Isobutyraldehyde

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H319 (98.2%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264+P265, P280, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4104 reports by companies from 15 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P318, P319, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Remove contaminated clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting. Thus, the risk of increasing the medical problems by inducing vomiting of a volatile corrosive chemical is very high. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

WEAR GOGGLES & SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS. ... COOL EXPOSED CONTAINERS WITH WATER.

VAPORS ARE HEAVIER THAN AIR & MAY TRAVEL CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE TO SOURCE OF IGNITION & FLASH BACK. FIRES ARE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL DUE TO EASE OF REIGNITION.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: protective clothing, protective gloves, safety goggles and filter respirator for organic vapours of low boiling point adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cover the spilled material with inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

(1) Absorb on vermiculite and burn in open incinerator. (2) Dissolve in flammable solvent and spray in incinerator with after burner.

PRECAUTIONS FOR HIGHER ALDEHYDES ... SHOULD INCL ADEQUATE VENTILATION IN AREAS WHERE HIGH EXPOSURES ARE EXPECTED, FIRE & EXPLOSION PRECAUTIONS, & PROPER INSTRUCTION OF EMPLOYEES IN USE OF RESPIRATORY, EYE, & SKIN PROTECTION. /HIGHER ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDES/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids and strong reducing agents. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMPOSE INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL WELL VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF THE DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED ... .

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

75 [ppm]

140 [ppm]

830 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

THE MAX PERMISSIBLE CONCN OF ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE IN AIR OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS WAS RECOMMENDED TO BE 5 MG/CU M.

No indication can be given whether a harmful concentration in the air will be reached.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance at very high concentrations is irritating to the upper respiratory tract. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis. Medical observation is indicated. The substance may cause effects on nervous system. Exposure could cause lowering of consciousness.

Repeated or chronic inhalation of the vapour may cause chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Appropriate protective clothing, including rubber gloves, rubber shoes and protective eyewear. (USCG, 1999)

Appropriate protective clothing, including rubber gloves, rubber shoes, and protective eyewear. Vapors cause moderate irritation such that personnel will find high concn unpleasant. Effect is temporary.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Isobutyl aldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Flash point of -40 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used to make other chemicals.

Clear liquid with pungent odor; [Hawley] Colorless liquid; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

colourless, mobile liquid with a sharp, pungent odour

Transparent, colorless liquid

EXTREMELY SHARP

Pungent odor

FRUITY TASTE

147 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

64 °C @ 760 mm Hg

Wt/gal: 6.55 lb; forms azeotrope with water containing 94% isobutyraldehyde; azeotrope BP: 59 °C @ 760 mm Hg; oxidizes slowly on exposure to air, forming isobutyric acid.

63.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

63-64 °C

64 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-85 °F (NTP, 1992)

-65.9 °C

-40 °F (NTP, 1992)

LESS THAN 20 °F (OPEN CUP)

-10.6 °C (Open cup)

-40 °F (closed cup)

-24 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible in ethanol, ether, carbon disulfide, acetone, benzene, toluene, and chloroform.

Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

In water, 89,000 mg/l @ 25 °C.

89 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 6.7 (moderate)

miscible with alcohol, ether; soluble in water 1 ml in 125 ml

(in ethanol)

0.791 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.7938 @ 20 °C/4 °C

0.8 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.2

0.783-0.788

0.7938 @ 20°C

2.5 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.48 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.5

170 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

173.0 [mmHg]

Highly flammable. Oxidizes slowly on exposure to air. Stable (less than 10% decomposition) for four hours when exposed to light and air in a closed system. Stable for two weeks when stored under nitrogen at temperatures up to 77 °F. Insoluble in water.

Aldehydes

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

ISOBUTYL ALDEHYDE can react vigorously with reducing agents, with oxidizing agents, strong bases and mineral acids. Can undergo exothermic self-condensation or polymerization reactions that are often catalyzed by acid. Generates flammable and/or toxic gases in combination with azo, diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. Reacts slowly when exposed to air with air to give peroxides and other products. These reactions are activated by light, catalyzed by salts of transition metals, and are autocatalytic (catalyzed by their products). The addition of stabilizers (antioxidants) retards autoxidation.

CAN REACT VIGOROUSLY WITH REDUCING MATERIALS.

