nickel sulfate

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360D ***: May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (96%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H332 (99.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334 (100%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H341 (99.8%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (87.2%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H350i (12.7%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (85.2%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360D (15.3%): May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (99.9%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (> 99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (> 99.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2582 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations-Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations-Water spill: Add soda ash. Adjust pH to neutral (pH 7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Store only in original packaging. Separated from oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

0.79 [mg/m3]

8.7 [mg/m3]

52 [mg/m3]

1.0 [mg/m3], as Ni

10 mg Ni/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

10.0 [mg/m3], as Ni

NIOSH considers nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) to be a potential occupational carcinogen. /Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni)/

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction, as Ni

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 0.1 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction. /Nickel, soluble compounds, as Ni/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

(as Ni, inhalable fraction): 0.1 mg/m

(inhalable fraction): sensitization of respiratory tract and skin (SAH); carcinogen category: 1

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134)

Max allowable concn (MAX) USSR 0.005 mg/cu m as Ni /Nickel salts & aerosols/

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Repeated or prolonged inhalation of the aerosol may cause effects on the lungs. The substance may have effects on the nasal sinuses. This may result in inflammation and ulceration. This substance is carcinogenic to humans if inhaled. May cause toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Goggles; gloves. (USCG, 1999)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

See Chemical Dangers.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use closed system or ventilation (not if powder).

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Anhydrous nickel sulfate is a yellow-green crystalline solid. Nickel sulfate can also be obtained as a hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O (CAS: 10101-97-0) which is blue to emerald green, and as a heptahydrate (NiSO4.7H2O) (CAS: 10101-98-1) , which is green. Samples can contain variable quantities of water, depending on their previous exposure to moisture or conditions. All forms are mildly toxic and are carcinogenic. All are denser than water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Used to make other nickel compounds, in printing, and in dyeing of textiles.

Large Crystals; Dry Powder; Other Solid; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

Pale green to yellow solid; [Merck Index] Blue-green odorless crystals; Soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

YELLOW-TO-GREEN CRYSTALS.

Green-yellow crystals

Pale green

Odorless

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

103 °C @760 [mm Hg]

1558 °F (decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

Decomposes @ 840 °C

No melting point; decomposes at 848 °C

27.3 to 27.7 % weight % at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

VERY SOL IN AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE /HEXAHYDRATE/

29.3 G/100 CC WATER @ 0 °C

83.7 G/100 CC WATER @ 100 °C

INSOL IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, ACETONE

0.11% WT IN METHANOL @ 35 °C

For more Solubility (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 29.3 (freely soluble)

3.68 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.01 g/cu cm

Density: 2.03 g/cu cm /Hexahydrate/

3.7 g/cm³

4.01 @25 °C

STABLE @ 40 °C /HEXAHYDRATE/

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomp it emits very toxic fumes of /sulfur oxides/.

Toxic gases and vapors (such as nickel carbonyl) may be released ... in the decomp of nickel cmpd. /Nickel & sol nickel cmpd/

848 °C. This produces toxic fumes of sulfur trioxide and nickel monoxide. See ICSC 0926. See ICSC 1202. Reacts with oxidants. This generates fire and explosion hazard. The solution in water is a weak acid.

Somewhat efflorescent; loses 5 H20 @ about 100 °C /Hexahydrate/

Aqueous soln is acid; pH about 4.5 /Hexahydrate/

alpha-Form blue to blue-green tetragonal crystals; beta-form green transparent crystals; becomes blue and opaque at room temp; greenish-yellow anhydrous salt formed @ 280 °C /Hexahydrate/

Sweet astringent taste /Hexahydrate/

Green rhombic; Index of refraction: 1.467, 1.489, 1.492; density: 1.948; MP: 99 °C (loses H2O); BP: 103 °C (loses 6 H20); Solubility in water: 75.6 g/100 cc at 15.5 °C, 475.8 g/100 cc at 100 °C; sol in alc /Hepatahydrate/

Blue, tetragonal (alpha form); green monoclinic (beta form); Index of refraction: 1.581, 1.487; density: 2.07; MP: 53.3 °C (transition pt); BP: 103 °C (loses 6 H20); Solubility in water: 65.52 g/100 cc at 0 °C, 340.7 g/100 cc at 100 °C; solubility in methanol: 12.5 g/100 cc; very sol in alc, ammonium hydroxide /Hexahydrate/

Metals -> Nickel Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Mutagens

Potential endocrine disrupting compound

Water soluble yielding acidic corrosive water solutions.

