dioxathion

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (97.6%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 42 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Note: Dioxathion is a cholinesterase inhibitor.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Dioxathion Exposure: Acute exposure to dioxathion may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Hypotension (low blood pressure) may occur although hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Chest pain may be noted. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Psychosis may occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to dioxathion may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to dioxathion.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to dioxathion.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin area three times with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of dioxathion is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of dioxathion may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Not for use or storage in or around the home environment. Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with soap and water. Do not eat or smoke during exposure. Wash hands and face before eating or smoking. After use, bathe thoroughly and change to clean clothing. Wash all contaminated clothing with soap and hot water before reuse. During application keep unprotected persons away from areas being treated or where there may be drift.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

(Non-Specific -- Organophosphorus Pesticide, Liquid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

Small spills: absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large spills: dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (EPA, 1998)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Dry. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

STORAGE: ...MUST BE STORED IN ITS SEALED ORIGINAL CONTAINERS, IN WELL-AIRED, FRESH & DRY STOREHOUSES OR IN SHADED & POSSIBLY WELL-AIRED PLACES. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE PRODUCT'S TEMP...NOT EXCEED 25-30 °C, & KEEP...AWAY FROM SOURCES OF HEAT, FREE FLAMES OR SPARK-GENERATING EQUIPMENT. CONTAINERS MUST BE STACKED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO PERMIT FREE CIRCULATION OF AIR...AT BOTTOM & INSIDE OF PILES. STORAGE AREAS MUST BE LOCATED AT SUITABLE DISTANCE FROM INHABITED BUILDINGS, ANIMAL SHELTERS, & FOOD STORES; MOREOVER, THEY MUST BE INACCESSIBLE TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS, CHILDREN, & DOMESTIC ANIMALS. /DIMETHOATE/

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

0.40 [mg/m3]

3.4 [mg/m3]

39 [mg/m3]

0.2 mg/m³

TWA 0.2 mg/m3 [skin]

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m (Inhalable fraction and vapor), skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cholinesterase activity in red blood cells; Sampling Time: discretionary; BEI: 70% of individual's baseline. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. /Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting pesticides/

0.1 mg/m

0.1 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2001]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly on spraying.

The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. This may result in convulsions and respiratory failure. Cholinesterase inhibition. Exposure at high levels could cause death. Medical observation is indicated.

Cholinesterase inhibition. Cumulative effects are possible. See Acute Hazards/Symptoms.

Tolerances are established for residues of dioxathion incurred from the use of the insecticide composed of a mixture of approximately 70% of the cis and trans isomers of 2,3-p-dioxanedithiol-S,S-bis(O,O-diethyl- phosphorodithioate) and approximately 30% of related compounds in or on the following agricultural commodities: apples, 5 ppm; cattle (fat of meat), 1 ppm; goats (fat of meat), 1 ppm; grapefruit, 3 ppm; grapes, 2 ppm; hogs (fat of meat), 1 ppm; horses (fat of meat), 1 ppm; lemons, 3 ppm; limes, 3 ppm; oranges, 3 ppm; pears; 5 ppm; quinces, 5 ppm; sheep (fat of meat), 0.1(N) ppm; stone fruits, 3 ppm; walnuts, 0.14 (N) ppm.

A tolerance of 18 ppm for residues of dioxathion in dehydrated citrus pulp for cattle feed when present therein as a result of the application of the pesticide to growing agricultural crop.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Dioxathion:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear clean, protective clothing, heavy rubber gloves, and goggles.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]

Important additional information about respirator selection

NO open flames.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! STRICT HYGIENE! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Dioxathion appears as tan liquid (technical grade is brown). Used for the control of insects and mites on grapes, citrus, walnuts, ornamentals, apples, pears, and quince. Also used as a spray or dip for the control of ticks, lice, hornfly, and sheep ked on cattle, goats, sheep, and hogs. (EPA, 1998)

Viscous, brown, tan, or dark-amber liquid. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a mixture of cis- & trans-isomers.]; [NIOSH]

VISCOUS BROWN LIQUID.

Viscous, brown, tan, or dark-amber liquid.

Viscous, brown, tan, or dark-amber liquid. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a mixture of cis- & trans-isomers.]

