ammonium dichromate

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H272 (99.5%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (100%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (54.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334 (100%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H340 (100%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (45.9%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360FD (53.6%): May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (99.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 194 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

INHALATION: remove to clean air and summon medical attention.

EYES: immediately flush with water for at least 15 min. and consult a physician.

SKIN: flush with water; if skin irritation develops, get medical attention.

INGESTION: vomiting should occur; follow with an emetic of soapy water; give large amounts of water. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Fire fighting phases: Use flooding amount of water.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered non-combustible containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Environmental considerations: Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water Spill: Add sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

Spill or leak procedures: Blanket spill with dry sand, clay, or ground limestone. Place material in noncombustible containers. Immediately remove and properly dispose of any spilled material.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from organic solvents, combustible substances and reducing agents. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Separate from acids, combustibles, alcohols, and reducing agents.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.13 [mg/m3]

1.5 [mg/m3]

8.8 [mg/m3]

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI)

15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

250 mg/cu m (as Cr(II)). /Chromium(II) compounds (as Cr)/

25 mg/cu m (as Cr(III)). /Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)/

15 mg/cu m (as Cr(VI)). /Chromic acid and chromates/

NIOSH considers chromic acid and chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens. /Chromic acid and chromates/

0.0002 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

0.0005 [mg/m3], as Cr(VI), inhalable particulate matter

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Chromium and Cr(III) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Water-soluble Cr(VI) inorganic compounds, as Cr/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(as Cr(VI), inhalable fraction): 0.0002 mg/m

(as Cr): 0.005 mg/m

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.0002 mg/m3 (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.00009 mg/m3 (L134)

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Corrosive on ingestion. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys and liver. This may result in tissue lesions.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause nasal ulceration. This may result in perforation of the nasal septum. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in kidney impairment. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Dust respirator; protective goggles, gloves, clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Ammonium dichromate is a bright orange red crystalline solid. It is readily ignited and burns producing a voluminous green residue. If heated in a closed container, the container may rupture due to the decomposition of the material. It may also act as a strong oxidizing agent if mixed with or contaminated with combustible material. It is soluble in water.

Bright orange-red odorless solid; Very soluble in water; [Merck Index] Orange solid; Soluble in water; [ACGIH]

ORANGE-TO-RED CRYSTALS.

Bright orange-red monoclinic prisms

Solid at 15 °C and 1 atm

Orange needles

Odorless

Decomposes 180 °C

35.6 g/100 g water at 20 °C

In water (wt/wt): 15.16% at 0 °C; 26.67% at 20 °C; 36.99% at 40 °C; 46.14% at 60 °C; 54.20% at 80 °C; 60.89% at 100 °C

In water: 30.8 g/100 mL at 15 °C; 89 g/100 mL at 30 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 36 (good)

2.15 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.155 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Non-hygroscopic; bulk density: 82 lb/cu ft; decomposes at about 180 °C; decomposes becomes self-sustaining at about 225 °C with spectacular swelling and evolution of heat and nitrogen, leaving Cr2O3. Heat of solution: -23.0 cal/g

2.15 g/cm³

2.155 @25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Stable during transport.

437 °F (USCG, 1999)

Thermal decomposition is initiated by locally heating to 190 °C, and flame spreads rapidly through the mass.

Ammonium dichromate can undergo thermal decomposition and produce a violent conflagration. It is a strong oxidizing agent and flammable solid.

1% solution has pH of 3.95; 10% solution has pH of 3.45

Decomposes vigorously with luminescence around 200 °C

Air-stable

Metals -> Chromium Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Mutagens

Reactive agents - 1st degree

Water soluble.

Salts, Acidic

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

It is an oxidizing reagent, it readily reacts with reducing materials, in large quantity it may produce a violent reaction. Direct exposure to heat or shock will explode it. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of ammonia and nitrogen oxides [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 205].

Incompatible materials: Strong reducing agents, alcohols, strong acids. Do not store near acids.

May ignite by friction with carbide.

... Ethylene glycol by oxidants ... caused ignition on contact at ambient temperature and ammonium dichromate.

