1,1,2-trichloroethane

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302+H312+H332 (30.4%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (98.2%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (29.2%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (70.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H412 (29.2%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 342 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . Do NOT induce vomiting.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1) REMOVE ALL IGNITION SOURCES. 2) VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 3) COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, OR SIMILAR MATERIAL.

Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. Report any release in excess of 1 lb.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U227 & F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U227 and F002 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Trichloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids. /Trichloroethane/

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and metals. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, aluminum, ammonia.

Before being stored or transported over longer periods of time, chlorinated ethanes ... should be carefully analyzed for water, free acid, and stabilizers because decomposition may lead to excessive corrosion. ... Chlorinated ethanes should not be brought into contact with tanks, containers, valves, etc made of aluminum. /Chloroethanes/

10.0 [ppm]

2.0 [ppm]

83 [ppm]

500 [ppm]

10 ppm (45 mg/m³)

Ca TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix ASee Appendix C (Chloroethanes)

TWA 10 ppm (45 mg/m3) [skin]

100 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the UCC [1972] report that 500 ppm killed 1 of 6 rats in 4 hours, and 4 of 6 rats in 8 hours. . . . Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH.

100 ppm; NIOSH considers 1,1,2-trichloroethane to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [100 ppm]

See: 79005

8 hr Time-Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm, skin

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

10 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

10 ppm [1992]

5,5 mg/m

Acute Oral: 0.3 mg/kg/day (Mouse) (L422)

Intermediate Oral: 0.04 mg/kg/day (Mouse) 9L422)

Australia: 10 ppm, skin (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: 10 ppm, short term level 50 ppm, 30 min, twice per shift, skin, Group B, justifiably suspected of having carcinogenic potential (1992); United Kingdom: 10 ppm, 10 min STEL 20 ppm, skin (guidance limits, substance to be reviewed) (1991).

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in lowering of consciousness. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys and liver. This may result in impaired functions. If swallowed the substance may cause vomiting and could result in aspiration pneumonitis.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking. Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dryness and cracking.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for 1,1,2-Trichloroethane:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

The permeation rates of solvents including 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1- or 1,1,2- trichloroethane through protective garment rubber materials are less than 6.36 min/mil, except for unwrinkled Teflon and Viton with greater than 720 and 82 to greater than 144 min/mil, respectively.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

1,1,2-trichloroethane appears as a clear light colored liquid. Insoluble in water and slightly denser than water. Hence sinks in water. May be toxic by inhalation.

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH] Clear colorless liquid with a sweet odor; [Matheson Tri-Gas MSDS]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor.

Clear, colorless liquid

Colorless liquid

Pleasant odor

Sweet chloroform-like odor

235 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

113-114 °C at 760 mm Hg

Latent heat of evaporation at BP: 68.7 cal/g

In presence of water, hydrolysis occurs at /1,1,2-trichloroehtane's/ boiling point

113.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-35 °F (NTP, 1992)

-36.3 °C

1 to 5 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with alcohol, ethers and many organic liquids

In water, 4,590 mg/L at 25 °C

... Soluble in water (4.50 g/L at 20 °C)

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.45 (very poor)

1.44 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4416 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.4397 @ 20°C

4.63 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.21 g/L (BP, 760 mm Hg)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.6

16.7 mmHg at 68 °F ; 20 mmHg at 70.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

23.0 [mmHg]

23 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 2.5

7.5 [mm Hg] @7 °C

log Kow = 1.89

Henry's Law constant = 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

STABLE IN AIR AT ORDINARY TEMP; IN ABSENCE OF AIR OR WATER IT IS STABLE TO APPROX 110 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

Hazardous decomposition products: toxic gases and vapors such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide.

1.69 cP at 25 °C

1.17 mm²/s at 25 °C

Uninhibited 1,1,2-trichloroethane is corrosive to aluminum, iron, and zinc at reflux temperatures.

Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE is sensitive to light and heat. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases. Reacts violently with sodium, potassium, magnesium, and aluminum. Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992)

Although apparently stable on contact, mixtures of potassium (or its alloys) with wide range of halocarbons are shock-sensitive and may explode with great violence on light impact. ... Trichloroethane ... /was/ among those investigated.

Strong oxidizers & caustics; chemically-active metals (such as aluminum, magnesium powders, sodium & potassium).

Reacts with oxidizing materials, alkalies, aluminum.

Strong oxidizers & caustics; chemically-active metals (such as aluminum, magnesium powders, sodium & potassium)

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

The acute toxicity (LD50) of 1,1,2-trichloroethane is 837 mg/kg by oral administration in rats, 9 g/cu m /6 hr by inhalation in rats and 5.38 g/kg by dermal administration in rabbits. This chemical is considered as irritating to the skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract and stomach. There is no available information on skin sensitization. In a 90 days drinking water study of mice at the concentration of 0, 20, 200, or 2,000 mg/L, reduction of P-450 contents in the liver were observed and the NOEL was considered as 3.9 mg/kg/day. Repeated inhalation exposure (7 hours/day, 5 days/week) to 83 mg/cu m air for 6 months did not lead to any chemical-related changes in the rat, guinea pig and rabbit. The daily intake is equivalent to roughly 11 mg/kg/day in rat, 7.4 mg/kg/day in guinea pig, and 25 mg/kg/day in rabbit. In a developmental toxicity study, the chemical was administered by gavage to mice on days 8 through 12 of gestation at dose of only 350 mg/kg/day. No changes including teratogenicity and embryo/fetal viability, and/or postnatal growth and viability were observed. Therefore, NOEL for developmental toxicity was considered to be 350 mg/kg/day. In humans, this chemical was reported to act as a narcotic in low concentration, and irritate the conjunctiva, the mucosa of the respiratory tract and the external skin. Moreover, gastrointestinal tract complaints, fatty degeneration of the kidneys and lung damage by prolonged exposure were reported. Carcinogenicity study of this chemical by gavage showed hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in mice but no carcinogenicity in rats. Initiation/promotion screening studies on male rat liver demonstrated that this chemical has neither initiation nor promotion activity. A carcinogenicity study in skin of rats given 0, 2.05 or 6.24 mg by subcutaneous injection once a week for two years indicated no chemical related changes. Bacterial mutagenicity study showed negative results in all strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 with and without metabolic activation. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was not observed in livers of treated mice. On the other hand, mutation study in Saccharomyces serevisiae and in vitro micronucleus test of human lymphocytes showed positive. Although the above core genotoxicity studies demonstrate negative results, the genotoxicity of this chemical is inconclusive because of some positive results in non-core in vitro studies. ... 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a stable liquid and is classified as a not readily biodegradable chemical (OECD TG 301C). ... As the lowest acute toxicity data to each of algae, zooplankton and fish, 96 hr-EC50 of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (60 mg/L), 48 hr EC50 of Daphnia magna (18 mg/L) and 7 d LC50 of Poecilia reticulata (40 mg/L) were selected, respectively. As the lowest chronic toxicity data to algae, zooplankton and fish, 72 hr NOEC (growth) of Selenastrum capricornutum (51.4 mg/L), 21d NOEC (reproduction) of Daphnia magna (32 mg/L) and 56 d NOEC (mortality in early life stage) of Pleuronectes platessa (3.0 mg/L) were adopted, respectively. ...

Acyl chlorides and free radicals formed during the metabolism of 1,1,2-trichloroethane are reactive metabolites that can bind to proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and are suspected of being cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carginogenic. (L422, A192)

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Hematologic

4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Overall evaluation: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans (Group 3).

