Isobutanol

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3818) of reports.

H226 (99.7%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (99.7%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (99.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336 (97.3%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3818 reports by companies from 75 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 3818 reports by companies.

There are 74 notifications provided by 3817 of 3818 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H333: May be harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P317, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Flashback along vapor trail may occur.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place ... allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn paper in suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected & atomized in suitable combustion chamber.

Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U140, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C, and a residence time of seconds. Additionally, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C, and a residence time of seconds. /From table/

... Atomizing in suitable combustion chamber.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. ... Clothing wet with liquid isobutyl alcohol should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of isobutyl alcohol from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the isobutyl alcohol, the person performing the operation should be informed of isobutyl alcohol's hazardous properties. Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid isobutyl alcohol should be removed immediately and not reworn until the isobutyl alcohol is removed from the clothing.

Employees who handle liquid isobutyl alcohol should wash their hands before eating or smoking.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants and aluminium.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carfully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Keep away from heat and open flame.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1818.0 [ppm]

100.0 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

1300 [ppm]

8000 [ppm]

50 ppm (150 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (150 mg/m3)

100 ppm (300 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (300 mg/m3) See Appendix G

1600 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

1600.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 2 of 6 rats died when exposed for 4 hours to 8,000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1954]. . . . Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

1600 ppm

See: 78831

50.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm.

A TLV-TWA of 50 ppm (152 mg/cu m) is recommended for occupational exposure to isobutanol to minimize the potential for skin and ocular irritation.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

50 ppm as TWA.

50 ppm [1973]

310 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

USSR: Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 10 mg/cu m

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin. Exposure far above the OEL could cause lowering of consciousness. If this liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical pneumonitis.

Isobutanol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sweet odor. Flash point 85 - 100 °F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air.

CBI; Liquid

Colorless, oily liquid with a sweet, musty odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless, mobile liquid with a penetrating, winey odour

Colorless, oily liquid with a sweet, musty odor.

Colorless, oily liquid

Clear, colorless, refractive liquid

Sweet, musty odor

Odor like that of amyl alcohol, but weaker

Penetrating, wine-like, disagreeable odor

Suffocating odor of fusel oil

Slightly suffocating; nonresidual alcoholic

Sweet whiskey taste

225 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

108.00 to 109.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

107.89 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-162 °F (NTP, 1992)

-101.9 °C

82 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flash points: 28 °C, closed cup; 37.78 °C, open cup

28 °C c.c.

50 to 100 mg/mL at 61 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 66.5-90.9 g/L at 25 °C

In water, 8.5X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water at 20 °C: 8.5 wt%

Soluble in carbon tetrachloride

For more Solubility (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

85 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 8.7

miscible with alcohol, ether; soluble in water 1 ml in 140 ml

(in ethanol)

0.802 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8018 g/cu cm at 24 °C

Liquid heat capacity: 0.554 BTU/lb-F at 70 °F; Liquid thermal conductivity: 0.911 Btu-inch/hr-sq ft-F at 75 °F; Saturated vapor density: 0.00218 lb/cu ft at 70 °F; Ideal gas heat capacity: 0.392 BTU/lb-F at 75 °F

Relative density (water = 1): 0.80

0.799-0.801

0.8018 @ 20°C

2.55 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.56 (Air = 1)

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Highly Flammable

ISOBUTANOL is an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. This chemical is incompatible with strong oxidizers. (NTP, 1992)

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires & explosions.

Strong oxidizers.

... Corrosive & will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, & coatings.

Ignites on contact with chromium trioxide. Reacts with aluminum at 100 °F to form explosive hydrogen gas.