Isobutyraldehyde

B*: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)

1 sample, 2 ppm, > 1 yr

Bretherick's

https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/8366

Isobutyraldehyde

TR-472: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Isobutyraldehyde (CASRN 78-84-2) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1999 )

12/12/96

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of isobutyraldehyde in male or female F344/N rats or male or female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ppm isobutyraldehyde.

In male and female rats, exposure to isobutyraldehyde induced squamous metaplasia and suppurative inflammation of the nasal respiratory epithelium and degeneration of the nasal olfactory epithelium. In male and female mice, exposure to isobutyraldehyde caused degeneration of the nasal olfactory epithelium.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea. Vomiting.

Redness.

Pain. Redness.

Abdominal cramps. Aspiration hazard! Further see Inhalation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LCLo (rat) = 8,000 ppm/4h

LD50 Rat oral 3.7 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 2810 mg/kg

LC50 Mouse inhalation 39,500 mg/cu m/2 hr

LD50 Rabbit skin 7130 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Treat seizures with diazepam ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and related compounds/

IF SPILLED ON CLOTHING & ALLOWED TO REMAIN, MAY CAUSE SMARTING & REDDENING OF SKIN.

As inferred from inhalation studies ingestion of ... isobutyraldehyde may produce /CNS/ depression with symptoms like alcohol intoxication.

... Acute toxicity of aldehydes in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits /have been studied/. all animals exposed to high levels by inhalation developed fatal pulmonary edema. /Higher aliphatic aldehydes/

ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE @ 1000 PPM, 6 HR/DAY, PRODUCED SLIGHT NASAL IRRITATION ... /IN RATS/.

INHALATION TOXICITY; RATS 8,000 PPM/4 HR; MORTALITY 1/6 /FROM TABLE/

EFFECTS OF ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE WERE STUDIED IN SLICES OF RAT LIVER & HEPATOMA. IT CAUSED DEPRESSED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN LIVER & HEPATOMA & CAUSED A SHIFTING OF CYTOSOLIC OXIDATION-REDUCTION STATE & A DIMINUTION OF ATP IN THE LIVER.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=78-84-2]

... Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 ppm isobutyraldehyde by inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 105 wk. Groups of 50 male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 ppm isobutyraldehyde by inhalation, 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 105 wk. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2 yr inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of isobutyraldehyde in male or female F344/N rats or male or female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 500, 1,000 ppm or 2,000 ppm.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Isobutyraldehyde's production and use in the synthesis of cellulose esters, perfumes, flavors, gasoline additives, and amino acids may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isobutyraldehyde is also emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources. Isobutyraldehyde occurs naturally in foods; it is also emitted into the atmosphere by plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 173 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isobutyraldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isobutyraldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.6 hrs. Isobutyraldehyde may also be degraded in the atmosphere by direct photolysis, half-lives of 2.5 and 3.3 hr at respective solar zenith angles of 30 and 58 deg were determined. If released to soil, isobutyraldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Isobutyraldehyde may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, isobutyraldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Isobutyraldehyde, present at 100 mg/l, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.6 hrs and 4.6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Isobutyraldehyde is not expected to chemically hydrolyze in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to isobutyraldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isobutyraldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isobutryaldehyde through consumption of food (since it occurs naturally in many foods) and consumption of drinking water. (SRC)

REPORTED FOUND IN APPLE & CURRANT AROMAS & IN ESSENTIAL OILS FROM TOBACCO LEAVES & TEA LEAVES; ALSO IN THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF: PINUS JEFFREYI MURR LEAVES, CITRUS AURANTIUM LEAVES, & DATURA STRAMONIUM.

Similar to other saturated aldehydes, isobutyraldehyde occurs naturally in foods(1); it is also emitted into the atmosphere by plants(1).

Isobutyraldehyde's production and use in the synthesis of cellulose esters, perfumes, flavors, gasoline additives(1), and amino acids(2), and as an intermediate for rubber antioxidants and accelerators(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Isobutyraldehyde is also emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.9X10+4(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that isobutyraldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isobutyraldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 173 mm Hg(4), and its water solubility(2). The potential for volatilization of isobutyraldehyde from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation is expected to be the major environmental fate process for isobutyraldehyde in soil since it was found to readily biodegrade in water(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.9X10+4(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that isobutyraldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 173 mm Hg(4), and its water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.6 hrs and 4.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Isobutyraldehyde, present at 100 mg/l, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isobutyraldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 173 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase isobutyraldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Based upon direct photolysis measurements, the direct photolysis rate constants of isobutyraldehyde at solar zenith angles of 30 and 58 deg were determined to be 7.6X10-5 and 5.9X10-5 /sec(4), respectively, which correspond to respective half-lives of 2.5 and 3.3 hr(SRC).