Reacts with reducing agents.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonium dichromate is a solid at 15 °C and 1 atm, forming orange needles. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. It is used as a source of pure nitrogen (especially in the laboratory); in pyrotechnics (Vesuvius fire); in lithography and photo engraving; in special mordant, catalysts, and porcelain finished; intermediate in the manufacturing of pigments; of magnetic recording materials. It is also used as an oxidimentric standard in analytical chemistry. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Highly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. If ingested, violent gastroenteritis with cholera-like stools, peripheral vascular collapse, vertigo, muscle cramps, coma, hemorrhagic diathesis, fever, liver damage & acute renal failure. Methemoglobinemia is probably secondary to intravascular hemolysis. It has been reported in the literature that the ingestion of ammonium dichromate by a child resulted in multiple-organ-system failure and death. Exchange transfusion and hemodialysis were ineffective in removing significant amounts of chromium or causing sustained clinical improvement. In an industrial setting, workers exposed to ammonium dichromate were clinically examined, and 9 of 18 showed dermatitis on the back of the hands and forearms. Three of these workers were transferred and were cured of their dermatitis. ANIMAL STUDIES: Experiments on rats showed inhalation of dust caused edema in perivascular and peribronchial tissue. Ammonium dichromate caused more pronounced changes than did sodium dichromate. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Strong irritant. Ammonium toxicity stems from unionized fraction. Chromium will usually be the allergen and limiting factor of the two; Highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation. Threshold concentration for fresh and saltwater fish: 0.05 ppm Cr(VI). Threshold concentration for free ammonia to fish: 0.5 ppm Cr(VI). Toxic to plants.

Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: Under the current guidelines (1986), Cr(VI) is classified as Group A - known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure. Carcinogenicity by the oral route of exposure cannot be determined and is classified as Group D. Under the proposed guidelines (1996), Cr(VI) would be characterized as a known human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure on the following basis. Hexavalent chromium is known to be carcinogenic in humans by the inhalation route of exposure. Results of occupational epidemiological studies of chromium-exposed workers are consistent across investigators and study populations. Dose-response relationships have been established for chromium exposure and lung cancer. Chromium-exposed workers are exposed to both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds. Because only Cr(VI) has been found to be carcinogenic in animal studies, however, it was concluded that only Cr(VI) should be classified as a human carcinogen. Animal data are consistent with the human carcinogenicity data on hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic in animal bioassays, producing the following tumor types: intramuscular injection site tumors in rats and mice, intrapleural implant site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats, intrabronchial implantation site tumors for various Cr(VI) compounds in rats and subcutaneous injection site sarcomas in rats. In vitro data are suggestive of a potential mode of action for hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis. Hexavalent chromium carcinogenesis may result from the formation of mutagenic oxidatitive DNA lesions following intracellular reduction to the trivalent form. Cr(VI) readily passes through cell membranes and is rapidly reduced intracellularly to generate reactive Cr(V) and Cr(IV) intermediates and reactive oxygen species. A number of potentially mutagenic DNA lesions are formed during the reduction of Cr(VI). Hexavalent chromium is mutagenic in bacterial assays, yeasts and V79 cells, and Cr(VI) compounds decrease the fidelity of DNA synthesis in vitro and produce unscheduled DNA synthesis as a consequence of DNA damage. Chromate has been shown to transform both primary cells and cell lines. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Occupational exposure to chromium compounds has been studied in the chromate production, chromeplating and chrome pigment, ferrochromium production, gold mining, leather tanning and chrome alloy production industries. Workers in the chromate industry are exposed to both trivalent and hexavalent compounds of chromium. Epidemiological studies of chromate production plants in Japan, Great Britain, West Germany, and the United States have revealed a correlation between occupational exposure to chromium and lung cancer, but the specific form of chromium responsible for the induction of cancer was not identified ... Studies of chrome pigment workers have consistently demonstrated an association between occupational chromium exposure (primarily Cr(VI)) and lung cancer. Several studies of the chromeplating industry have demonstrated a positive relationship between cancer and exposure to chromium compounds. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Animal data are consistent with the findings of human epidemiological studies of hexavalent chromium ... /Chromium (VI)/

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds cause cancer of the lung. Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium(IV) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal sinuses. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium(VI) compounds. Chromium(VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Chromium(VI) compounds/

Chromium Hexavalent Compounds: known to be human carcinogens. /Chromium hexavalent compound/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Water-soluble Cr(VI) inorganic compounds/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Insoluble Cr(VI) inorganic compounds/

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L16) ; oral (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing.

Redness. Pain. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Shock or collapse.

Breathing hexavalent chromium can cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Ingestion of hexavalent chromium causes irritation and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine, as well as anemia. Skin contact can cause skin ulcers. (L16)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Human.

LC50 (rat) = male: 82 mg/m3/4 hr; female: 45 mg/m3/4 hr

LD50: 22 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L16)

LD50: 30 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rat) (T22)

LD50: 763 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (L16)

L

C50: 82 mg/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (L16)