TAN LIQUID

Viscous brown liquid

140 to 154 °F at 0.5 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

140-154 °F at 0.5 mmHg

-4 °F (EPA, 1998)

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

PRACTICALLY INSOL IN WATER; PARTLY SOL IN HEXANE

10 G/KG HEXANE, KEROSENE

SOL IN AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, ETHERS, ESTERS, & KETONES

SOL IN ETHANOL, BENZENE, ACETONE; SLIGHTLY SOL IN PETROLEUM OILS

Water solubility = insoluble

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

1.257 at 78.8 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.257 @ 26 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.26 (26 °C)

1.26 at 78.8 °F

1.257 @ 26°C

(79 °F): 1.26

17.8 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.00000009 [mmHg]

17.8 mmHg

STABLE IN WATER AT NEUTRAL PH, BUT HYDROLYSED BY ALKALI OR ON HEATING. UNSTABLE TO IRON OR TIN SURFACES OR WHEN MIXED WITH CERTAIN CARRIERS.

117 CENTIPOISES @ 25 °C

INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.5420 @ 20 °C/D

147.24 Ų [M+H-C4H11O2PS2]+ [CCS Type: TW; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: GC-APCI+; Note: in source fragment]

199.36 Ų [M+HCOO]-

195.86 Ų [M+Na]+

197.29 Ų [M+Cl]-

NONVOLATILE

BROWN LIQ /TECHNICAL PRODUCT/

Hydrolyzed by alkali and by heating

Decomposes on heating (above (135 °C); hydrolyzed by strong acids and alkalis; perishable if stored in iron and tin containers.

Insecticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Insoluble in water. It is stable in water at a neutral pH.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

DIOXATHION is heat sensitive. This chemical may react with iron or tin surfaces. It may be hydrolyzed by strong acids or alkalis. (NTP, 1992). Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Alkalis, iron or tin surfaces, heat.

Alkalis, iron or tin surfaces, heat

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Dioxathion

TR-125: Bioassay of Dioxathion for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 78-34-2) (1978 )

04/26/78

No Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, dietary administration of dioxathion was not carcinogenic in Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Pupillary constriction, muscle cramp, excessive salivation. Sweating. Nausea. Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Blurred vision.

Abdominal cramps. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); rhinorrhea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), chest tightness; miosis; nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, salivation; muscle fasciculation; confusion, drowsiness

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Chemical: DIOXATHION

Other Poison - Organophosphate

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

MAXIMAL ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE (ADI) OF DIOXATHION IS 0.0015 MG/KG. /FROM TABLE/

LC50 (rat) = 1,398 mg/m3/1h

LD50 RAT PERCUTANEOUS 63 MG/KG, FEMALES

LD50 Mongrel dog oral approx 10-40 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral range from 118 to 23 mg/kg with the majority of reported values being between 23 and 64 mg/kg.

LD50 RAT PERCUTANEOUS 235 MG/KG, MALES

SUBACUTE ADMIN TO HUMAN VOLUNTEERS OF 0.075 MG/KG/DAY FOR 60 DAYS PRODUCED NO EFFECT ON EITHER PLASMA OR ERYTHROCYTE CHOLINESTERASE. HOWEVER, VOLUNTEERS RECEIVING 0.150 MG/KG/DAY SHOWED POSSIBLY SIGNIFICANT SLIGHT DEPRESSIONS OF PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY, BUT NOT ERYTHROCYTE CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY.

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. NAUSEA...VOMITING, ABDOMINAL CRAMPS, DIARRHEA, EXCESSIVE SALIVATION... 2. HEADACHE, GIDDINESS, VERTIGO & WEAKNESS. 3. RHINORRHEA & SENSATION OF TIGHTNESS IN CHEST ARE COMMON IN INHALATION EXPOSURE. 4. BLURRING OR DIMNESS OF VISION, MIOSIS... TEARING, CILIARY MUSCLE SPASM, LOSS OF ACCOMMODATION & OCULAR PAIN... MYDRIASIS...SOMETIMES SEEN...PROBABLY DUE TO SYMPATHO-ADRENAL DISCHARGE. 5. LOSS OF MUSCLE COORDINATION, SLURRING OF SPEECH, FASCICULATIONS & TWITCHING OF MUSCLES (PARTICULARLY OF TONGUE & EYELIDS), & GENERALIZED PROFOUND WEAKNESS. 6. MENTAL CONFUSION, DISORIENTATION & DROWSINESS. /PARATHION/

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 7. DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING, EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF SALIVA & OF RESP TRACT MUCUS, ORONASAL FROTHING, CYANOSIS, PULMONARY RALES & RHONCHI & HYPERTENSION, (PRESUMABLY DUE TO ASPHYXIA). 8. RANDOM JERKY MOVEMENTS, INCONTINENCE, CONVULSIONS, & COMA. 9. DEATH PRIMARILY DUE TO RESP ARREST ARISING FROM FAILURE OF RESP CENTER, PARALYSIS OF RESP MUSCLES, INTENSE BRONCHOCONSTRICTION OR ALL THREE. /PARATHION/

Within 30 seconds after he had received 0.75 teaspoonful of a dioxathion formulation mistaken for cough medicine, a 5-yr-old boy vomited ... The vomiting and profuse diarrhea continued after treatment with ipecac. Within 2 hr after ingestion, the child was mentally dull and unable to stand; he had shallow rapid respirations, muscle fasciculations, tearing, and miosis. Serum cholinesterase activity was less than 10% of normal. After 12 hr of appropriate treatment, most of the signs and symptoms cleared ... .

