isopentane

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P331, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H224 (95.8%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (100%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H336 (99.9%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 883 reports by companies from 33 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P331, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use powder, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Pentanes/

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Isopentane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Flash back possible over considerable distance. Container explosion may occur under fire conditions. Vapors may form explosive mixture with air.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.

The vapor is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours of low boiling point adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Pentanes/

Environmental considerations: water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Pentanes/

Environmental considerations: land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Pentanes/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Isopentane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Isopentane (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2-8 °C Refrigerate before opening. Handle and open container with care.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area way from strong oxidizers. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1000.0 [ppm]

630 [ppm]

2500 [ppm]

15000 [ppm]

120 ppm (350 mg/m³)

610 ppm (1800 mg/m³) [15 minutes]

1000 ppm (2950 mg/m³)

1500 ppm (as n-Pentane)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

1000 ppm as TWA.

1000 ppm [2013]

3000 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

If swallowed the substance easily enters the airways and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. Inhalation of high concentrations of the vapour may cause depression of the central nervous system.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Eye protection (as for gasoline) (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. ... All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. ... Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding). Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling. Use non-sparking handtools.

Watery colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor. Floats on water. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced. Boiling point is 82 °F. (USCG, 1999)

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Gas Vapor; Large Crystals; CBI

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, gasoline-like odor; [HSDB]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Watery colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor.

Volatile liquid or gas

Colorless liquid

Pleasant odor

Gasoline-like odor

82 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

27.83 °C

30.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-255.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

-159.8 °C

-255.8 °F

-160.5 °C

-70 °F (NTP, 1992)

-51 °C (-60 °F) - closed cup

<-60 °F (<-51 °C) - closed cup

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 48 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 49.6 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

Miscible with alcohol, ether

Soluble in hydrocarbons, oils, ether; very slightly soluble in alcohol

Solubility in water: none

0.62 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.6201 g/cm cuat 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.6

0.62 @25 °C

2.48 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.48 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.5

400 mmHg at 50.9 °F ; 595 mmHg at 70.0 °F (NTP, 1992)

689.0 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 79

689 mmHg

595 [mm Hg] @21.1 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

800 °F (USCG, 1999)

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

ISOPENTANE is a fire and explosion hazard when in contact with oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents.

Contact with oxidizers may cause fire and explosion hazard.

... Can react with oxidizing materials.

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Isopentane is a volatile liquid or gas. It is used as a solvent, in the manufacture of chlorinated derivatives, and as a blowing agent for polystyrene. HUMAN STUDIES: Inhalation can cause dizziness, drowsiness, headache, and unconsciousness. Skin exposure leads to dry skin. Ingestion can cause nausea and vomiting. Isopentane is an aspiration hazard. If swallowed the substance easily enters the airways and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. Isopentane causes CNS depression between 270 and 400 mg/L, and is a weak cardiac sensitizer. High vapor concentrations are irritating to the skin and eyes. ANIMAL STUDIES: In dogs, 120,000 ppm isopentane was required to induce light anesthesia. Isopentane was lethal to dogs at levels of 150,000-170,000 ppm. Mice exposed to 90,000 ppm isopentane for 11 min showed light anesthesia. At higher concentrations (110,000 and 120,000 ppm), the CNS depression effect appeared within 4 and 2 min, respectively. In rats, no treatment-related effects of isopentane were found in relation to the reproductive capacity of parental animals or the pre- and post-natal development of the F1 generation. There were no treatment-related effects in either gender at </= 300 mg/kg/day. The mutagenic activity of isopentane has been assayed using the Ames test. At concentrations of 100,000 ppm, it was not mutagenic in the presence and absence of a metabolic activating system.

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant. It affects the peripheral nervous system through demyelinization and axonal degeneration. (T29)

Isopentane is found in gasoline, which is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (L135)

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant and can cause loss of consciousness and coma at high doses. Ingestion may cause pulmonary toxicity due to pentane aspiration, including chemical pneumonitis, acute lung injury, and hemorrhage. Cardiovascular effects may include ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death. (T29, A600)

Oral (T29) ; inhalation (T29) ; dermal (T29)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin.

No acute symptoms expected.

Nausea. Vomiting. Aspiration hazard!

