trichloroethylene

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (27.8%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336 (100%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H412 (100%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 633 reports by companies from 26 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 160 [Halogenated Solvents]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Small Liquid Spill

· Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 160 [Halogenated Solvents]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance and complete protective clothing. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Contain and isolate spill by using clay/bentonite dams, interceptor trenches, or impoundments. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Construct swale to divert uncontaminated portion of watershed around contaminated portion. ... Density stratification and impoundment -- remove product from bottom layer by pumping through manifold or polyethylene rope mop collection or remove clarified upper portion by skimmers or siphon. Treatment is required for both clarified and concentrated fractions. Treatment alternatives include powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, and biodegradation. /Other/ treatment alternatives for contaminated soils include well point collection and treatment of leachates as for contaminated waters, bentonite/cement injection to immobilize spill.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D040, F002, U228, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. An alternative to disposal for trichloroethylene is recovery and recycling.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 160 [Halogenated Solvents]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Pick up with sand, earth or other non-combustible absorbent material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from metals, strong bases, food and feedstuffs, combustible substances and ignition sources. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Keep in the dark. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Cool.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Light sensitive. Handle and store under inert gas.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from active metals. Isolate from open flames and combustibles.

Store in a secure poison location. ... Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Trichloroethylene must be handled and stored away from operations which generate high temperatures, such as arc welding or cutting; unshielded resistance heating; open flames; and high-intensity ultraviolet light. It must also be handled to avoid contact with hot metals. Poisonous gases, such as phosgene, and hydrogen chloride are formed. Prevent contact of trichloroethylene with strong alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, because a highly flammable, toxic liquid is produced. Also prevent contact with aluminum in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid, because a violent reaction will occur. Prevent contact with chemically active metals, powders, or shavings, such as barium, lithium, sodium, or magnesium; and titanium powders or shavings, since an explosion can occur. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Store trichloroethylene in cans or in dark glass bottles to minimize decomposition.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Trichloroacetic acid in urine = 15 mg/L at end of shift at end of workweek; (See other BEIs and notations in ACGIH TLVs and BEIs.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Interim

130 [ppm]

450 [ppm]

3800 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix ASee Appendix C

100.0 [ppm], Ceiling(OSHA) = 200 ppm(300 ppm for 5-min peak in any 2 hrs)

200 ppm; 300 ppm (Peak), for a single time period up to 5 min in any 2 hours

TWA 100 ppm C 200 ppm 300 ppm (5-minute maximum peak in any 2 hours) See Appendix G

1000 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

1000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other human data: Exposure of eight volunteers for 2 hours to 1,000 ppm resulted in decrements in visual perception and motor skills, but 2­hour exposures to 100 and 300 ppm did not [Vernon and Ferguson 1969]. Tachypnea and ventricular arrhythmias have been equated with inhaled concentrations greater than 15,000 ppm during usage as an anesthetic [Vernon and Ferguson 1969].

NIOSH considers trichloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

1000 ppm

Ca [1000 ppm]

See: 79016

10.0 [ppm]

25.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm; 15min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 25 ppm.

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: trichloroacetic acid in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 15 mg/L; Notations: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: trichloroethanol in blood (without hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 0.5 mg/L; Notations: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

10 ppm as TWA; 25 ppm as STEL; A2 (suspected human carcinogen); BEI issued.

10 ppm [2006]

25 ppm [2006]

54.7 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3B.

Acute Inhalation: 2 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.1 ppm (L134)

Acute Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Trichloroethylene appears as a clear colorless volatile liquid having a chloroform-like odor. Denser than water and is slightly soluble in water. Noncombustible. Used as a solvent, fumigant, in the manufacture of other chemicals, and for many other uses.

Colorless liquid (unless dyed blue) with a chloroform-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid (unless dyed blue) with a chloroform-like odor.

