antimonytrihydride

H220 (100%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (100%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P271, P280, P284, P304+P340, P316, P320, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 111 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P222, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P320, P321, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P222, P260, P264, P270, P280, P308+P316, P321, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Stibine:

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Breathing: Respiratory support

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]:

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with water spray. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors & toxic decomp products. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Explosive decomp may occur under fire conditions. Use flooding quantities of water as spray. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Vapors are heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. Evolves hydrogen & ignites on contact with many materials. Combustion by-products include antimony fumes.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2676 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 60 m (200 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 200 m (600 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 1.6 km (1.0 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 1.3 km (0.8 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 4.1 km (2.6 mi)

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation.

Approach release from upwind. Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Cool.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Interim

0.015 [ppm]

1.5ₐ [ppm]

9.6ₐ [ppm]

0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m³)

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m3)

0.1 [ppm]

5 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

5.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: It has been reported that exposure of dogs and cats to 40 to 45 ppm for 1 hour has proven dangerous [Webster 1946].

See: 7803523

0.005 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

0.1 ppm as TWA

0.005 ppm [2021]

· DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

ERPG-1: Insufficient data - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 0.5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

Stibine appears as a colorless gas with a disagreeable odor. A moderate fire hazard that may yield toxic fumes when heated above 392 °F. Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Heavier than air. If exposed to prolonged fire or intense heat, the container may rupture violently or rocket.

Colorless gas with a disagreeable odor like hydrogen sulfide; [NIOSH] Antimony hydride is 4 times as heavy as air--accumulates in low-lying areas; [ACGIH]

COLOURLESS COMPRESSED GAS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless gas with a disagreeable odor like hydrogen sulfide.

Colorless gas

Thermally unstable gas, forming colorless liquid and crystals at liquid air temperature

Disagreeable

Disagreeable odor like hydrogen sulfide

-1 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

-18.4 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-126 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Flammable gas

NA (Gas)

Slight (NIOSH, 2024)

Slightly soluble in water

4.1 g/L at 0 °C in water

The gas is slightly soluble in water.

Soluble in ethanol

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Stibine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water: poor

5.100 g/L

Density: 2.26 g/cu cm at -25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 2.26 (-25 °C)

2.26 @ -25°C

4.31(relative gas density)

4.31 (NIOSH, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.4

greater than 1 atm (NIOSH, 2024)

Decomp slowly on standing at room temp; thermally less stable than arsine.

When heated to decomp, it emits toxic fumes of antimony.

Decomposes slowly on standing at room temperature. ... The decomposition products are hydrogen and metallic antimony, generally deposited in the form of a mirror.

Decomposes slowly at room temp, readily at 200 °C, to give metallic antimony and hydrogen.

The decomposition /of stibine/ is autocatalytic and under certain conditions can be explosive.

Although characterized as having an extremely unpleasant odor, no data on its odor threshold have been found. Consequently, no judgment can be made as to its warning properties.

Heat of formation: (endothermic) 145.11 kJ/mol (34.7 kcal/mol)

Ionization potential: 9.51 eV

Decomposes slowly on standing at room temperature; decomposes rapidly at 200 °C. Decomposition products are hydrogen and metallic antimony.

Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Hydrides

Flammable agents - 4th degree

Reactive agents - 2nd degree

Highly flammable.

Reducing Agents, Strong

Strong Reducing Agent

Pyrophoric

An explosion occurs if STIBINE is heated with ammonia or chlorine. Stibine and concentrated nitric acid exploded [Mellor 9:397 (1946-47)].

Acids, halogenated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, moisture, chlorine, ozone, ammonia.

Explosive reaction with ammonia plus heat; chlorine; concn nitric acid, ozone.

An explosion occurs if stibine is heated with ammonia or chlorine. Stibine and concentrated nitric acid explode.