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant and can cause anorexia, euphoria, dizziness, headache, depression, confusion, inability to concentrate, anoxia, narcosis, and loss of consciousness and coma at high concentrations. Contact with the skin results in cause drying, erythema, hyperpigmentation, hyperemia, dermatitis, burning pain, and blisters. (T14, T29, A600)

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

LCLo (mice) = 419,000 mg/m3/2H

LC50: 450 mg/L over 2 hours (Inhalation, Mouse) (A670)

LC50 Mouse inhalation 1000 mg/L/1 hr (estimated)

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Gastric lavage, emesis, and the administration of activated charcoal should be avoided, as vomiting increases the risk of aspiration. (A600)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Inhalation of </= 500 ppm isopentane appear to have no effect on humans.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Unconsciousness. Skin: Dry skin. ... Ingestion: Nausea. Vomiting. Aspiration hazard!

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ If swallowed the substance easily enters the airways and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. Inhalation of high concentrations of the vapor may cause depression of the central nervous system.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Isopentane causes CNS depression between 270 and 400 mg/L, and is a weak cardiac sensitizer. High vapor concentrations are irritating to the skin and eyes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In dogs, 120,000 ppm /isopentane/ was required to induce light anesthesia.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Isopentane is lethal to dogs at levels of 150,000-170,000 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Mice exposed to 90,000 ppm isopentane for 11 min showed light anesthesia. At higher concentrations (110,000 and 120,000 ppm), the /SRP: CNS depression/ effect appeared within 4 and 2 min, respectively.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ This study investigated the potential reproductive toxicity of 2-methylbutane in a one-generation reproductive toxicity study using Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 24 male and female rats per group were given 2-methylbutane by gavage at 0, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Males were dosed for 10 weeks prior to mating and during mating. Females were dosed from 2 weeks before mating to day 21 of lactation. At 1000 mg/kg/day, both genders exhibited an increase in adrenal gland weight, however, a decrease in body weight gain and food intake, an increase in kidney weight, and an increased incidence of histopathological changes of the kidney were also observed in male rats. No treatment-related effects of 2-methylbutane were found in relation to the reproductive capacity of parental animals or the pre- and post-natal development of the F1 generation. There were no treatment-related effects in either gender at </= 300 mg/kg/day. Under these experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2-methylbutane was 300 mg/kg/day for general toxicity and 1000 mg/kg/day for reproductive capacity and pup development in rats.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Isopentane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for isopentane is available.[Available from, as of March 27, 2018: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout); Concentration: 3.1 mg/L for 96 hr; Conditions: not specified

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Isopentane's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture of chlorinated derivatives, or as a blowing agent for polystyrene may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isopentane may also be released to the environment in the emissions of motor vehicle exhaust. Isopentane has been detected in the volatile emissions from various trees and vegetation. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 689 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isopentane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase isopentane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.1 days. Isopentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, isopentane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 60. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4 atm-cu m/mole. Isopentane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Manometric Respirometry test, 71.43% biodegradation was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, isopentane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hours and 3.4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 30 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to isopentane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isopentane is produced or used, especially for workers in the petroleum industry. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isopentane via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, and dermal contact with consumer products containing isopentane, especially during the use of gasoline products containing isopentane. (SRC)

Isopentane is a naturally occurring compound that is emitted from bay-leaved willows, aspens, balsam poplars, European oaks, European larches, European firs, sorbs, silver fir trees, red bilberry shrubs, bilberry shrubs, ferns and deciduous mosses(1). Isopentane may be produced naturally in ocean sediments(2).

