixty-five hr of oxygen exposure in newborn rabbits produced no evidence of lung injury on light microscopy, 97% of bronchoalveolar lavage white cells were alveolar macrophages and bronchoalveolar lavage protein was low. No differences were found in the percentage of alveolar macrophages, and the proportion of PMN was low in both hyperoxic (n=9) and normoxic (n=7) newborn groups. Mortality was comparable, 14% and 11% in normoxic and hyperoxic newborn groups, respectively. An equal period of oxygen exposure produced significant lung injury in adult rabbits, and a mortality of 27% (not significant). Adults appeared dyspneic and frequently had grossly visible subpleural hemorrhages. Microscopic analysis revealed an intense inflammatory cell infiltrate, an exudate in the air spaces and areas of intra-alveolar hemorrhage. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from oxygen injured adults contained a 17-fold greater percentage of PMN and 16-fold higher protein than oxygen exposed newborns. Newborns under normoxic conditions had very high levels of 6-keto-PGF1a and low quantities of TXB2. Hyperoxic newborns had lower 6-keto-PGF1a and significantly higher TXB2. Hyperoxic adults had significantly lower 6-keto-PGF1a, and significantly higher LTB4 and LTC4 in bronchoalveolar lavage compared to hyperoxic newborns. Leukotriene D4 values, although 25% higher on average in the adult rabbits, were not statistically different.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for OXYGEN (29 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Ventilating patients with elevated oxygen tensions alters normal respiratory physiology and may damage lung tissue, depending on coexisting host and iatrogenic factors. ... Supplemental oxygen should be prescribed at the lowest concentration possible that will still allow adequate tissue oxygenation...

In a small number of patients whose respiratory center is depressed by long-term retention of carbon dioxide, injury, or drugs, ventilation is maintained largely by stimulation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors, commonly referred to as the hypoxic drive. The provision of too much oxygen can depress this drive, resulting in respiratory acidosis. In these cases, supplemental oxygen should be titrated carefully to ensure adequate arterial saturation. If hypoventilation results, then mechanical ventilatory support with or without tracheal intubation should be provided.

... Premature infants have organs that are not fully developed at birth, including the lungs and eyes ... so they are placed in enclosed incubators or on respirators with an increased PO2. In the early history of this life-saving procedure, high O2 concentrations were used. The immediate benefit of tissue oxygenation was followed by a high incidence of pulmonary damage. It was soon observed that these babies were blind, the result of hyperoxic damage to the retinal capillaries. This injury was followed by proliferation of fibrous tissue. Careful adjustment of the O2 pressure to meet the needs of the infant has been effective in controlling the damage to the eye.

... Premature infants ... placed in incubators ... breathe oxygen in concentrations greater than in air. On removal from hyperoxia, they develop irreversible bilateral ocular disease known as retrolental fibroplasia ... . Only the incompletely developed retinal circulation is susceptible to toxic levels of oxygen, whereas a mature retinal vascular system and other incompletely formed circulations are not sensitive to oxygen toxicity. Within 6 hr after an infant is placed in a high oxygen containing atmosphere, vasoconstriction of the immature vessels occurs, which is reversible if the child is immediately returned to air but is irreversible if hyperoxia therapy is continued.

For more Populations at Special Risk (Complete) data for OXYGEN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of atmosphere by volume.

EVEN THOUGH LARGE QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC O2 ARE CONSTANTLY BEING CONSUMED IN RESPIRATION, COMBUSTION & OTHER OXIDATION PROCESSES, THE CONCN OF O2 IS KEPT @ VIRTUALLY CONSTANT LEVEL, PRIMARILY AS A RESULT OF O2 LIBERATED IN THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GREEN PLANTS.

None /Liquid oxygen/

Normal air consists of 20.94% oxygen.

Industrial exposures to high oxygen pressure are uncommon. Sea diving is probably the most frequent. ... Caison workers & tunnel makers may also be exposed to pressures that are high enough to cause lung damage.

Some potential risks for intoxication with oxygen also exist for drivers and persons living or working in closed compartments, where the air is reconditioned by the addition of pure oxygen (eg, submarines and spacecraft), should the regulation system malfunction.

... oxygen, as a gaseous element, forms 21% of atmosphere by volume.

EVEN THOUGH LARGE QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC O2 ARE CONSTANTLY BEING CONSUMED IN RESPIRATION, COMBUSTION & OTHER OXIDATION PROCESSES, THE CONCN OF O2 IS KEPT @ VIRTUALLY CONSTANT LEVEL, PRIMARILY AS A RESULT OF O2 LIBERATED IN THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN GREEN PLANTS.

None /Liquid oxygen/

Normal air consists of 20.94% oxygen.

Industrial exposures to high oxygen pressure are uncommon. Sea diving is probably the most frequent. ... Caison workers & tunnel makers may also be exposed to pressures that are high enough to cause lung damage.

Some potential risks for intoxication with oxygen also exist for drivers and persons living or working in closed compartments, where the air is reconditioned by the addition of pure oxygen (eg, submarines and spacecraft), should the regulation system malfunction.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Remove waste containers or leaking cylinders to exhaust hood or outdoors away from combustibles and allow to discharge at moderate rate. Tag cylinder to indicate defect, close valve and return to supplier. /Liquid and compressed oxygen/

Evaporation: Remove waste containers or leaking cylinders to exhaust hoods or outdoors away from combustibles and allow to discharge @ a moderate rate. Tag cylinder to indicate defect, close valve and return to supplier.

/GUIDE 122: GASES - OXIDIZING (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Fire or Explosion: Substance does not burn but will support combustion. Some may react explosively with fuels. May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Oxygen; Oxygen, compressed; Oxygen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/

/GUIDE 122: GASES - OXIDIZING (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. /Oxygen; Oxygen, compressed; Oxygen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/

/GUIDE 122: GASES - OXIDIZING (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Oxygen; Oxygen, compressed; Oxygen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/

/GUIDE 122: GASES - OXIDIZING (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. /Oxygen; Oxygen, compressed; Oxygen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for OXYGEN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1072; Oxygen, compressed

UN 1073; Oxygen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)

IMO 2.0; Oxygen, compressed; oxygen, refrigerated liquid (cryogenic liquid)

49 043 70; Oxygen (gas administering apparatus, hospital or surgical, with cylinders of oxygen)

49 043 80; Oxygen (life saving apparatus)

49 043 50; Oxygen (Oxygen gas, compressed)

49 044 40; Oxygen-nitrogen gas mixture (compressed gas)

49 043 60; Oxygen, cryogenic liquid (oxygen gas, liquid, other than compressed)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Non-Flammable Gas Oxidizer

Special insulated container.

Symbol: O; R: 8; S: (2)-17

UN Hazard Class: 2.2; UN Subsidiary Risks: 5.1