"NO EFFECT" LEVEL CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION...HUMAN 0.075 MG/KG.

DIOXATHION PRODUCES MILD, TRANSIENT CONJUNCTIVITIS BUT NO TRANSIENT OR PERMANENT CORNEAL DAMAGE WHEN 0.1 ML IS INSTILLED INTO THE EYES OF RABBITS.

Cholinesterase inhibition was observed in female rats receiving 10 mg/kg diet. Relatively harmless to honey bees.

AT DIETARY LEVEL OF 100 PPM FOR PERIOD OF 90 DAYS, TREMOR & HYPEREXCITABILITY WERE EVIDENT IN RATS.

NO-EFFECT LEVELS OF DIOXATHION IN RAT, DOG...EST TO BE 220, 75...MG/KG RESPECTIVELY; CORRESPONDING MIN EFFECT LEVELS BEING 780, 250...MG/KG...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DIOXATHION (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=78-34-2]

A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of technical-grade dioxathion was conducted using Osborne-Mendel and B6C3F1 mice. Dioxathion was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. The high and low time-weighted average concentrations were, respectively, 180 and 90 ppm for male rats and 90 and 45 ppm for female rats. The high and low time-weighted average concentrations for male mice were 567 and 284 ppm, respectively, and for female mice were 935 and 467 ppm, respectively. After a 78-week period of chemical administration, observation of the rats continued for an additional 33 weeks and the mice were observed for an additional 12 to 13 weeks. For rats, 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls and fed only the basal diet, while for mice, 20 animals of each sex served as controls. ... Under the conditions of this bioassay, dietary administration of dioxathion was not carcinogenic in Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Negative.

AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: GAMMER LACUSTRIS 690 UG/L/48 HR

AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: BLUEGILL 14 UG/L/48 HR

EC50 Daphnia magna 0.35 ug/l/48 hr at 2 °C, first instar (95% confidence limit 0.25-0.49 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 8.6 ug/l/96 hr at 15 °C, mature (95% confidence limit 5.4-13.8 ug/l). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIOXATHION (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: GAMMER LACUSTRIS 690 UG/L/48 HR

AQUATIC TOXICITY: TLM: BLUEGILL 14 UG/L/48 HR

EC50 Daphnia magna 0.35 ug/l/48 hr at 2 °C, first instar (95% confidence limit 0.25-0.49 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 8.6 ug/l/96 hr at 15 °C, mature (95% confidence limit 5.4-13.8 ug/l). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DIOXATHION (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Avoid release to the environment in circumstances different to normal use.

Dioxathion was used as a systemic insecticide, acaricide, and tickacide used to control livestock against external pests, and to control outside areas, kennels, and ornamentals against insects, ticks, and mites. Its regulation has been cancelled and dioxathion should no longer be in use. In the past, dioxathion may have been released to the environment during these uses as well as from its production, disposal of solutions for dipping livestock, and cleaning equipment used to formulate and apply the insecticide. If released in soil, dioxathion will degrade with a half-life ranging from 15 to 55 days in different soil types with dissipation being more rapid in drier, sandy soils. If released into water, dioxathion would adsorb moderately to sediment and particulate matter in the water column. Moderate bioconcentration in aquatic organisms would also be anticipated. Otherwise its fate in water is unknown. Dioxathion would probably be released into the atmosphere in the form of an aerosol and be subject to gravitational settling. Otherwise its fate in the atmosphere is unknown. People may be exposed to dioxathion from ingesting food that contains residues of the pesticide. Occupational exposure to dioxathion would be by inhalation and dermal contact. (SRC)