Strong oxidizers

2-Methyl propanol

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Isobutyl alcohol is colorless, oily liquid with a penetrating, wine-like, disagreeable odor and sweet whiskey taste. Isobutyl alcohol is a solvent for surface coatings , adhesives, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, flavor, and fragrance. It is employed as an intermediate for synthetic resins. Not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Isobutyl alcohol is rapidly absorbed following inhalation and dermal or oral exposures. In general, acute exposure to higher alcohols results primarily in CNS depression, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. If aspirated, hemorrhagic pneumonitis may be noted. Eye exposure to vapors or liquid may result in burning, lacrimation, blurring of vision, and vacuoles in the cornea. There is a report of 3 cases with severe vertigo after handling butanol and isobutyl alcohol. ANIMAL STUDIES: Repeated inhalation by mice of 2125 ppm caused no deaths. Repeated exposures to moderate to high concentrations of isobutyl alcohol are well tolerated in rats. In a 90-day inhalation study, a reduced response to an external stimulus was noted in the exposed animals only during the exposure period. Repeated exposures did not exacerbate these transient effects. There was no evidence of neurotoxicity based on functional observational battery (FOB), quantitative motor activity, neuropathy and scheduled-controlled operant behavior endpoints. A 13-week oral gavage study conducted with isobutanol resulted in hypoactivity, ataxia and salivation in the 1,000 mg/kg bw/day dose groups. Hypoactivity and ataxia were resolved by the 4th week of the study. In addition, slight decreases in body weight gain and feed consumption were noted in the first two weeks of the 13-week study in the 1,000 mg/kg bw/day dose group. An inhalation, two-generation, reproductive toxicity study conducted with isobutyl alcohol (up to 2500 ppm) did not cause any parental systemic, reproductive, or neonatal toxicity when administered for two generations via whole-body exposure. In lifetime studies, rats given isobutyl alcohol by gavage or sc had increased incidences of total tumors including liver carcinomas, spleen sarcomas, proventricular carcinomas and myeloid leukemia, relative to controls. No adverse developmental effects were noted in rats or rabbits exposed by inhalation to 10,000 mg/cu m isobutyl alcohol during gestation. An increased rate of reverse mutation was demonstrated when Escherichia coli CA274 was treated with 0.7% isobutyl alcohol, without metabolic activation. In addition, isobutayl alcohol was negative in an in vivo mouse micronucleus study. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The lobster (Homarus americanus) was quickly and reproducibly anesthetized by the injection of isobutyl alcohol into the abdominal sinus. Isobutyl alcohol promoted cell elongation and increased total growth of wheat roots grown in white light; a higher concentration inhibited meristematic activity.

Isobutyl alcohol

3 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Headache. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

Redness. Pain. Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Drowsiness. Dizziness. Nausea. Diarrhoea. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, skin, throat; headache, drowsiness; skin cracking; In Animals: narcosis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Isobutanol (Isobutyl Alcohol)

4 x 10^-1 mg/m^3

1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LCLo (rat) = 8,000 ppm/4H

As extrapolated from rat data ... 3 to 7 oz represents reasonable est of single oral mean lethal dose of any butyl alcohol in man. /Alcohols, higher/

LD50 Mouse intraperitoneal 544 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 2.46 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 3,100 mg/kg.

LD50 Rabbit skin 3,392 mg/kg.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Industrial exposure to mixed vapors of butyl acetate & isobutyl alcohol has caused vacuolar keratitis in several workers, but it is not known which of the substances was responsible.

Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride toxicity by aliphatic alcohols was measured by the elevation of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity. Ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol had a marked potentiating action. On an equimolar basis, sec-butyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol were more effective as potentiators than butyl alcohol and iso-butyl alcohol.

Metabolism in vivo of isobutanol, even in low concn, was markedly inhibited by simultaneous oxidation of ethanol.

Adding 1 g/l0 L of propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, isobutanol to 40% ethanol in orange juice lowered and delayed blood ethanol max in 10 20-30 yr-old men who drank 3.75 mL/kg of synthetic beverage.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

An employee who is exposed to isobutyl alcohol at potentially hazardous levels ... should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ... /skin, liver, kidney, eye, chronic respiratory, central and peripheral nervous system diseases/ which might place the employee at increased risk from isobutyl alcohol exposure. ... Any employee developing the ... conditions should be referred for further medical exam.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No evidence of eye irritation was noted with repeated 8 hr exposure at 100 ppm isobutyl alcohol vapor.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Twelve subjects were exposed to 300 or 600 mg/cu m of butyl alcohol in inspired air during rest and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Exposure lasted 2 hr. The arterial blood concentration was low. The concentration in the last part of the expired air, ie, the alveolar concentration, was low. The quotient of alveolar concentration was low in relation to the low percentage uptake. The high solubility of butyl alcohol in water may explain the results.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. Central nervous system: headache, muscle weakness, giddiness, ataxia, confusion, delirium, coma. 2. Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (odor of the alcohol in excreta). 3. Irritation of skin, eyes, and throat from vapor or liquid. Cough and dyspnea. 4. Death from resp failure. 5. Disturbances of cardiac rhythm. 6. Occasional complications: a. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage b. Renal damage with glycosuria c. Liver damage d. Cardiac failure e. Pulmonary edema. /Alcohols (higher)/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... /CNS depressants/ effect at 100 ppm TWA (Current OSHA PEL)