AEROBIC: Using a sewage inocula and standard dilution water, isobutyraldehyde had a 5-day theoretical BOD of 66%(2). Isobutyraldehyde was found to be readily biodegradable in a screening study using activated sludge (more specific data were not reported)(2). In an anaerobic screening study simulating a biological treatment plant (digester sludge inocula), isobutyraldehyde experienced a 71% removal at retention times of 144-240 hr(3). In a screening study simulating an anaerobic lagoon (digester sludge inocula), isobutyraldehyde experienced a 76% removal at retention times of 240-2400 hr(3). Using a Warburg respirometer, an activated sludge seed, and a 24-hr incubation period, isobutyraldehyde had a theoretical BOD of 24.3% at an initial concn of 500 ppm(4). Isobutyraldehyde, present at 100 mg/l, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isobutyraldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Isobutyraldehyde is not expected to chemically hydrolyze in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Based upon direct photolysis measurements, the direct photolysis rate constants of isobutyraldehyde at solar zenith angles of 30 and 58 deg were determined to be 7.6X10-5 and 5.9X10-5 /sec(3), respectively, which correspond to respective half-lives of 2.5 and 3.3 hr(SRC). Carbon monoxide is one of the products formed from atmospheric photolysis and OH reaction with isobutyraldehyde(4).

An estimated BCF of 1 was calculated for isobutyraldehyde(SRC), using a water solubility of 89,000 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Isobutyraldehyde's production and use in the synthesis of cellulose esters, perfumes, flavors, gasoline additives, and amino acids may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Isobutyraldehyde is also emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources. Isobutyraldehyde occurs naturally in foods; it is also emitted into the atmosphere by plants. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 173 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates isobutyraldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isobutyraldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.6 hrs. Isobutyraldehyde may also be degraded in the atmosphere by direct photolysis, half-lives of 2.5 and 3.3 hr at respective solar zenith angles of 30 and 58 deg were determined. If released to soil, isobutyraldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 8. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Isobutyraldehyde may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, isobutyraldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Isobutyraldehyde, present at 100 mg/l, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.6 hrs and 4.6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 1 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Isobutyraldehyde is not expected to chemically hydrolyze in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to isobutyraldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isobutyraldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isobutryaldehyde through consumption of food (since it occurs naturally in many foods) and consumption of drinking water. (SRC)

REPORTED FOUND IN APPLE & CURRANT AROMAS & IN ESSENTIAL OILS FROM TOBACCO LEAVES & TEA LEAVES; ALSO IN THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF: PINUS JEFFREYI MURR LEAVES, CITRUS AURANTIUM LEAVES, & DATURA STRAMONIUM.

Similar to other saturated aldehydes, isobutyraldehyde occurs naturally in foods(1); it is also emitted into the atmosphere by plants(1).

Isobutyraldehyde's production and use in the synthesis of cellulose esters, perfumes, flavors, gasoline additives(1), and amino acids(2), and as an intermediate for rubber antioxidants and accelerators(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Isobutyraldehyde is also emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.9X10+4(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that isobutyraldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isobutyraldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 173 mm Hg(4), and its water solubility(2). The potential for volatilization of isobutyraldehyde from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation is expected to be the major environmental fate process for isobutyraldehyde in soil since it was found to readily biodegrade in water(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.9X10+4(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that isobutyraldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 173 mm Hg(4), and its water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.6 hrs and 4.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Isobutyraldehyde, present at 100 mg/l, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isobutyraldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 173 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase isobutyraldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Based upon direct photolysis measurements, the direct photolysis rate constants of isobutyraldehyde at solar zenith angles of 30 and 58 deg were determined to be 7.6X10-5 and 5.9X10-5 /sec(4), respectively, which correspond to respective half-lives of 2.5 and 3.3 hr(SRC).

