1,2-dichloropropane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P330, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302 (93.1%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H331 (19.2%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (80.5%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H350 (71.8%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 333 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . Do NOT induce vomiting.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected & atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Propylene dichloride should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

1,2-Dichloropropane ... could be removed by several mechanisms, the most important being stripping, biodegradation, and a combination of each.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U083, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

1,2-Dichloropropane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel, care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Propylene dichloride may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate gas cleaning device.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Employees should be provided with & required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (8 inch min), & other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact ... . Clothing wet with liquid ... should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of propylene dichloride from the clothing. ... Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid .... should be removed immediately & not reworn until propylene dichloride is removed ... . Employees should be provided with & required to use splash-proof safety goggles where liquid ... may contact the eyes.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

30 [ppm]

220 [ppm]

2000 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

75.0 [ppm]

75 ppm (350 mg/m³)

TWA 75 ppm (350 mg/m3) See Appendix G

400 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

400.0 [ppm]

400 ppm; NIOSH considers propylene dichloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [400 ppm]

See: 78875

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm, sensitization.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

10 ppm as TWA; (DSEN); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

10 ppm [2005]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Romania: 40 ppm; East Germany: 10 ppm; Poland: 10 ppm; USSR: 2 ppm; Bulgaria: 2 ppm.

Vapor hazard index for volatile chemicals is a measure of the amount by which a saturated atmosphere would exceed the TLV. It is defined as concn of saturated vapor divided by TLV times 1000; & it is temperature dependent. The vapor hazard index for 1,2-dichloropropane is 0.7 at 20 °C.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. The substance may have effects on the liver and kidneys. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

Propylene dichloride is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for formulations used before crop emerges from soil in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.

Air supply in confined area, rubber gloves, chemical goggles, protective coveralls and rubber footwear. (USCG, 1999)

1,2-dichloropropane is a colorless watery liquid with a sweet odor. Sinks in water. Produces an irritating vapor. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. [pesticide]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. [pesticide]

Colorless liquid

Chloroform-like odor.

203 to 205 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

96.4 °C; (-3.7 °C at 10 mm Hg)

96.4 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-148 °F (NTP, 1992)

-100.4 °C

60 °F (NTP, 1992)

60 °F (16 °C) (Closed cup)

16 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 70.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sol in alcohol, ether, benzene and chloroform

Miscible with org solvents

In water, 2,800 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.26

1.158 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.159 @ 25 °C/25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.16

1.159 @25 °C

3.9 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.9 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.9

40 mmHg at 66.9 °F ; 42 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

53.3 [mmHg]

53.3 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 27.9

53.3 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.98

2.02 (calculated)

Henry's Law constant = 2.82X10-3 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

Sensitive to heat.

1035 °F (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

... It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, & coatings.

8,428.5 g cal/g mole (multiply by 4.184 for J/g mole)

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE reacts with strong oxidizers and strong acids. It also reacts with aluminum. When confined, this reaction can lead to an explosion. It is incompatible with bases and aluminum alloys. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992)

Contact with ... strong acids may cause decomposition. ... With strong oxidizing agents may cause fires or explosions.

Orthodichlorobenzene had been mixed with ethylene dichloride & ... /1,2-propylene dichloride/. This mixture dissolved the oxide coating from the aluminum containing vessel. Subsequent reaction between the aluminum vessel & the chlorinated olefins caused rupture of the vessel.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids, active metals.

A virtually unvented aluminum tank containing a 4:1:2 mixture of o-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloropropane exploded violently 7 days after filling.

Reacts with aluminum to form aluminum chloride. This reaction, when confined, and lead to explosion.

Strong oxidizers, strong acids, active metals

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION: 1,2-Dichloropropane is a liquid. It is soluble in water, ethanol, and ethyl ether. When heated, it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene. 1,2-dichloropropane is used in furniture finish, dry cleaning fluid, and paint remover, gum processing, metal degreasing, oil processing, and as a rubber- and wax-making agent, and a chemical intermediate int he production of tetrachloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Exposure of the general population to 1,2-dichloropropane via air and water is unlikely, except in areas where there is extensive use of 1,2-dichloropropane and "MIX D/D" in agriculture. The risk to the general population is negligible. Several cases of acute poisoning have been reported due to accidental or intentional (suicide) over-exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane. Effects have been mainly on the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Hemolytic anemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation have also been reported. In one case, delirium progressed to irreversible shock, cardiac failure, and death. Occupational exposures can be via both skin and inhalation. Several cases of dermatitis and skin sensitization have been reported in workers using solvent mixtures containing 1,2-dichloropropane. ANIMAL STUDIES: The acute oral toxicity of 1,2-dichloropropane in experimental animals is low. Short-term, oral toxicity studies of 1,2-dichloropropane in mice and rats showed growth inhibition, clinical toxic signs associated with central nervous system depression, and/or increased mortality at dose levels of 250 mg/kg body weight per day or higher. Studies did not indicate any teratogenic activity of 1,2-dichloropropane at oral dose levels up to 125 mg/kg body weight in the rat and 150 mg/kg body weight in the rabbit. In a carcinogenicity study on mice administered 125 or 250 mg 1,2-dichloropropane/kg body weight by gavage, a dose-related increase in the incidence of liver adenomas was observed. 1,2-Dichloropropane administered orally to rats is rapidly eliminated. Urine is the major route of elimination. Unchanged 1,2-dichloropropane is not found in urine. Three major urinary metabolites have been identified. 1,2-Dichloropropane can also be oxidized to lactate with resultant carbon dioxide or acetyl co-enzyme A production.