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: C; possible human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in one strain of mice forms the basis for this classification. Carcinogenicity was not shown in rats. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is structurally related to 1,2-Dichloroethane, a probable human carcinogen. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

Agent recommended by NIOSH to be treated as a potential human carcinogen. Reduce exposure to lowest feasible concn.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 52: (1991) Chlorinated Drinking-water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

TR-074: Bioassay of 1,1,2-Trichloroethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 79-00-5) (1978 )

01/18/78

No Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay 1,1,2-trichloroethane is carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice, causing hepatocellular carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Inhalation of high levels of 1,1,2-trichloroethanein can affect the nervous system and cause sleepiness. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may also affect the liver, kidney, and digestive tract, produce skin irritation, and affect the body's ability to fight infections. (L422)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L423) ; oral (L423) ; dermal (L423)

Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Dry skin. Redness.

Redness.

Aspiration hazard! See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, nose; central nervous system depression; liver, kidney damage; dermatitis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Inhalation or ingestion of 1,1,2-trichloroethane can cause dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and unconsciousness. The compound can be absorbed following dermal contact. Skin exposure can also lead to temporary stinging and burning pain. Other symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. (L423, T29)

Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

[in animals: liver cancer]

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

4 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 81.6 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit not reliable), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.2 °C, dissolved oxygen 8.0 mg/L, hardness 45.2 mg/L calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.7 mg/L calcium carbonate, and pH 7.49.

1.10e+00

5.00e+00

1.80e-01

7.70e-01

2.80e-01

1.60e-03

5.70e-02

4.00e-03

2.00e-04

Volatile

2.16e+03

4.50e+00

1.90e+01

6.30e-01

2.60e+00

1.20e+00

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane's production and use as an intermediate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride), a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins and other products, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is also a degradation product of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and may be formed in the environment as a result of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 23 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,1,2-trichloroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2-trichloroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 50 days. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values in the range of 83-209. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is expected to biodegrade slowly with half-lives ranging from 6 months to 1 year under aerobic conditions. If released into water, 1,1,2-trichloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc range. The biodegradation half-life of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in an unpolluted anaerobic aquifer was estimated to range from 6 days (1% organic carbon content) to 16 years (0.001% organic carbon content). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 5 days, respectively. BCF values of 0.7 to 6.7 measured in fish, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not an important environmental fate process given an estimated half-life of 139 years at pH 7. Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2-trichloroethane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of contaminated drinking water. (SRC)

1,1,2-Trichloroethane's production and use as an intermediate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride), a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins and other products(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is also a degradation byproduct of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and may be formed in the environment as a result of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane emissions(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 83-209 measured in soil(2), indicates that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,2-trichloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 23 mm Hg(4). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is expected to biodegrade slowly in soil(5). The aerobic biodegradation half-life for 1,1,2-trichloroethane was reported to range from 6 months to 1 year(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 83-209(2), indicate that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 0.7 to 6.7 measured in fish(6), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to occur slowly for 1,1,2-trichloroethane, with an estimated half-life of 139 years at pH 7(7). The biodegradation half-life of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in an unpolluted anaerobic aquifer was estimated to range from 6 days (1% organic carbon content) to 16 years (0.001% organic carbon content)(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,2-trichloroethane , which has a vapor pressure of 23 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,1,2-trichloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 50 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.18X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(3). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane showed no biodegradation in both a 24-day modified shake flask test and a river die-away test(2). Similar results were obtained in another screening biodegradability test(4). When a solution containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane was applied to a column filled with sandy soil, no loss could be attributed to biodegradation(3). One investigation reported very slow biodegradation with long acclimation times for 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1). Vinyl chloride was observed to be a biodegradation product of 1,1,2-trichloroethane when microbes from an anaerobic digester at a municipal wastewater treatment facility were used as inocula(5). No significant degradation occurred over a 16 week incubation period in either sterilized or non-sterile subsurface (5 m deep) soil samples(6). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane has been shown to undergo biotransformation under methanogenic conditions(7). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane at 100 mg/L achieved 5% of its theoretical BOD using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L over a 4 week incubation period in the Japanese MITI test(8). The anaerobic biodegradation rate constant for 1,1,2-trichloroethane was reported to range from 0.00048 to 0.00096 days-1(9), corresponding to half-lives of 722-1444 days(SRC). The aerobic biodegradation half-life for 1,1,2-trichloroethane was reported to range from 6 months to 1 year(9). The half-life of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in an unpolluted anaerobic aquifer was reported as 6 days (1% organic carbon content), 26 days (0.1% organic carbon content), 335 days (0.01% organic carbon content) and 16 years (0.001% organic carbon content)(10).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,2-trichloroethane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined to be 3.18X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 50 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hydrolysis is expected to occur slowly for 1,1,2-trichloroethane, with an estimated half-life of 139 years at pH 7(2). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