AEROBIC: Using a sewage inocula and standard dilution water, isobutyraldehyde had a 5-day theoretical BOD of 66%(2). Isobutyraldehyde was found to be readily biodegradable in a screening study using activated sludge (more specific data were not reported)(2). In an anaerobic screening study simulating a biological treatment plant (digester sludge inocula), isobutyraldehyde experienced a 71% removal at retention times of 144-240 hr(3). In a screening study simulating an anaerobic lagoon (digester sludge inocula), isobutyraldehyde experienced a 76% removal at retention times of 240-2400 hr(3). Using a Warburg respirometer, an activated sludge seed, and a 24-hr incubation period, isobutyraldehyde had a theoretical BOD of 24.3% at an initial concn of 500 ppm(4). Isobutyraldehyde, present at 100 mg/l, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of isobutyraldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Isobutyraldehyde is not expected to chemically hydrolyze in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Based upon direct photolysis measurements, the direct photolysis rate constants of isobutyraldehyde at solar zenith angles of 30 and 58 deg were determined to be 7.6X10-5 and 5.9X10-5 /sec(3), respectively, which correspond to respective half-lives of 2.5 and 3.3 hr(SRC). Carbon monoxide is one of the products formed from atmospheric photolysis and OH reaction with isobutyraldehyde(4).

An estimated BCF of 1 was calculated for isobutyraldehyde(SRC), using a water solubility of 89,000 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of isobutyraldehyde is estimated as 8(SRC), using a water solubility of 8.9X10+4(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that isobutyraldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for isobutyraldehyde is estimated as 1.8X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 173 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.9X10+4 mg/l(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that isobutyraldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.6 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.6 days(SRC). Isobutyraldehyde's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of isobutyraldehyde from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 173 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: As part of the USEPA's National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) which was initiated in 1974, isobutyraldehyde was detected (concns not reported) in 7 drinking waters from 10 cities(1); five of the cities were Miami, FL, Ottumwa, IA, Philadelphia, PA, and Cincinnati, OH(2). Drinking water samples collected from Edmonton, Alberta Canada in 1986 contained isobutyraldehyde concns of 54 ppb(3); the source of the isobutryaldehyde in the water was suggested to result from the oxidation of naturally-occurring amino acids during chlorination treatment(3).

SURFACE WATER: Isobutyraldehyde was detected in 1 of 204 samples collected from 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US between Aug 1975 and Sept 1976(1); the single positive detection was at a concn of 1 ppb(1). Isobutyraldehyde has been detected in the aquatic ecosystem of the Niagara River/Lake Ontario(2); concns, sampling dates, and sample types (water, whole water or sediment) were not reported(SRC).

Isobutyraldehyde emission factors ranging from 2.6 to 79.5 mg/kg were detected in the flue gas of cookstoves(1). Isobutyraldehyde's emission rate from hamburger meat charbroiling over a natural gas fired grill was measured and found to be 373,000 ug/kg(2).

An isobutyraldehyde concn of 0.13 ppm was detected in an automobile exhaust sample(1); isobutyraldehyde was qualitatively detected in wood smoke emissions(1). Isobutyraldehyde has been detected in volatile emissions from Northern white cedar trees(2). Monitoring of automobile exhaust from four vehicles equipped in low nitrogen oxide catalytic converters, detected mean isobutyraldehyde emission rates of 0.14-1.57 mg/km(3).

Isobutyraldehyde was qualitatively detected in vapor-phase ambient air samples collected in the Kanawha Valley, WV in Sept 1977(1).

Isobutyraldehyde has been qualitatively detected as a volatile constituent of coffee(1), fried bacon(2), roasted filbert nuts(3), cooked meats(4), and chickpeas(5). Isobutyraldehyde concns of 27-140 ppb were detected in dried samples of lima beans, common beans, mung beans, soybeans, split peas, and lentils(6). Isobutyraldehyde has been qualitatively detected in peanut butter(7), cheddar cheese(8), and bread(9). Isobutyraldehyde was qualitatively detected in whole and ground grain samples(10).

Isobutyraldehyde was qualitatively detected in kiwi fruit flowers(1). Isobutyraldehyde has been detected in volatile emissions from Northern white cedar trees(2), alfalfa(3), tea leaves(4) and marine macroalgae(5).

Isobutyraldehyde is reported to occur in tobacco smoke(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,114 workers (655 of these are female) are potentially exposed to isobutyraldehyde in the US(1). Occupational exposure to isobutyraldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isobutyraldehyde is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to isobutyraldehyde through consumption of food (since it occurs naturally in many foods) and consumption of drinking water(SRC).

Isobutyraldehyde has been detected in human urine and feces(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

(1) Absorb on vermiculite and burn in open incinerator. (2) Dissolve in flammable solvent and spray in incinerator with after burner.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2045; Isobutyraldehyde

IMO 3.1; Isobutyraldehyde

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II