Colorless liquid (unless dyed blue)

Stable, low-boiling, colorless, photoreactive liquid

Ethereal odor

Sweet odor

Characteristic odor resembling that of chloroform

Sweet burning taste

189 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

Dielectric constant at 16 °C: 3.42; coefficient of cubic expansion: 0.00119 (at 0-40 °C); heat of formation: -42.3 kJ/mol (liquid), -7.78 kJ/mol (vapor); latent heat of vaporization: 238 kJ/kg (at boiling point)

87.21 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-99 °F (NTP, 1992)

-84.7 °C

-84.8 °C

greater than 200 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, range of 999-1,472 mg/L at 25 °C (average of 1,118 mg/L) /7 measured values/

In water, 1,280 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether; soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform

Dissolves most fixed and volatile oils

1.28 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.1

1.46 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4642 at 20 °C/4 °C

Liquid heat capacity: 0.231 Btu/lb-F; saturated vapor pressure: 1.166 lb/sq in; saturated vapor density: 0.02695 lb/cu ft (all at 70 °F)

Saturated liquid density: 90.770 lb/cu ft; ideal gas heat capacity: 0.146 Btu/lb-F (All at 75 °F)

Relative density (water = 1): 1.5 (20 °C)

1.464 @ 20°C

4.53 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.53 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.5

60 mmHg at 68 °F ; 77 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

69.0 [mmHg]

69 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 7.8

75 [mm Hg] @26.7 °C

log Kow = 2.61

Henry's Law constant = 9.02X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

It has been determined experimentally that mixtures of finely divided barium metal and a number of halogenated hydrocarbons possess an explosive capability. Specifically, impact sensitivity tests have shown that granular barium in contact with monofluorotrichloromethane, trichlorotrifluoroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene can detonate (ASESB Pot. Incid. 39. 1968; Chem. Eng. News 46(9):38. 1968). It has been determined experimentally that a mixture of beryllium powder with carbon tetrachloride or with trichloroethylene will flash or spark on heavy impact (ASESB Pot. Incid. 39. 1968). A mixture of powdered magnesium with trichloroethylene or with carbon tetrachloride will flash or spark under heavy impact (ASESB Pot. Incid, 39. 1968).

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, strong bases, magnesium.

Contact with strong caustics causes decomposition and the production of highly toxic and flammable dichloroacetylene. Violent reaction with chemically active metals, powders or shavings, such as aluminum, barium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, titanium. Violent reaction with aluminum in the presence of dilute hydrochloric acid ... Keep this chemical away from high temperatures, such as arc welding or cutting, unshielded resistance heating, open flames, and high intensity ultraviolet light.

Dissolves most fixed and volatile oils.

1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, the mono- and di-2,3-epoxypropyl ethers of 1,4-butanediol, and 2,2-bis-4(2',3'-epoxypropoxy)-phenyl-propane can, in presence of catalytic quantities of halide ions, cause dehydrochlorination of trichloroethylene to dichloroacetylene, which causes minor explosions when the mixture is boiled under reflux.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong caustics & alkalis; chemically-active metals (such as barium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, titanium & beryllium)