Salts, Acidic

Gives an acidic solution when dissolved in water. Emits highly toxic fumes of metallic nickel, oxides of sulfur, and oxides of nitrogen when heated to decomposition [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 910].

Nickel is known to substitute for other essential elements in certain enzmes, such as calcineurin. It is genotoxic, and some nickel compounds have been shown to promote cell proliferation. Nickel has a high affinity for chromatin proteins, particularly histones and protamines. The complexing of nickel ions with heterochromatin results in a number of alterations including condensation, DNA hypermethylation, gene silencing, and inhibition of histone acetylation, which have been shown to disturb gene expression. Nickel has also been shown to alter several transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, activating transcription factor, and NF-KB transcription factor. There is also evidence that nickel ions inhibit DNA repair, either by directly inhibiting DNA repair enzymes or competing with zinc ions for binding to zinc-finger DNA binding proteins, resulting in structural changes in DNA that prevent repair enzymes from binding. Nickel ions can also complex with a number of cellular ligands including amino acids, peptides, and proteins resulting in the generation of oxygen radicals, which induce base damage, DNA strand breaks, and DNA protein crosslinks. (L41, A40)

CLASSIFICATION: A; human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Human data in which exposure to nickel refinery dust caused lung and nasal tumors in sulfide nickel matte refinery workers in several epidemiologic studies in different countries and on animal data in which carcinomas were produced in rats by inhalation and injection. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Nickel refinery dust/

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of nickel sulfate, and of the combinations of nickel sulfides and oxides encountered in the nickel refining industry. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel and nickel alloys. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of metallic nickel, nickel monoxides, nickel hydroxides and crystalline nickel sulfides. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel alloys, nickelocene, nickel carbonyl, nickel salts, nickel arsenides, nickel antimonide, nickel selenides and nickel telluride. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nickel trioxide, amorphous nickel sulfide and nickel titanate. The Working Group made the overall evaluation on nickel compounds as a group on the basis of the combined results of epidemiological studies, carcinogenicity studies in experimental animals, and several types of other relevant data, supported by the underlying concept that nickel compounds can generate nickel ions at critical sites in their target cells. Overall evaluation: Nickel compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Metallic nickel is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Nickel compounds/

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

The most common harmful health effect of nickel in humans is an allergic reaction. This usually manifests as a skin rash, although some people experience asthma attacks. Long term inhahation of nickel causes chronic bronchitis and reduced lung function, as well as damage to the naval cavity. Ingestion of excess nickel results in damage to the stomach, blood, liver, kidneys, and immune system, as well as having adverse effects on reproduction and development. (L41)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, by ingestion and through the skin.

Inhalation (L41) ; oral (L41) ; dermal (L41)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting.

Symptoms of nickel poisoning include headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, followed by chest pains, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a dry cough. (L42)

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Known to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LD50: 264 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L511)

LC50 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica Temminck & Schlegel) 14-day-old > 5000 ppm (5-day diet)

Excess exposure to nickel is usually handled by preventing further exposure and symptomatic treatment. Nickel poisoning may also be treated using chelation therapy with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. (L42)

The hamster embryo cell bioassay was used to study the effect of metal salts on morphological transformation. A synergistic enhancement of the transformation frequency was found for the combined treatment with organic carcinogens (benzo(a)pyrene (b(a)p), N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) and nickel sulfate. The synergistic effect between b(a)p and nickel sulfate was apparent when the cells were treated sequentially with the chemicals. When the cells were first exposed to b(a)p, nickel sulfate showed a promotion-like effect, similar to that obtained with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (12-O-tpa). When 12-O-tpa or b(a)p were used as promoters nickel sulfate was able to initiate morphological transformation. The metal salts are more potent as promoters than they are as initiators in this assay.