Acids, halogenated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, moisture, chlorine, ozone, ammonia

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Stibine is a colorless gas. High purity stibine is used as an n-type gas phase dopant for silicon in semiconductors. It has been used as fumigating agent. It is also used in the production of lead batteries. HUMAN STUDIES: Stibine is a toxic gas that has effects similar to those of arsine, but stibine is not encountered as frequently as arsine. The most likely route of exposure to stibine is inhalation. Stibine attacks the blood and central nervous system. In acute poisoning, the signs in man are headache, nausea, weakness, slow breathing, and weak and irregular pulse. One of the early signs of overexposure to stibine in man may be hemoglobinuria. Laboratory findings may include: anemia, elevated bilirubin (indirect), hyperkalemia, damaged red blood cells (basophilic stippling, anisocytosis, Heinz-Ehrlich bodies), low haptoglobin, elevated plasma-free hemoglobin levels, elevated urinary hemoglobin, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, abnormal liver function tests, thrombocytopenia. Stibine gas is not capable of inhibiting cholinesterase activity at toxicologically relevant concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: The odorless toxic gas stibine, like arsine, is a potent hemolytic agent. The lethal concentration of stibine in air for mice is about 100 ppm for 1.6 hr. The formation of Heinz bodies in red blood cells was associated with acute stibine exposure that may underlie its hemolytic effects. Stibine was found genotoxic in vitro (significant nicking to pBR 322 plasmid DNA).

The inhalation data suggest that the myocardium is a target of antimony toxicity. It is possible that antimony affects circulating glucose by interfering with enzymes of the glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. The mechanism of action of antimony remains unclear. However, some studies suggest that antimony combines with sulfhydryl groups including those in several enzymes important for tissue respiration. The antidotal action of BAL depends on its ability to prevent or break the union between antimony and vital enzymes. Moreover, the The cause of death is believed to be essentially the same as that in acute arsenic poisoning. Stibine reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid which has a direct corrosive effect on mucous membranes. (L793, T18, L741, A238)

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

Dermal exposure to antimony can cause antimony spots (papules and pustules around sweat and sebaceous glands). Antimony poisoning can also lead to pneumoconiosis. Alterations in pulmonary function and other effects including chronic bronchitis, chronic emphysema, inactive tuberculosis, pleural adhesions, and irritation can result from inhalation of antimony. Increased blood pressure can also result from antimony poisoning. Myocardial depression, vasodilation and fluid loss may cause shock with hypotension, electrolyte disturbances and acute renal failure. Cerebral oedema, coma, convulsions, and death are possible. (L741)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation

Inhalation (L741) ; oral (L741) ; dermal (L741)

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Weakness. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Weak and irregular pulse. Hemoglobinuria.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness.

headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); nausea, abdominal pain; lumbar pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), hemolytic anemia; jaundice; pulmonary irritation

Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea can result from inhalation of antimony. Dyspnea, headache, vomiting,cough, conjunctivitis, and bloody purulent discharge from nose can result from inhalation exposure. Skin or eye contact can cause pain and redness of the exposed surface. (T64, L741)

Blood, liver, kidneys, respiratory system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Hemolytic anemia - Decreased hemoglobin or number of red blood cells.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

LCLo (mice) = 100 ppm/1H

Lethal concn in air for mice is approx 100 ppm.

Following oral exposure to antimony, administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (T36)

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. Antimony. Large volume IV fluid resuscitation may be necessary for shock caused by gastroenteritis. Electrolyte abnormalities should be corrected, and intensive supportive care may be necessary for patients with multiple-organ failure. Perform continuous cardiac monitoring and treat torsade de pointes if it occurs. 2. Stibine. Blood transfusion may be necessary after massive hemolysis. Treat hemoglobinuria with fluids and bicarbonate as for rhabdomyolysis. /Antimony and stibine/

Specific drugs and antidotes. There is no specific antidote. British anti-lewisite (BAL; dimercaprol), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), and dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid (DMPS) have been proposed as chelators for antimony, although data in human poisoning are conflicting. Chelation therapy is not expected to be effective for stibine. Case reports have described the use of NAC (N-acetylcysteine) to facilitate the conjugation of trivalent antimony to glutathione. /Antimony and stibine/