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a colorless liquid (unless dyed blue). The major use of TCE is in metal cleaning or degreasing. TCE was used earlier as an extraction solvent for natural fats and oils, such as palm, coconut and soya bean oils. It was also an extraction solvent for spices, hops and the decaffeination of coffee. The United States Food and Drug Administration banned these uses of trichloroethylene. Its use in cosmetic and drug products was also discontinued. It was also used as both an anesthetic and an analgesic in obstetrics. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Potential symptoms of overexposure are headache, vertigo, visual disturbance, fatigue, giddiness, tremors, somnolence, nausea and vomiting, irritation of eyes and skin, dermatitis, cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesia, liver injury. Death has occurred at very high concentrations (10,000 ppm) and was associated with cardiac arrhythmia and massive liver damage. Workers chronically exposed to levels between 38 and 172 ppm reported symptoms of sleepiness, dizziness, headache, and nausea, but no apparent trigeminal nerve disorders. In a study of Dutch workers regularly exposed to no more than 35 ppm, investigators found no trigeminal nerve impairment as measured by blink reflex, but did observe a significant association between years of exposure and masseter reflex, which is another measure of trigeminal nerve function. Increased micronucleus frequency is associated with occupational TCE exposure. TCE exerts genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells. In Tier I cancer incidence cohort studies, TCE exposure was associated with an increased risk of kidney cancer. Liver cancer incidence was elevated in most of the Tier I cancer incidence studies. Maternal residential proximity to industrial emissions of chlorinated solvents might be associated with selected birth defects in offspring, especially among older mothers. ANIMAL STUDIES: Studies on the longer-term toxicity of TCE in rats and mice exposed orally and by inhalation showed consistent increases in relative liver weight and associated histopathological and biochemical changes. The effects described in kidney included increased relative weights in mice exposed continuously to > 75 ppm (> 390 mg/cu m) TCE for 30 days and renal dysfunction in the absence of marked histopathological changes in rats exposed to > 50 ppm (> 260 mg/cu m) for 12 weeks. In rats exposed to TCE by gavage (50 or 250 mg/kg, once daily, 4 to 5 days/week for 52 weeks) there was a dose-related increase in the incidence of leukemia (immunoblastic lymphosarcomas) in males. No increase was noted in the tumor incidence of females. In TCE exposed rat and mice (7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 104 weeks at 50, 150, or 450 ppm), tumors were found mainly in the hematopoietic system, lungs, and mammary glands of mice and in the pituitary and mammary glands of rats. Administration of TCE in the diet of mice and rats at concentrations equivalent to doses of up to 300 mg/kg bw per day for two generations resulted in marginal effects on testicular weight and on survival of pups of both the F1 and F2 generations at the highest dose. In general, TCE and most of its major metabolites are not potent genotoxicants in a broad range of bacterial, lower eukaryotic, and in vitro and in vivo mammalian test systems. In mammalian cell-culture studies, TCE did not induce chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, but it did induce sister chromatid exchange in CHO cells, gene mutations in mouse lymphoma cells, and morphological transformation of rat embryo cells. In rodent in vivo studies, TCE did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis, sister chromatid exchange, dominant lethal mutations, or chromosomal aberrations. TCE gave mixed results for DNA single-strand breaks or alkali-labile sites in mouse liver and positive results for micronucleus formation in mice. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: TCE had effects on genes and proteins related to metabolism, reproduction, and growth in D. magna. Exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to 0.1 mg/L TCE for >/= 60 days in a static-renewal test resulted in significantly reduced body weight and altered histopathology. Affected fathead minnows, 31 days old, in toxicant concentrations ranging from 8.43-77.3 mg/L, lost schooling behavior, swam in a corkscrew/spiral pattern near the surface, were hyperactive and hemorrhaging. TCE induced chlorosis (bleaching of needles), necrosis (death of needles), and premature needle loss over 2 decades in fir (Abies alba), Norway spruce (Picea abies), beech (Fagus silvatica), and other tree species.

The toxic and carcinogenic effects of trichloroethylene are believed to be caused mainly by its metabolites, including trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and chloral hydrate. The nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of TRI have been attributed to glutathione conjunction, which forms reactive, sulfur-containing metabolites. Dichloroacetic acid is known to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, while chloral hydrate inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase. Studies in rodents have shown that neurotoxic effects may be caused by trichloroethylene's incorporation into brain membranes or ability to alter the fatty acid pattern of brain phospholipids and amino acids. One of the mechanisms of trichloroethylene's carcinogenicity is believed to be the peroxisome proliferation induced by its metabolites. (L14, T12, A46)

Trichloroethylene

Hematologic

Developmental

5 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

2 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Overall Evaluation: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans. Based on sufficient epidemiological evidence for cancer of the kidney, with strong mechanistic support from studies in experimental animals and exposed humans. The epidemiological data also identified limited evidence for an association with liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The Working Group also noted that the data for trichloroethylene are very informative with regard to demonstrating tumor-site concordance between humans and experimental animals; several rare cancers were observed in animals in the absence of common "background" tumors.

A2: Suspected human carcinogen.