Isopentane's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture of chlorinated derivatives, or as a blowing agent for polystyrene(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Isopentane may also be released to the environment as a volatile emission from gasoline(2). Isopentane has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(3). Emissions of isopentane are also associated with natural gas(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 60(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isopentane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isopentane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 689 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 48 mg/L(4). Isopentane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Isopentane reached 71.43% biodegradation in 28 days in the Manometric Respirometry test(5), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 60(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isopentane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 689 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 48 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hours and 3.4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 30(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.72(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Isopentane reached 71.43% biodegradation in 28 days in the Manometric Respirometry test(8), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isopentane, which has a vapor pressure of 689 mm Hg at 25 °C(2)is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase isopentane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.1 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Isopentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Isopentane did not biodegrade after 3 weeks using a mixed culture inoculum isolated from groundwater contaminated by gasoline(1). A mixture containing isopentane, pentane, cyclopentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and cyclohexane, showed little degradation over the course of 30 days in sediment/groundwater obtained from a contaminated jet fuel site in Oscoda, MI(2). Following a 6.1 day lag period, isopentane was completely degraded using an activated sludge over the course of a 20 day incubation period under aerobic conditions(3). The half-life in seawater of a mixture containing isopentane, pentane, and cyclopentane was 2.4 days(4). Isopentane, present at 25-33 mg/L, reached 71.43% biodegradation in 28 days using an activated sludge inoculum in the Manometric Respirometry test(5).

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of isopentane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.9X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.1 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Isopentane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Isopentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout); Concentration: 3.1 mg/L for 96 hr; Conditions: not specified

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Isopentane's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture of chlorinated derivatives, or as a blowing agent for polystyrene may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isopentane may also be released to the environment in the emissions of motor vehicle exhaust. Isopentane has been detected in the volatile emissions from various trees and vegetation. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 689 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isopentane will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase isopentane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.1 days. Isopentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, isopentane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 60. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4 atm-cu m/mole. Isopentane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Manometric Respirometry test, 71.43% biodegradation was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, isopentane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hours and 3.4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 30 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to isopentane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isopentane is produced or used, especially for workers in the petroleum industry. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isopentane via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, and dermal contact with consumer products containing isopentane, especially during the use of gasoline products containing isopentane. (SRC)

Isopentane is a naturally occurring compound that is emitted from bay-leaved willows, aspens, balsam poplars, European oaks, European larches, European firs, sorbs, silver fir trees, red bilberry shrubs, bilberry shrubs, ferns and deciduous mosses(1). Isopentane may be produced naturally in ocean sediments(2).

Isopentane's production and use as a solvent, in the manufacture of chlorinated derivatives, or as a blowing agent for polystyrene(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Isopentane may also be released to the environment as a volatile emission from gasoline(2). Isopentane has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(3). Emissions of isopentane are also associated with natural gas(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 60(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isopentane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isopentane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 689 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 48 mg/L(4). Isopentane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Isopentane reached 71.43% biodegradation in 28 days in the Manometric Respirometry test(5), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 60(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isopentane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 689 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 48 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(6), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hours and 3.4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 30(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.72(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Isopentane reached 71.43% biodegradation in 28 days in the Manometric Respirometry test(8), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isopentane, which has a vapor pressure of 689 mm Hg at 25 °C(2)is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase isopentane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.1 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Isopentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Isopentane did not biodegrade after 3 weeks using a mixed culture inoculum isolated from groundwater contaminated by gasoline(1). A mixture containing isopentane, pentane, cyclopentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and cyclohexane, showed little degradation over the course of 30 days in sediment/groundwater obtained from a contaminated jet fuel site in Oscoda, MI(2). Following a 6.1 day lag period, isopentane was completely degraded using an activated sludge over the course of a 20 day incubation period under aerobic conditions(3). The half-life in seawater of a mixture containing isopentane, pentane, and cyclopentane was 2.4 days(4). Isopentane, present at 25-33 mg/L, reached 71.43% biodegradation in 28 days using an activated sludge inoculum in the Manometric Respirometry test(5).

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of isopentane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.9X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.1 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Isopentane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Isopentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Recovery of 100 mL samples of petrochemicals was in most cases more than 99%, after percolation through black soil, red soil, clayish loam, potters' clay, and alluvium soil columns, 75 cm high and 3 cm in diameter. Isopentane decreased in black soil by 4.52%. The petrochemicals changed pH in acidic soils more than in buffered soils.

An estimated BCF of 30 was calculated in fish for isopentane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.72(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of isopentane can be estimated to be 60(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that isopentane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for isopentane is estimated as 1.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 689 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 48 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that isopentane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.4 days(SRC). Isopentane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of isopentane from dry soil surfaces is likely(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUND WATER: Water quality data compiled from the Retrieval (STORET) Data Warehouse and the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) reports ground water monitoring data for isopentane. Monitoring data from USGS Water Science Center monitoring sites in several states report 'Not Detected' for isopentane in routine samples collected between Aug 2011- Dec 2017(1).