LD50 rat intravenous 30 mg/kg

There is no know antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

We report the ingestion of ammonium dichromate by a child that resulted in multiple-organ-system failure and death. Exchange transfusion and hemodialysis were ineffective in removing significant amounts of chromium or causing sustained clinical improvement. We suggest that immediate, large doses of the reducing agent ascorbic acid would allow effective reduction of hexavalent chromium with less cellular toxicity.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Ammonia and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for signs of pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize. /Ammonia and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control if signs of upper airway obstruction are present or if the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid colume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Ammonia and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An outbreak of dermatitis occurred in the Flow Coat sector of a large and modern color television factory. After investigating the working procedures in this area, a risk of contamination of the skin and clothing with ammonium dichromate was found when ammonium dichromate was weighed and mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). All of the workers involved in this process were clinically examined; 9 of 18 showed dermatitis to the back of the hands and forearms. Three of these workers were transferred from the sector and were cured of their dermatitis. Patch tests were carried out using 40 allergens, including those used in the Flow Coat process. The tests for PVA and for the phosphorescent blue, green, and red pigments gave negative results at the three concentrations tested. A high incidence of sensitization was found; 9 of 18 (50%) of the workers were found to be sensitized to ammonium dichromate, which is used as a fixer. The preventive measures adopted consisted of improving the quality of the personal protective equipment (PPE) and transferring the weighing and mixing of dichromate to the company laboratory. During the next 18 months, there were no new cases of dermatitis in the Flow Coat sector.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology (after ingestion or skin contact): 1) Corrosion of mucous membranes of mouth, throat, and esophagus, with immediate pain and dysphagia. The necrotic areas are at first grayish white but soon acquire a blackish discoloration and sometimes a shrunken or wrinkled texture; The process is described as a "coagulation necrosis." 2) Epigastric pain, which may be associated with nausea and the vomiting of mucoid and "coffee-ground" material. At times, gastric hemorrhage may be intense, and the vomitus then contains fresh blood. Profound thirst. 3) Ulceration of all membranes and tissues with which the acid comes in contact ... 4) Circulatory collapse with clammy skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow respirations, and scanty urine. Circulatory shock is often the immediate cause of death. 5) Asphyxial death due to glottic edema. 6) Late esophageal, gastric and pyloric strictures and stenoses, which may require major surgical repair, should be anticipated. Signs of obstruction commonly appear within a few weeks but may be delayed for months and even years. Permanent scars may also appear in the cornea, skin and oropharynx. 7) Uncorrected circulatory collapse of several hours' duration may lead to renal failure and ischemic lesions in the liver and heart. /Acids/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Highly corrosive to skin & mucous membranes ... if ingested, violent gastroenteritis with cholera-like stools, peripheral vascular collapse, vertigo, muscle cramps, coma, hemorrhagic diathesis, fever, liver damage & acute renal failure. Methemoglobinemia is probably secondary to intravascular hemolysis.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Eye contact can cause severe damage with possible loss of vision.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Expt on rats showed inhalation of dust caused edema in perivascular & peribronchial tissue. Ammonium dichromate caused more pronounced changes than did sodium dichromate.

IL50 /Inhibitory Level/ Eurasian Watermilfoil 1.9, 2.6, 8.0 and 9.5 ppm chromate for root weight, stem weight, root length, and stem length, respectively.

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18-20 °C, pH 5.7-7.4; Concentration: 223000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18-20 °C, pH 5.7-7.4; Concentration: 212000 ug/L for 48 hr

IL50 /Inhibitory Level/ Eurasian Watermilfoil 1.9, 2.6, 8.0 and 9.5 ppm chromate for root weight, stem weight, root length, and stem length, respectively.

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18-20 °C, pH 5.7-7.4; Concentration: 223000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18-20 °C, pH 5.7-7.4; Concentration: 212000 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18-20 °C, pH 5.7-7.4; Concentration: 136000 ug/L for 96 hr

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute Hazard Level: Strong irritant. Ammonium toxicity stems from unionized fraction. Chromium will usually be the allergen and limiting factor of the two; Highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation. Threshold concentration for fresh and saltwater fish: 0.05 ppm Cr(VI). Threshold concentration for free ammonia to fish: 0.5 ppm Cr(VI). Toxic to plants.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Ammonium dichromate's production and use in dyeing, pigments, manufacturing of alizarin, chrome alum, oil purification, pickling, manufacture of catalysts, leather tanning, synthetic perfumes, photography, process engraving and lithography, chromic oxide and pyrotechnics(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in pyrotechnics will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Its former use as a pesticide(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 25,163 workers (5,017 of these are female) were potentially exposed to ammonium dichromate in the US(1).

The toxicologically important routes of entry are inhalation, ingestion and skin and/or eye contact.

13,507 people exposed est: 23% from actual observed use of ammonium dichromate; 76% from observed use of tradename product known to contain ammonium dichromate; and 1% from observed use of a product in some type of general use which leads NIOSH to suspect that ammonium dichromate may be contained in that product.

Effects of chromium encountered in occupations where chromium cmpd are mfr & used are due to +6 chromium & involve mainly skin & resp system.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some may burn rapidly. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dust is toxic. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 141 OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for AMMONIUM DICHROMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1439; Ammonium dichromate

IMO 5.1; Ammonium dichromate

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Ammonium dichromate is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Ammonium dichromate is included on the dangerous goods list.

Oxidizer

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: E, T+, N; R: 45-46-60-61-2-8-21-25-26-34-42/43-48/23-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E, 3

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Pack Group: II