The effect of unfractionated heparin and a low molecular weight heparin fragment on the DNA synthesis response of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes from nickel-allergic patients, activated by mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate was tested. Inhibition was found with 1.1 mg/ml unfractionated heparin added 1 hr after mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate and with the same concentration of the heparin fragment, added 1 hr after nickel sulfate; no effect was seen after at 72 hr. Both heparin preparations in concentrations of 0.0001-0.11 mg/ml stimulated the response to nickel sulfate and in concentrations of 0.001-0.11 mg/ml stimulated the response to mercuric chloride. Heparin preparations seem to have modulating effects on both nickel and mercury activation of lymphocytes. The effect was dependent on both heparin concentration and the time of addition to the activation process.

Synergistic effects of nickel compounds and benzo(a)pyrene on morphological transformation of SHE cells have been reported ... Treatment with nickel sulfate and benzo(a)pyrene resulted in a transformation frequency of 10.7% compared with 0.5% and 0.6%, respectively, for the individual substances ... .

In a two-stage carcinogenicity study, ... gave a single injection of dinitrosopiperazine (9 mg) to rats, followed by administration of nickel sulfate, either in the drinking-water (3.7 mg/day), or topically in the nasopharynx as a gelatin solution (0.02 ml of 0.5% NiS04). Two out of 12 rats in both groups receiving both nickel and the nitrosamine developed nasopharyngeal tumors (1 squamous cell carcinoma, 1 fibrosarcoma, 1 papilloma, 1 "early carcinoma"), while none was seen in the 24 animals treated with the nitrosamine alone, or in the two groups of 12 animals treated with nickel sulfate. The same authors (abstract only) reported an "tension of the study, using topical nickel sulfate as a promoter. Five out of 22 rats given the combined treatment developed carcinomas of the nasopharynx, nasal cavity, or hard palate, while these tumors were not found in the other groups ... .

Reported a study in which N-nitrosopiperazine was given to female rats on the 18th day of pregnancy, and the pups were given nickel sulfate orally. Five out of 21 pups with combined treatment, and 1 out of 4 with nitrosamine treatment only developed nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and two other pups developed other tumors.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 t0 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Nickel and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nickel and related compounds/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

IN 1972-74 THREE THOUSAND SUBJECTS IN NORTH AMERICA WERE PATCH-TESTED WITH 19 ALLERGENS. THE MOST FREQUENT SENSITIZERS INCL NICKEL SULFATE.

Minimum eliciting levels of nickel have been estimated in 25 nickel-sensitive subjects by patch tests with aqueous solutions. The minimum level of metal required to provoke a patch test reaction was considerably greater than that found in fabric washing powder solutions and was in the majority of patients tested of the order of 112 ppm nickel (0.05% nickel sulfate). EDTA significantly reduced the number and severity of patch test reactions to nickel sulfate.

Mutagenicity of 12 metal compounds was determined in cultured human lymphocytes, using frequency of sister chromatid exchange as indicator. Nickel sulfate had a slightly higher frequency than did controls.

... Cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial cells were continuously exposed to a dose (5-20 micrograms/ml) of nickel sulfate (NiSO4) that reduced their colony forming efficiency by 30-80%. After 40 days of incubation, the cultures consisted of large, squamous cells; mitotic cells were not observed. The cells were then maintained in medium without NiSO4. After 40-75 total days of incubation, colonies of mitotic cells appeared at a rate of 1 colony per 100,000 cells originally at risk; no colonies appeared in control cultures or in cultures exposed to less than 5 micrograms NiSO4/ml for 90 days. Twelve NiSO4-altered cell cultures isolated from five experiments have been expanded into mass cultures. Most of the cell lines had an increased population doubling potential (greater than 50 divisions). Some exhibit aberrations in the squamous (terminal) differentiation process, whereas others lost the requirement for epidermal growth factor for clonal growth. Aneuploidy and marker chromosomes were also noted. However, none of these NiSO4-altered cell cultures are anchorage independent nor do they produce tumors upon injection into athymic nude mice.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... EXAM A GROUP OF 40 MALE ALBINO RATS THAT HAD RECEIVED 3 MG NI/KG BODY WT AS NICKEL SULFATE HEXAHYDRATE NISO4.6H2O DAILY FOR 90 DAYS FOR CHANGES IN ENZYME ACTIVITIES & MORPHOLOGY. ... CHANGES IN ATPASE OCCURRED AT ALL EXAM TIMES IN KIDNEYS & TESTES, PROVING STIMULATORY AT ALL PERIODS IN TESTES, BUT ONLY AT 30 DAYS IN KIDNEYS, AFTER WHICH ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY DECR ... A LATENT PERIOD OF ABOUT 90 DAYS ELAPSED BEFORE PHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DEPRESSION ... ASSOC WITH THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES WERE DELAYED HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN KIDNEY WHICH BECAME CONGESTED AT 60 DAYS ... BY 90 DAYS FOCAL & NECROSIS OF PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES ... DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN ... SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES ... & MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS ... /NICKEL SULFATE HEXAHYDRATE/

THE GROWTH RATE IS REDUCED IN CHICKENS FED 900-1300 PPM NICKEL AS ... THE SULFATE.