1,2-Dichloropropane

Respiratory

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 1,2-dichloropropane. 1,2-Dichloropropane causes cancer of the biliary tract (confirmed as cholangiocarcinoma) ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,2-dichloropropane. Overall evaluation: 1,2-Dichloropropane is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume 41: (1986) Some Halogenated Hydrocarbons and Pesticide Exposures

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

Volume 110: (2017) Some Chemicals Used as Solvents and in Polymer Manufacture

1,2-Dichloropropane (propylene dichloride)

TR-263: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene Dichloride) (CASRN 78-87-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1986 )

06/29/83

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity for male F344/N rats receiving 62 or 125 mg/kg. For female rats there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity in that 250 mg/kg 1,2-dichloropropane caused a marginally increased incidence of adenocarcinomas in the mammary gland; these borderline malignant lesions occurred concurrent with decreased survival and reduced body weight gain. There was some evidence of carcinogenicity for male and female B6C3F1 mice exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane, as indicated by increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms, primarily adenomas.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Drowsiness. Dizziness.

Dry skin. Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Headache. Drowsiness. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; drowsiness, dizziness; liver, kidney damage; In Animals: central nervous system depression; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, central nervous system

[in animals: liver & mammary gland tumors]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Primary hepatotoxins: the toxic effect to the liver is the principal adverse effect of the chemical.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 1: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as established human carcinogens.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

4 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

4 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

PDF Document

TLm Shrimp > 100 ppm/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Poecilia reticulata (guppy) 116 ppm/7 days /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus 320 ppm/96 hr; In fresh water at 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr

LC50 Menidia beryllina 240 ppm/96 hr; In synthetic seawater at 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.50e+00

1.10e+01

7.60e-01

3.30e+00

8.50e-01

5.00e+00

2.80e-04

1.70e-03

3.70e-02

4.00e-02

4.00e-03

Volatile

1.36e+03

4.70e+01

2.00e+02

1.30e+01

5.30e+01

2.50e+01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

1,2-Dichloropropane's production and use as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 53.3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,2-dichloropropane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. In the past, 1,2-dichloropropane was directly released to the environment as a component of the insecticide D-D. Vapor-phase 1,2-dichloropropane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days. Photolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process as vapor-phase photolysis under simulated sunlight did not occur after prolonged exposure. If released to soil, 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to have very high mobility based upon a Koc of 47. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.82X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 1,2-Dichloropropane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process in soil or water given a 0% theoretical BOD using the MITI test. If released into water, 1,2-dichloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively. A BCF range of 0.5 to 6.9 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The hydrolytic half-life of 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to be 6 months to several years. Occupational exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-dichloropropane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing 1,2-dichloropropane. (SRC)

1,2-Dichloropropane's production and use as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). In the past, 1,2-dichloropropane was directly released to the environment as a component of the insecticide D-D(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 47(2), indicates that 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-dichloropropane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.82X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). The potential for volatilization of 1,2-dichloropropane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 53.3 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process in soil given a BOD of 0% theoretical using the MITI test(5). In a closed system using fresh soil at 15 °C, a mean half-life of 52 days was measured for 1,2-dichloropropane(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 47(2), indicates that 1,2-dichloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3), based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.82X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). The hydrolytic half-life of 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to be 6 months to several years(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 0.5-6.9(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation is not expected to be an important environmental fate process in water given a 0% theoretical BOD using the MITI test(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-dichloropropane, which has a vapor pressure of 53.3 mm Hg at 25 deg(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-dichloropropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.42X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase photolysis under simulated sunlight did not occur after prolonged exposure(4).

Partial chemical oxidation of biorefractory cmpds by ozone treatment prior to biological oxidation was studied. 1,2-Dichloropropane is not biodegradable, but it can be made biodegradable with ozonation.