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 1250000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 230000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: general population changes, decreased /formulation/

LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African Clawed Frog) age 3-4 wk; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 18300 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog) weight 2.44 g; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 17.1 (16.8-17.5) °C, pH 8.03 (8.00-8.06), hardness 196 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 172 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.91 mg/L (7.54-8.16 mg/L); Concentration: 3010000 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 2820000-3210000 ug/L)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The lobster (Homarus americanus) was quickly and reproducibly anesthetized by the injection of 2-methyl-1-propanol into the abdominal sinus. The min effective (100%) dose was lower when the lobsters were held at 15 °C seawater (1.0 uL/10 g live weight) than when they were held at 6.0-8.5 °C (2.0 uL/10 g).

/PLANTS/ N-propanol, n-butanol, and isobutanol at 1x10-4 molar promoted cell elongation and increased total growth of wheat roots grown in white light; higher concentration inhibited meristematic activity.

7.80e+03

4.30e+04

4.20e+02

1.80e+03

7.30e+02

5.00e+01

1.50e-01

3.00e-01

4.00e-01

Volatile

1.00e+04

2.30e+04

1.30e+05

1.30e+03

5.30e+03

2.20e+03

Isobutyl alcohol's production and use as a replacement process solvent for n-butanol and as an intermediate in the flavor, fragrance, pesticide and pharmaceutical industries may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The primary route of environmental release in terms of industrial quantities is through evaporation when used as a direct solvent. Isobutyl alcohol is a naturally occurring substance associated with fermentation of carbohydrates, fruits, animal wastes, microbes, and as a plant volatile. If released to air a vapor pressure of 10.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isobutyl alcohol will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isobutyl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days. Isobutyl alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, isobutyl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2.9. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.78X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Isobutyl alcohol is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Results of various biodegradation screening tests indicate that isobutyl alcohol is readily biodegradable. The biodegradation half-life of isobutyl alcohol was 2.4 days in a basic soil and 11.3 days in an acidic soil. If released into water, isobutyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important environmental fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 and 27 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. In a river die-away test, isobutyl alcohol achieved 58% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days, suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate process in water. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isobutyl alcohol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is exposed to isobutyl alcohol through the ingestion of foods and drinking water that contain this compound, inhalation of ambient air and exposure to consumer products (e.g. rubbing alcohol) that contain isobutyl alcohol. (SRC)

Isobutyl alcohol is a naturally occurring substance associated with fermentation of carbohydrates, fruits, animal wastes, microbes, and as a plant volatile(1).

Reported found in the essential oils of: Java citronella, tea, Eucalyptus amygdalina; also present in apple & currant aromas; in apricots, banana, sweet cherry, orange, grapefruit and tangerine juice, berries, guava, grapes, melon, papaya, pear, pineapple, leek, peas, rutabaga, tomato, ginger, spearmint oil, vinegar, breads, cheeses, milk, fish oil, meat, hop oil, beer, cognac, rum, whiskies, sherry, cider, grape wines, cocoa, tea, coffee, nuts, oats, soybean, avocado, olive, passion fruit, plum, beans, mango, starfruit, bantu beer, plum brandy, tamarind, fig, cardamom, gin, quince, radish, prickly pear, litchi, sukiyaki, lovage leaf, buckwheat, sweet corn, laurel, malt, wort, elderberry juice, dried bonito krill, kiwifruit, loquat, fruit brandies and wines, endive, shrimp, truffle, red currants, Roman chamomile oil and other sources.

Natural isobutyl alcohol is produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates. The fermentation may be a controlled process, as in the production of alcoholic beverages and foods such as cheese, or uncontrolled, as in the decay of materials in a municipal waste plant or dump. Because of the ubiquitous nature of the fermentation of carbohydrates, the presence of naturally occurring isobutyl alcohol is likely to be more widespread in the environment than industrially generated isobutyl alcohol, although much higher concentrations evolve at sites where isobutyl alcohol is produced, processed or used than in nature.