THE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF MALE RATS IS IMPAIRED BY REDUCED SPERMATOGENESIS & SPERM MOTILITY FOLLOWING AN ORAL INTAKE OF 23 MG NICKEL SULFATE (NISO4)/KG DAILY FOR 3 MO & OTHER CHANGES NOTICED WERE SMALLER TESTES, PROLIFERATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN INTERSTITIAL REGION, & INCR INTERSTITIAL CELLS. THE NUMBER OF LITTERS & SURVIVAL OF PUPS DECR WITH DIETARY INTAKE OF 1600 PPM NI; SIMILAR EFFECTS ON RAT REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES WERE OBSERVED UPON SC ADMIN OF NISO4. SHRINKAGE OF CENTRAL TUBULES, HYPEREMIA OF INTERTUBULAR CAPILLARIES, & DISINTEGRATION OF SPERMATOZOA WERE OBSERVED 18 HR AFTER SINGLE DOSE OF 2.3 MG NISO4/KG, BUT THESE EFFECTS ARE REVERSIBLE WHEN THE INTAKE IS REDUCED TO PHYSIOLOGIC LEVELS.

... NO TUMORS WERE PRODUCED BY IM INJECTIONS OF 5 MG NICKEL SULFATE INTO BOTH THIGHS OF 32 WISTAR RATS OBSERVED FOR UP TO 603 DAYS. NO CONTROLS WERE USED (GILMAN, 1962).

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. /Nickel sulfate hexahydrate/ [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=10101-97-0]

... Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to nickel sulfate hexahydrate (greater than 98% pure) by inhalation for ... or 2 yr. ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 63 to 65 male and 63 to 64 female rats were exposed to nickel sulfate hexahydrate by inhalation at concentrations of 0, 0.12, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/ cu m (equivalent to 0, 0.03, 0.06, or 0.11 mg nickel/cu m). Animals were exposed for 6 hours plus T90 (8 minutes) 5 days/wk for 104 wk. ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 80 male and 80 female mice were exposed to nickel sulfate hexahydrate by inhalation at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/cu m (equivalent to 0, 0.06, 0.11, or 0.22 mg nickel/cu m). Animals were exposed for 6 hours plus T90 (8 minutes) 5 days per week for 104 wk. ... CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2 yr inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in male or female F344/N rats exposed to 0.12, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/cu m (0.03, 0.06, or 0.11 mg nickel/cu m). There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in male or female B6C3Fl mice exposed to 0.25, 0.5, or 1 mg/cu m (0.06, 0.11, or 0.22 mg nickel/cu m).

LC50 Prawn 13.9 ppm/48 hr (salt water). /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

TLm Rainbow trout 160 ppm/48 hr fresh water. /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Puntius conchonius 158.4 mg/l 48 hr in 4.5 mg/l calcium carbonate (soft water). /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Puntius conchonius 397.9 mg/l 48 hr in 396.3 mg/l calcium carbonate (hard water). /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Salmo gairdneri 263 mg/l/48 hr in a static bioassay

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

NICKEL SULFATE OCCURS AS A MINOR MINERAL, MORENOSITE, NISO4.7H2O, FORMED IN THE WEATHERING OF PRIMARY NI MINERALS.

BECAUSE OF ITS WIDESPREAD USE IN PLATING BATHS, NICKEL SULFATE MAY APPEAR AS A WATER POLLUTANT IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS WHERE SUCH BATHS ARE DISCARDED OR THEIR PARTS WASHED AFTER THE PLATING OPERATION.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for NICKEL SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 663 68; Nickel sulfate

49 633 72; Nickel sulfate (copper refinery, crude)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 22-40-42/43-50/53; S: (2)-22-36/37-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III