Dioxathion waas a nonsystemic insecticide and acaricide used to control livestock against external pests such as ticks, lice, horn fly and sheep ked by spraying or dipping and to control insects and mites on citrus and deciduous fruits, walnuts, and ornamentals(2,3). It was available as an emulsifiable concentrate. Dioxathion's regulation has been cancelled(4) and it should no longer be in use. It also found use in controlling fleas, ticks, and clover mites in outdoor areas and kennels(2). According to a National Pesticide Usage database, it was estimated that 38,000 lbs of dioxathion were used annually for pesticidal use(1). Dioxathion may have been released to the environment during pesticidal use as well as during its production, formulation, transport, storage, and disposal as well as from spills.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The overall half-life of dioxathion applied as a dust to a variety of soil samples are (soil type - half-life): fine sandy loam (pH 6.9, 0.8% organic matter) - 15 days, silty clay loam (pH 7.3, 2.1% organic matter) - 55 days, clay (pH 7.3, 2.3% organic matter) - 45 days, sandy loam (pH 7.6, 1.8% organic matter) - 30 days(1). In all but the fine sandy soil, the reaction was 1st order. Soil moisture was 40% of capacity, the temperature was 30 °C, the samples were covered, and illuminated with fluorescent light. Dissipation was more rapid from the drier, sandy soils. The mechanism responsible for dioxathion's removal is not clear, but a catalytic hydrolysis process appears to be most consistent with the results. Biodegradation is not likely because it is generally more rapid in soils with higher organic carbon content. In this case the soil with the least organic matter had the hazard degradation rate(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If released into water, dioxathion would adsorb moderately to sediment and particulate matter in the water column. It would not be expected to photolyze or hydrolyze. Since it is unstable on metal surfaces, there may be some catalytic, degradative processes that would affect its persistence in natural waters. However no data is available to this effect. No information is available concerning its biodegradability. (SRC)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Dioxathion would probably be released into the atmosphere in the form of an aerosol and be subject to gravitational settling. Otherwise its fate in the atmosphere is unknown. (SRC)

No biodegradation was observed when dioxathion was anaerobically incubated for 25 hr with a bovine rumen inoculum(1). No aerobic biodegradability studies were located.

EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT AFTER APPLICATION /TO PLANTS/...CAUSED FORMATION OF MORE POLAR DERIV & MORE POTENT CHOLINESTERASE COMPD.

Dioxathion is hydrolyzed by alkalis and strong acids and is unstable in contact with iron or tin surfaces or when mixed with certain unspecified carriers(1,2). Since dioxathion does not contain a chromophore that absorbs UV radiation >290 nm, it would not be subject to direct photolysis. No information is available concerning photooxidation reactions(SRC).

The log octanol/water partition coefficient for dioxathion is estimated to be 2.99(1) from which one estimates a BCF of 110 using a recommended regression equation(2). Therefore dioxathion might be expected to bioconcentrate moderately in fish and aquatic organisms.

The log octanol/water partition coefficient for dioxathion is estimated to be 2.99(1) from which one estimates a Koc of 1000 using a recommended regression equation(2), indicating moderately strong adsorptivity to soil.

The vapor pressure of dioxathion is not available and sufficient information on the molecule for the estimation of its vapor pressure or Henry's law constant is also unavailable. Therefore no estimates of its volatilization from water or soil can be made. (SRC)

SURFACE WATER: Dioxathion was not detected in 82 water samples collected from 1964-1966 in New York State and another 30 samples collected in 1967(1).

GROUNDWATER: In a California study of 54 wells which served primarily for municipal supply systems, no dioxathion was detected(1). A further study that included 8,190 California wells monitored up to November 1984 identified 4 wells contaminated with dioxathion(2). No levels of the pollutant was reported.

Studies of the persistence of dioxathion when applied to citrus indicate that more dioxathion is found in the rind of oranges and lemons when it iss applied as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), rather than as a wettable powder (WP), the major loss during the initial 10 days was by weathering(1,3). The half-life of the EC in oranges and lemons was 80-101 days, whereas the concentration of the WP declined by about 50% in the first 10 days and then declined more gradually. Processing of the residue-containing citrus peel into dry citrus cattle feed resulted in a 40% reduction in residue(3). In the national Total Diet Study covering FY 1970-76, dioxathion was infrequently detected - 19 samples of large fruit and 1 sample of small fruit out of 7893 samples analyzed, and 1 sample of root vegetable out of 3857 samples of domestic and imported vegetables analyzed(2).

After application with a emulsifiable concentrate of dioxathion (12 oz/100 gal), the concentration of residue on and in peel of naval oranges was 4.75 ppm which declined to 2.55 ppm in 86 days, while after application as a 25% wettable powder, the concentration declined from 3.55 ppm to 0.9 ppm in the same time period(1). The decline in these residues in lemons when treated with the respective products was 8.2 ppm to 3.6 ppm and 8.5 ppm to 1.5 ppm in 98 days(1).

People will be exposed to dioxathion if they ingest food that contains residues of the pesticide. Occupational exposure to dioxathion would be by inhalation and dermal contact with the pesticidal solution or dust or touching contaminated soil or crops. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 24-26/28-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II