Decontamination. 1. Inhalation. Remove the patient from exposure, and give supplemental oxygen if available. Protect rescuers from exposure. 2. Ingestion of antimony salts. Activated charcoal is probably not effective in light of its poor adsorption of antimony, Gastric lavage may be helpful if performed soon after a large ingestion. /Antimony and stibine/

Enhanced elimination. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion,a and forced diuresis are not effective at removing antimony or stibine. Exchange transfusion may be effective in treating massive hemolysis caused by stibine. /Antimony and stibine/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Stibine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Any sign of illness involving possible exposure to stibine should receive immediate medical evaluation.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Stibine attacks the blood and central nervous system. In acute poisoning, the signs in man are headache, nausea, weakness, slow breathing, and weak and irregular pulse. ... One of the early signs of overexposure to stibine in man may be hemoglobinuria.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The toxic action of stibine: ... Death occurring rapidly on exposure to a concentration of 1 percent in air. It is a powerful hemolytic poison, and though arsine is frequently suspected as the cause of poisoning from gases liberated from certain alloys, cases have been recorded which have emphasized the presence and potential toxic action of stibine.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Stibine gas is an extremely toxic hemolytic agent which causes injury to the liver and kidneys. ... Acute exposures to humans would be expected to cause rapid destruction of red blood cells, hemoglobinuria, anuria, jaundice, and death.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Signs of /stibine/ poisoning include symptoms of shock ... .

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Stibine (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Hemolytic effect of stibine ... in cats & dogs ... single exposure to 40-45 ppm for 1 hr /was/ dangerous to life, death occurring within a few hr to a day.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In guinea pigs, changes appeared in morphology of erythrocytes within few min after exposure, the characteristic appearance resembling crenation ... . These cells appeared to precede the hemoglobinuria which occurred with most of the guinea pigs exposed to 65 ppm of stibine for 1 hr, and was followed within a few days by profound anemia. With concn above 65 ppm hemoglobinuria was observed ... with 92 ppm animals dying on the second to sixth day showed crystals & casts in renal tubules.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Death in mice occurs rapidly at 10,000 ppm, in a few hr at 100 ppm, and in 4 to 8 hr after a 15 min exposure at 30-50 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The odorless toxic gas stibine (antimony hydride), like arsine is a potent hemolytic agent. The letal concentration of stibine in air for mice is reportedly about 100 ppm for 1.6 hr. The formation of Heinz bodies in red blood cells was associated with acute stibine exposure that may underlie its hemolytic effects.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Stibine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antimony may be volatilized when in the form of stibine or its methylated derivatives. ... Most of the stibine formed in the sediments reacts in the water column to produce the oxide, resulting in remobilization of stibine.

Stibine was quantitatively identified in the atmosphere of fleet and nuclear submarines. The highest concentration normally found was 1 ppm(1).

... Chief sources of exposure are metallurgy, welding or cutting with blow torches, soldering, filling hydrogen balloons, etching of zinc, and chemical laboratories.

Stibine was found to evolve during charging of lead storage batteries in which antimony was a compound of the negative grid.

Antimony may be volatilized when in the form of stibine or its methylated derivatives. ... Most of the stibine formed in the sediments reacts in the water column to produce the oxide, resulting in remobilization of stibine.

Stibine was quantitatively identified in the atmosphere of fleet and nuclear submarines. The highest concentration normally found was 1 ppm(1).

... Chief sources of exposure are metallurgy, welding or cutting with blow torches, soldering, filling hydrogen balloons, etching of zinc, and chemical laboratories.

Stibine was found to evolve during charging of lead storage batteries in which antimony was a compound of the negative grid.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Stibine ID: 2676 [Table#2115]

/GUIDE 119 GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 119 GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 119 GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Stibine (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2676; Stibine

IMO 2.3; Stibine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Stibine is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Stibine is included on the dangerous goods list.

Poison Gas Flammable Gas

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 20/22-51/53; S: (2)-61; Note: A, 1

UN Hazard Class: 2.3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 2.1