Trichloroethylene is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

Volume 106: (2014) Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents

TR-273: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trichloroethylene (CASRN 79-01-6) in Four Strains of Rats (ACI, August, Marshall, Osborne-Mendel) (Gavage Studies) (1988 )

08/19/86

Inadequate Experiment

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies of trichloroethylene in male and female ACI, August, Marshall, and Osborne-Mendel rats, trichloroethylene administration caused renal tubular cell cytomegaly and toxic nephropathy in both sexes of the four strains. However, these are considered to be inadequate studies of carcinogenic activity because of chemically induced toxicity, reduced survival, and deficiencies in the conduct of the studies. Despite these limitations, tubular cell neoplasms of the kidney were observed in rats exposed to trichloroethylene and interstitial cell neoplasms of the testis were observed in Marshall rats exposed to trichloroethylene.

TR-243: Carcinogenesis Studies of Trichloroethylene (Without Epichlorohydrin) (CASRN 79-01-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1990 )

09/22/82

No Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these studies, epichlorohydrin-free trichloroethylene caused renal tubular-cell neoplasms in male F344/N rats, produced toxic nephrosis in both sexes, and shortened the survival time of males. This experiment in male F344/N rats was considered to be inadequate to evaluate the presence or absence of a carcinogenic response to trichloroethylene. For female F344/N rats receiving trichloroethylene, containing no epichlorohydrin, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity. Trichloroethylene (without epichlorohydrin) was carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice, causing increased incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas in males and females and of hepatocellular adenomas in females.

TR-002: Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Trichloroethylene (CASRN 79-01-6) (1976 )

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chronic inhalation or ingestion of tricholoethylene causes nerve, kidney, and liver damage, impaired immune system function, impaired fetal development in pregnant women, and possibly death. It has also been linked to both kidney and liver cancer. (L14)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L14) ; inhalation (L14)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Weakness. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat. Aspiration hazard! See Inhalation. Cardiac dysrhythmia. Respiratory arrest.

irritation eyes, skin; headache, visual disturbance, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, tremor, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting; dermatitis; cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesia; liver injury; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Inhalation of trichloroethylene causes headaches, lung irritation, dizziness, poor coordination, and difficulty concentrating, while ingestion results in nausea. Larger amounts may cause unconciousness and impaired heart function. Skin contact often results in rashes. (L14)

Cancer, Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing), Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)

LC50; Species: Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow); Concentration: 20 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Palaemonetes paludosus (Grass shrimp); Concentration: 2 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

EC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (Clawed toad) embryo; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23 °C, pH 7.0; Concentration: 36200 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 30800-42600 ug/L); Effect: increased developmental malformations /formulation/

LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (Clawed toad) embryo; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23 °C, pH 7.0; Concentration: 43400 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 38100-49300 ug/L) /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Effects of inhalation of volatilized trichloroethylene (TCE) or perchloroethylene (PCE) were assessed based on the health and population size of wild, burrowing mammals at Edwards Air Force Base (CA, USA). Organic soil-vapor concentrations were measured at three sites with aquifer contamination of TCE or PCE of 5.5 to 77 mg/L and at two uncontaminated reference sites. Population estimates of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami and D. panamintinus) as well as hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology of kangaroo rats and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were compared between contaminated and uncontaminated populations. Maximum soil-gas concentrations associated with groundwater contamination were less than 1.5 uL/L of TCE and 0.07 uL/L of PCE. Population estimates of kangaroo rats were similar at contaminated and reference sites. Hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology of kangaroo rats and deer mice indicated no evidence of health effects caused by exposure. Trichloroethylene or PCE in groundwater and in related soil gas did not appear to reduce the size of small mammal populations or impair the health of individuals.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a ubiquitous contaminant classified as a human carcinogen. Vinyl chloride (VC) is primarily used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride and can also be a degradation product of TCE. ... The aim of this study was to evaluate the sub-lethal effects (10 day exposure; 0.1; 1; 10 ug/L) of TCE and VC in Daphnia magna at the gene, cellular, and life-history levels. Results indicated impacts of VC on the regulation of genes related to glutathione-S-transferase (GST), juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), and the vitelline outer layer membrane protein (VMO1). On the cellular level, exposure to 0.1, 1, and 10 ug/L of VC significantly increased the activity of JHE in D. magna and TCE increased the activity of chitinase (at 1 and 10 ug/L). Results for life-history parameters indicated a possible tendency of TCE to affect the number of molts at the individual level in D. magna (p=0.051). Measurement of VG-like proteins using the alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) assay did not show differences between TCE treated organisms and controls. However, semi-quantitative measurement using gradient gel electrophoresis (213-218 kDa) indicated significant decrease in VG-like protein levels following exposure to TCE at all three concentrations. Overall, results indicate effects of TCE and VC on genes and proteins related to metabolism, reproduction, and growth in D. magna.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Erratic movement, altered ventilatory behavior and increased purge frequency have been observed in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed to 0.018 to 0.024 mg/L trichloroethylene for 15 to 30 min in a flow-through experiment. A return to normal behavior usually occurred within 2 hr after being placed in clean water. Exposures of longer durations (i.e., up to 24 hr), however, resulted in permanent effects of the same nature. In brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), there was a significant reduction in swim-up survival, 120-day fry weight, and 120-day growth after exposure to a measured concentration of 0.21 mg/L trichloroethylene in a flow-through test ... Exposure of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to 0.1 mg/L trichloroethylene for >/= 60 days in a static-renewal test resulted in significantly reduced body weight and altered histopathology (primarily, increased fat vacuolation of the liver).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Affected fathead minnows, 31 days old, in toxicant concentrations ranging from 8.43-77.3 mg/L, lost schooling behavior, swam in a corkscrew/spiral pattern near the surface, were hyperactive and hemorrhaging. Equilibrium loss was not observed prior to death. No effect data were recorded. Individual lengths and weights were not recorded; however, the measured mean weight was 0.109 g. Spike recovery data were not available, but the mean recovery was likely >90%.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