Isopentane has been qualitatively detected as a component of gasoline(1) and in the exhaust of gasoline and diesel engines(2,3). The average emission of isopentane from 46 in-use passenger cars, as measured using different driving cycles, ranged from 2.5-16.5% of the total non-methane hydrocarbon emissions from 1975-1982(2). The estimated emission of isopentane from the exhaust of petroleum run vehicles in the UK, 1983, is 15.76 ktonnes(4,5). The mean emissions of isopentane from the exhaust of gasoline-powered motor vehicles in the US was found to range from 1.41-4.79% of the total non-methane hydrocarbon emissions dependent on the gasoline blend, temperature, and vehicle type(6). The average concn of isopentane in the exhaust of 67 Australian gasoline vehicles was 4.8% w/w of non-methane hydrocarbon(7). Isopentane was identified as both an evaporative and exhaust emission from hydrocarbon and methanol-based fuels(8). Isopentane was emitted from the tailpipe of automobiles at a rate of 1300 ug isopentane per kilometer (vehicles equipped with catalytic converters) and 720,000 ug isopentane per kilometer (vehicles without catalytic converters)(9).

Isopentane was qualitatively detected in emissions from a municipal refuse incinerator(1). It was qualitatively identified in the air above 4 of 5 hazardous waste sites monitored in NJ(2). Emissions of isopentane in the Tokyo area are associated with vehicular exhaust, gasoline vapor, petroleum refining, vehicle painting shops, ship painting yards, and petrochemcial plants(3). Isopentane was qualitatively detected in water samples and it was detected in gaseous samples at a concentration of 270 umol/L at an underwater hydrocarbon vent from an offshore production platform in the Gulf of Mexico, 1976(4). Isopentane was identified in the emissions of combusted pine wood at 5.6 mg isopentane per kg of wood burned(5). In December 2011, isopentane was detected as less than 1% of all gaseous pollutants profiled at 3 process-locations in a municipal solid waste biological treatment plant(6).