Isobutyl alcohol's production and use as a replacement process solvent for n-butanol and as an intermediate in the flavor, fragrance, pesticide and pharmaceutical industries(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The primary route of environmental release in terms of industrial quantities is through evaporation when used as a direct solvent(2). Use of consumer products containing isobutanol, such as paint and varnish removers can also give rise to consumer and environmental exposure(2).

Trace odor pollutants in model garbage and waste disposal plant were identified by GC and mass spectroscopy. Isobutyl alcohol was identified as one of the neutral components.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.9(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isobutyl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isobutyl alcohol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.78X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(3). Isobutyl alcohol is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 10.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Results of various biodegradation screening tests indicate that isobutyl alcohol is readily biodegradable(5). The biodegradation half-life of isobutyl alcohol was 2.4 days in a basic soil and 11.3 days in an acidic soil(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.9(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that isobutyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.78X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 and 27 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.76(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Isobutyl alcohol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Results of various biodegradation screening tests indicate that isobutyl alcohol is readily biodegradable(7). In a river die-away test, isobutyl alcohol achieved 58% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days(8), suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isobutyl alcohol, which has a vapor pressure of 10.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isobutyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC). The half-life for the reaction in air with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 1.7 days(SRC), calculated from its measured rate constant of 9.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Isobutyl alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The first-order biodegradation rate constant of isobutyl alcohol using an activated sludge inoculum was reported as 1.15X10-2 hour-1(1); this corresponds to a half-life of about 2.5 days(SRC). Isobutyl alcohol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 90% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test which classifies the cpompound as readily biodegradable(2). The biodegradation half-life of isobutyl alcohol in a basic sandy silt loam from Texas was reported as 2.4 days and the half-life of isobutyl alcohol in an acidic sandy loam from Mississippi was reported as 11.3 days(3). Isobutyl alcohol reached 63% of its theoretical BOD using a sewage sludge during a 5 day incubation period(4). In a river die-away test, isobutyl alcohol achieved 58% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days(5), suggesting biodegradation will be an important fate process. OECD 301D Closed Bottle test yielded 14% degradation at day 5, 74% degradation at day 15 and 74% degradation at day 28(6). A second OECD 301D Closed Bottle test yielded 55% degradation on day 5, 73% degradation on day 15, and 75% degradation on day 30(6). The potential for biodegradation in a simulated wastewater treatment plant was examined using the OECD method 303A Coupled Units Test(6); over the course of 35 days, the DOC reduction averaged 97% suggesting that isobutyl alcohol is easily degraded in wastewater treatment plants(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isobutyl alcohol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 9.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 3.3X10+9 L/mol-sec(2); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 243 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(3). Isobutyl alcohol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Isobutyl alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for isobutyl alcohol(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.76(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of isobutyl alcohol can be estimated to be 2.9(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that isobutyl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for isobutyl alcohol is 9.78X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that isobutyl alcohol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.3 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 27 days(SRC). Isobutyl alcohol's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Isobutyl alcohol is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 10.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

GROUNDWATER: Serious contamination by isobutanol of the groundwater approximately 30 M below a paint factory was found to have resulted from leakage of solvent from underground storage tanks(1). Identification of isobutanol in the leachate from a model landfill suggests isobutanol may enter groundwater from landfill leachates(2).

DRINKING WATER: Isobutyl alcohol was identified, not quantified in Shreveport, LA and Grand Forks, ND(1).

SURFACE WATER: Isobutyl alcohol was identified (concentration not reported) in floodwater samples collected in mid-city New Orleans, LA after Hurricane Katrina in 2005(1). Isobutanol has been identified at levels ranging between 142 and 652 ppb in the Hayashida River at the Matsubara area in Tatsuno City, Hyogo Prefecture sampled on april 2, 1980; the river receives effluents from the leather industry(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U140, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration, with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C, and a residence time of seconds. Additionally, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C, and a residence time of seconds. /From table/

... Atomizing in suitable combustion chamber.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1212; Isobutanol

IMO 3; Isobutanol

49 091 31; Isobutyl alcohol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: Xi; R: 10-37/38-41-67; S: (2)-7/9-13-26-37/39-46

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III