9.40e-01

6.00e+00

4.80e-01

3.00e+00

4.90e-01

5.00e+00

1.80e-04

1.80e-03

4.60e-02

5.00e-04

2.00e-03

Volatile

6.92e+02

1.20e+01

5.60e+01

6.30e+00

2.60e+01

8.50e+00

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Trichloroethylene's production and use as a chemical intermediate (for hydrofluorocarbons, monochloroacetic acid, etc), as a metal degreasing agent, as a solvent with numerous applications and as a diluent in paints and adhesives may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Historically, industrial metal degreasing operations have been a major source of trichloroethylene release to the atmosphere. Solvent evaporation from adhesives, paints, coatings and miscellaneous uses is also a source of atmospheric release. A natural source of trichloroethylene is its production by several species of marine macroalgae and at least one species of marine microalgae. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 69 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates trichloroethylene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase trichloroethylene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and with ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 7, 111 and >190 days, respectively. Monitoring has detected trichloroethylene in rain and snow samples; therefore, trichloroethylene may be removed from the air by wet deposition. Trichloroethylene does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, trichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility based upon an average Koc of 101, measured in 32 soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.02X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Trichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 2.4% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that trichloroethylene is not readily biodegradable. Cometabolic biodegradation of trichloroethylene has been reported under aerobic conditions where additional nutrients have been added. Under anaerobic conditions, as might be seen in flooded soils, sediments or aquifer environments, trichloroethylene is slowly biodegraded via reductive dechlorination; the extent and rate of degradation is dependent upon the strength of the reducing environment. Anaerobic half-lives of 0.144 to 3.3 years have been reported. If released into water, trichloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the average Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.6 days, respectively. BCFs of 4 to 39 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since the hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C has been approximated to be 1X10+5 to 1X10+6 years. Although trichloroethylene reacts with other photo-oxidants in surface waters exposed to sunlight, hydroxyl radicals are expected to be the dominant photo-oxidant in water. The indirect photolysis half-life of trichloroethylene in some surface waters may be as short as 50 days. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichloroethylene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trichloroethylene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing trichloroethylene. (SRC)

A natural source of trichloroethylene is its production by several species of marine macroalgae and at least one species of marine microalgae(1). Rates of production ranged from 0.022 to 3,400 ng/g fresh weight/hour, with the higher rates seen in subtropical Rhodophyta species(1).