BCF values of 0.7 to 2.6 were measured in carp exposed to 0.3 mg/L of 1,1,2-trichloroethane during a 6 week incubation period and BCF values of 2.7 to 6.7 were measured in carp exposed to 0.03 mg/L of 1,1,2-trichloroethane during a 6 week incubation period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The mean Koc of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in a silty clay soil and sandy loam soil ranged from 83-111 and 174-209, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this range of Koc values suggests that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,2-trichloroethane has been measured as 8.24X10-4 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,2-trichloroethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Laboratory measurements of the rate of evaporation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane from a stirred beaker containing distilled water resulted in a volatilization half-life of 35 minutes(3). Based upon field monitoring data, the half-life of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in a section of the Rhine river was 1.9 days which is probably the result of evaporative loss(4). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 23 mm Hg at 25 °C(5).

DRINKING WATER: Analysis of 945 finished water supplies nationwide (USEPA Groundwater Supply Survey) that use groundwater sources did not detect any 1,1,2-trichloroethane at a quantification limit of 0.5 ppb(1). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane has been detected in drinking water from samples of US cities(2,3,4) with 0.1-8.5 ppb being measured in the finished water from one metropolitan supply(3). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected at a concn of 20 ppb in a contaminated New York State drinking water well(5-6). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 2 samples of 30 Canadian Water Treatment Facilities, at a max concn of 7 ppb(7). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 19 out of 1,078 samples (all concns < 0.2 ug/L) obtained from public wells and 60 out of 2156 samples (all concns < 0.2 ug/L) from private wells in an assessment of about 2400 domestic and 1100 public wells conducted by the USGS from 1985-2001(8). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 9 out of 15,843 community drinking water drinking water samples collected in the US from 1993-1998 at concns of 0.5-3.6 ug/L(9).

SURFACE WATER: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 2.0% of 1047 USEPA STORET water stations at a median concn below 5.0 ppb(1). Not detected in raw water from 30 Canadian treatment facilities(2). It was detected not quantified in the River Glatt, Switzerland(3). 53 to 603 samples were reported as positive in representative New Jersey surface waters, max 18.7 ppb(4). In testing of 2 tributaries on Ohio River, 3 of 7 samples were positive, maximum concentration of 0.6 ppb; it was not found in 88 additional stations(5). In the Ohio River mainstream, 0.4% of 246 samples tested positive, <1.0 ppb avg(5-6). The compound was not detected in Schuylkill River at Philadelphia, PA, detection limit of 0.01 ppb(6). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 31 0f 644 surface water samples obtained from Portugal, 22 of the samples had concns greater than 1 ug/L(7). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected at concns of 0.2 and 0.6 ug/L in the Meuse and Westercheldt Rivers, respectively(8). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected at a max concn of 0.0459 ug/L in the Elbe River near Hamburg, Germany(9). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 5 out of 139 samples obtained from river in the UK at a max concn of 0.22 ug/L(10).