Found in flue gas of municipal incinerator in the range of 0.6 to 0.7 ppm

Evaporite from carburetor at 17.8 to 45.3 vol % of total hydrocarbons

For more Effluent Concentrations (Complete) data for Isopentane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SEDIMENT: Isopentane was detected in 9 of 10 near shore sediment samples taken at a depth ranging 48-230 cm at a maximum concentration of 0.78 ng/g dry weight in Walvis Bay, South Africa, but it was not detected in samples taken further off shore; the authors concluded that it may arise from natural production(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Isopentane was detected in the air of Tulsa, OK, at concentrations ranging from 17.3-153.5 ppbC (8 samples)(1,2). Isopentane was detected in air samples from Los Angeles, CA, Fall of 1981, at concentrations ranging from 23-83 ppb(3). The concentration of isopentane in 832 samples taken from 39 U.S. cities, 1984-86, ranged from 1.4 ppbC to 3393 ppbC with a median value of 45.3 ppbC(4). Roadway air samples were found to contain isopentane at 5.52-6.39% of the total non-methane hydrocarbon concentration(5). The average concentration of isopentane in downtown Los Angeles and Azusa, CA, Sep-Nov, 1967, was 35 ppb and 16 ppb, respectively(6). The concentration of isopentane in Los Angeles was 0.287 ppbC in 1963-68 and 0.192 ppmc in 1973(7). Isopentane was identified in the air of the following cities: Hamburg, Germany, 6.4 ppb; Vienna, Austria 6.9 ppb; Athens, Greece 11.7 ppb; Sydney, Australia 9 ppb; Osaka, Japan 10.6 ppb; Chicago, IL 4.1 ppb; Kaohsiung City, Taiwan 1.6 ppb(8).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The concentration of isopentane measured on the 6th floor of a building in downtown Los Angeles, CA, Sept-Nov, 1961, ranged from not detected-0.08 ppm(1). The concentration of isopentane taken from the top of an 82 story building at noon in New York City, 1977, ranged from 25.4-30.3 ug/cu m(2). The mean of concentration of isopentane in Manhattan, NY, 1975 & 1978, ranged from 21-214 ppbC(3). The concentration of isopentane at Huntington Park, NJ, Oct 1968 ranged from 3.0-115 ppbC(4). The concentration in Boone, NC, ranged from 21-48.3 (median 36.8) ppbC downtown and 5.2-9.9 (median 7.0) ppbC on the town outskirts(5). The ambient air concentration of isopentane in Houston, TX, 1973-4, ranged from not detected to 0.06 ppm and from not detected to 1.82 ppm in nearby Pasadena, TX(6). Air samples in Riverside, CA, 1965, contained isopentane at concentrations ranging from 0.3 ppbC to >11.4 ppbC(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The concentration of isopentane in downtown Albany, and Troy, NY, ranged from 20.2-26.6 ug/cu m and 23.6-14.8 ug/cu m, respectively(1). The concentration of isopentane in Houston, TX, Sept, 1973, Jan, 1974, and April, 1974 ranged from 9.4-1227 ppbC (9 samples), 192.8-1076.0 ppbC (7 samples) and 5.2-347.8 ppbC (5 samples), respectively(2). The average and maximum concentration of isopentane measured in 780 samples from Houston, TX, Summer 1977, was 36 ppbC and 59 ppbC, respectively(3). It was detected in the air of Los Angeles, CA, 1960, at concentrations ranging from 0.021-0.101 ppm in 17 samples(4). It was qualitatively detected in the air of Houston, TX, Santa Monica, CA, West Covina, CA, Glendora, CA, Garden Grove, CA, and Anaheim, CA, 1974-5(5). The concentration of isopentane in the Lincoln Tunnel, NY, was 1297 ppbC in 1970 and 305 ppbC in 1982(6).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The estimated annual mean concentration of isopentane in London, England, is 8-10 ug/cu m(1). The observed annual concentration of isopentane in European cities ranged from 5-29 ug/cu m, and the observed background level in Sidney, Australia, was 27.9 ug/cu m(1). It was qualitatively detected in the air of Leningrad, 1976, and 5 other Russian cities(2-4). The concentration of isopentane in Bangkok, Thailand, ranged from 1-13 ug/cu m(5). It was qualitatively detected in the air of South African cities(6). The mean concentration of isopentane in Bombay, India, 1985, ranged from not detected to 7.7 ppb over 12 months(7). The average concentration of isopentane in air samples taken over Tokyo, Japan, was 0.1 ppb in 1980 and 2.1 ppb in 1981(8).

For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for Isopentane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Isopentane was identified as a volatile component of fried bacon(1).

Isopentane was detected, not quantified in emissions from bay-leaved willow, aspen (Popular tremula), balsam poplar, European oak (Quercus robur), European larch (Larix sibirica), European fir (Picea excelsa), sorb, silver fir tree, red bilberry shrub (Vaccinium vitis-ideae), bilberry shrub (V. myrtillus), fern (Dryopteris felix-mas) and deciduous moss (Polytrichum commune)(1).

Isopentane has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(1).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 26 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of isopentane in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as high as 9,999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6,605 workers (1,247 of these are female) were potentially exposed to isopentane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to isopentane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isopentane is produced or used, especially for workers in the petroleum industry. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isopentane via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of tobacco smoke, and dermal contact with consumer products containing isopentane, especially during the use of gasoline products containing isopentane(SRC).

Isopentane was found in 6 of 8 personal air samples and 4 of 12 breath samples of subjects monitored in Bayonne and Elizabeth, NJ, and Research Triangle Park, NC(1). Isopentane was detected in 16 of 18 personal air samples of workers at a high volume service station monitored in May, 1983, at a concentration ranging from 0.1-1.3 ppm, and it was detected, but not measured, in the other 2 samples(2). Personal air samples taken from workers in the petroleum industry indicated that 53 of 56 outside operators were exposed to isopentane at mean concentration 4.851 mg/cu m, 49 of 49 transport drivers were exposed at a mean concentration of 9.979 mg/cu m and 48 of 49 service attendants were exposed at a mean concentration of 13.426 mg/cu m(3).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. . For hybrid vehicles, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Isopentane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1265; Pentanes

IMO 3; Pentanes, liquid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Pentanes, liquid is included on the dangerous goods list. /Pentanes, liquid/

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Pentanes, liquid is included on the dangerous goods list. /Pentanes, liquid/

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I