AEROBIC: The total degradation of 1,2-dichloropropane in soil at normal field rates was extremely slow as compared to 2,3-, cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene(1). In a closed system using fresh soil at 15 °C, a mean half-life of 52 days was measured for 1,2-dichloropropane as opposed to mean half-lives of 26, 13, and 8, respectively(1). 1,2-Dichloropropane is reported to be degraded during biological treatment provided suitable acclimation is achieved(2,5). However, in a bench scale continuous flow activated sludge reactor with an 8 hr retention time, 1,2-dichloropropane was entirely removed by stripping(3). It was reported to be degradation resistant in a 2 week screening test that utilizes a mixed inoculum of soil, surface water and sludge(4). 42% degradation was achieved in 7 days when incubated with sewage seed(6). There was evidence of only slight biodegradation in 20 weeks (as evidenced by 5% of the radioactivity remaining unextracted from a medium loam soil) and it was stable in a sandy loam soil for 12 weeks when incubated in a closed container(7). No volatile degradation products were detected from treated soil(7). 1,2-Dichloropropane, present at 100 mg/l, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(8).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2-dichloropropane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 36 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The hydrolytic half-life of 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to be 6 months to several years(2). 1,2-Dichloropropane is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm). Vapor-phase photolysis under simulated sunlight did not occur after prolonged exposure(3).

BCF ranges of 1.2-3.2 and 0.5-6.9 were measured for 1,2-dichloropropane at concns of 0.4 mg/l and 0.04 mg/l, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc for 1,2-dichloropropane is 47 in a silt loam(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to have high mobility in soil. It sorbs to clay minerals in dry soil but desorbs as the soil absorbs moisture(2). In the areas of the US where 1,2-dichloropropane was used as a fumigant, the soil is generally sandy with low organic carbon content and would probably have little impact on reducing mobility due to soil adsorption(2).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-dichloropropane is 2.82X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-dichloropropane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). 1,2-Dichloropropane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,2-dichloropropane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 53.3 mm Hg(3). The mean half-life of 1,2-dichloropropane in dissipation studies using soils not previously fumigated with D-D was 52 days(4). The rate changed by a factor of approximately 2 for every 10 °C change in the environmentally important range of 2 °C to 20 °C(4).

HIGHEST CONCN FOUND IN FINISHED (DRINKING) WATER WAS LESS THAN 1.0 UG/L. /FROM TABLE/

Local monitoring has found levels as high as 1200 ug/l in shallow wells near sites where 1,2-dichloropropane has been used as a soil fumigant.

... Has been surveyed for in the Ground Water Supply Survey ... found in approx 1-2% of rural wells at levels around 1 ug/l.

GROUNDWATER: Found in 3 MD wells, 30 Long Island, NY wells, and over 60 CA wells at levels ranging from 1-50 ppb(1). Minnesota: Found in groundwater under 8 of 13 municipal landfills with suspected groundwater contamination - 0.5-43 ppb and 1 of 7 other municipal landfills - 1.1 ppb(2). 1,2-Dichloropropane is the second most frequent groundwater pesticidal contaminant in California(3). It has been detected in 75 wells at concns ranging up to 1200 ppb in 9 countries(3). Not detected in groundwater underlying the Amphenol metal plating facility in Broadview, IL at a detection limit of 1 ppb(4). Detected in groundwater 83 days after application with 92%, 1,3-dichloropropene(5). Identified in groundwater under a leaky storage tank of a paint factory(6). 1,2-Dichloropropane was not found above the detection limit of 0.16 ug/l in 3 well samples from the Big Creek watershed, Ontario, Canada, an agricultural area with historic use of 1,3-dichloropropane(7). In a survey of untreated ambient groundwater of the US from 1985 to 1995, 1,2-dichloropropane was detected in 0.8% of 406 wells in urban areas at a median concn of 0.2 ug/l and in 0.9% of 2,542 wells in rural areas at a median concn of 0.5 ug/l(8). Atmospheric deposition was shown not to be a source of 1,2-dichloropropane using surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer samples in southern New Jersey(9). 1,2-Dichloropropane was identified not quantified in a survey conducted during 1989 of the groundwater in the vicinity of the Ciba-Geigy Superfund site near Toms River in Ocean County, NJ(10). 32 of 40 piezometers at 13 sites in the Canadian portion of the Abbotsford aquifer showed detectable levels of 1,2-dichlorpropane during testing conducted from July 1991 through June 1994; the avg concn was 2.23 ug/l with a max concn of 7.07 ug/l(11). Of US 1,834 groundwater samples, 1,2-dichloropropane was detected in 1.14% at a max concn of 7.50 ug/l(12).

For more Environmental Water Concentrations (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U083, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

1,2-Dichloropropane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel, care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Propylene dichloride may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate gas cleaning device.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1279; 1,2-Dichloropropane

IMO 3.2; 1,2-Dichloropropane

49 092 69; Dichloropropane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F, Xn; R: 11-20/22; S: (2)-16-24

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II