GROUND WATER: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 2 of 13 groundwater samples (associated with leaching from waste sites) from Minnesota at levels of 7.7 and 31 ppb(1). Detected in 72 of 1069 samples in New Jersey, max 31.1 ppb, some of the most polluted being under urban land use areas(2,3). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in groundwater at 2 industrial locations in Taiwan at concns of 700 and 1800 ug/L(4).

SEA WATER: The shorewater concentration of 1,1,2-trichloroethane off Point Reyes, CA was 153 parts/trillion(1).

Industries whose mean waste water effluent exceeds 500 ppb are auto and other laundries and paint and ink formulations, max observed effluent concn is 3 ppm (auto and other laundries)(1) 5.4 ppm detected in industrial effluent discharge(2). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 2.8% of 1345 USEPA STORET effluent stations at a median concn below 2.0 ppb(3). Positive identification was made for 1 of 13 effluent samples collected from a community septic tank serving 97 homes near Tacoma, WA(4). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in gasses from 4 municipal landfills in Finland at average levels ranging from 0.3 to 8.7 mg/cu m(5).

1,1,2-Trichloroethane has been detected not quantified in the sediment/soil/water matrix of the Love Canal waste site near Niagara, NY(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in Los Angeles, CA at levels of 3.6-45.3 parts per trillion (mean concn 9.3 parts per trillion); Phoenix, AZ at levels of <1-42.3 parts per trillion (mean concn 16.2 parts per trillion); Oakland, CA at levels of <1-8 parts per trillion (mean concn 4.2 parts per trillion)(1). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in Houston, TX, 75 ng/cu m; St Louis, MO, 82 ng/cu m; Denver, CO, 147 ng/cu m; Staten Island, NY, 38 ng/cu m; Pittsburgh, PA, 33 ng/cu m; Chicago, IL 38 ng/cu m(2). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 9 out of 263 ambient air samples in NJ at an average concn of 0.037 ppb(3). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 11 of 38 air samples from Newark, NJ (mean 0.01 ppb); 6 of 38 air samples from Elizabeth, NJ (mean 0.01 ppb); 13 of 35 air samples from Camden, NJ (mean 0.01 ppb)(4). In an assessment of monitoring data from the US from 1970-1980, 1,1,2-trichloroethane was detected in 930 samples, at a median concn of 9.1 parts per trillion median and a max concn of 11,000 parts per trillion (5). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 25 out of 2507 air samples collected in Minnesota at a max concn of 0.77 ug/cu m(6).

An evaluated database of US air monitoring data for the years 1970-1987 contains the following data for 1,1,2-trichloroethane (concn is reported as daily median concn in selected site types); rural and suburban sites-234 samples, 0.000 ppb; urban sites-626 samples, 0.000 ppb; source dominated sites-26 samples, 0.002 ppb(1). The geometric mean concn of 1,1,2-trichloroethane in the ambient air of Newark, Elizabeth and Camden, NJ between Jan 18 to Feb 26, 1982 ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 ppb(2).

1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in 1 out of 20 samples of tofu in Japan at a concn of 1.4 ppb(1). It was not detected in yogurt, ice cream, ice milk, rice, juice, lactic beverages, cake, milk, margarine, butter, cola, or bean sprouts(1). 1,1,2-Trichloroethane was detected in sandwich cookies at a max concn of 3.78 ppb in a survey of 234 ready to eat table foods(2).

A 1974 National Occupational Hazard Survey indicated that workers primarily exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane were those in the blast furnace and steel mill, telephone communication, engineering and scientific instrument manufacturing industries.

Workers who are occupationally exposed to chloroethanes by inhalation and/or dermal absorption. /Chlorinated ethanes/

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1038 workers (16 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,2-trichloroethane is produced or used(SRC). The general population is exposed to 1,1,2-trichloroethane through inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of contaminated drinking water(SRC).

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U227 & F002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U227 and F002 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Trichloroethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids. /Trichloroethane/

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn; R: 20/21/22-40-66; S: (2)-9-36/37-46

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III