Trichloroethylene's production and use as a chemical intermediate (for hydrofluorocarbons, monochloroacetic acid, etc), as a metal degreasing agent, as a solvent with numerous applications(1,2) and as a diluent in paints and adhesives(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Historically, industrial metal degreasing operations have been a major source of trichloroethylene release to the atmosphere(1). Solvent evaporation from adhesives, paints, coatings and miscellaneous uses is also a source of atmospheric release(1). Release of trichloroethylene occurs at treatment and disposal sites; water treatment facilities may release trichloroethylene from contaminated water through volatilization and air-stripping procedures(1). Trichloroethylene is also released to the atmosphere through gaseous emissions from landfills(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 101, based on measurements in 32 soils(2), indicates that trichloroethylene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trichloroethylene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.02X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). Trichloroethylene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 69 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Trichloroethylene can exist in soil in the gas, liquid and adsorbed phases(5). The initial percentage of trichloroethylene in the gas (24, 52, 57%), liquid (5, 3, 4%) and adsorbed (71, 45, 39%) phases was determined in three soils, respectively: (Rindge, 11.2% organic matter, 35.4% moisture; Yolo, 2.2% organic matter, 11.7% moisture; Reiff, 1.4% organic matter, 13.9% moisture)(5). A 2.4% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test indicates that trichloroethylene is not readily biodegradable(6). Trichloroethylene is resistant to aerobic biodegradation although biodegradation may proceed cometabolically(5,7). Under anaerobic conditions, as might be seen in soil microsites, flooded soils or aquifer sites, trichloroethylene is slowly biodegraded via reductive dechlorination; the extent and rate of degradation is dependent upon the strength of the reducing environment(8). Anaerobic half-lives of 0.144 to 3.3 years have been reported(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 101, based on measurements in 32 soils(2), indicates that trichloroethylene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.02X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.6 days, respectively(SRC). Trichloroethylene volatilization half-lives from a mesocosm field experiment in Narragansett Bay ranged from 10.7 to 28 days(5). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of 17(3), 4-17(7) and 39(3) in bluegill sunfish, carp and rainbow trout, respectively, suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). A 2.4% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test indicates that trichloroethylene is not readily biodegradable(7). Trichloroethylene is resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions although cometabolic biodegradation has been reported under conditions where additional nutrients have been added(8-10). Under anaerobic conditions, as might be seen in sediments or groundwater, trichloroethylene is slowly biodegraded via reductive dechlorination; the extent and rate of degradation is dependent upon the strength of the reducing environment(11). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since the hydrolysis half-life of trichloroethylene at 25 °C has been approximated to be 1X10+5 to 1X10+6 years(12,13). Although trichloroethylene reacts with other photo-oxidants in surface waters exposed to sunlight, hydroxyl radicals are expected to be the dominant photo-oxidant in water(14). The indirect photolysis half-life of trichloroethylene in some surface waters may be as short as 50 days(14).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trichloroethylene, which has a vapor pressure of 69 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trichloroethylene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.00X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase trichloroethylene is also degraded by reaction with nitrate radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions are estimated to be 111 and >190days(SRC), calculated from their respective rate constants of 2.90X10-16 and <5.0X10-20 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Phosgene, dichloroacetyl chloride, chloroform and formyl chloride are formed from the reaction of trichloroethylene with hydroxyl radicals(5-7). Monitoring has detected trichloroethylene in rain and snow samples(8,9), therefore, trichloroethylene may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC). Trichloroethylene does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(10,11) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Under aerobic conditions, trichloroethylene is biodegraded only in the presence of another compound that can support microbial growth in a process called cometabolism; biodegradation is generally complete and vinyl chloride is not produced(1). Indigenous sources of carbon associated with soil organic matter did not support cometabolic degradation of trichloroethylene in a soil study(2). Trichloroethylene was aerobically degraded in a column composed of aquifer sediments by 9 and 87% during the first 6.5 months and the following 3.5 months, respectively; the initial loss of 9% may have been due to abiotic losses such as adsorption or volatilization(3). cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene was reported as the major product of trichloroethylene degradation in this experiment(3). Trichloroethylene was mineralized by up to 30% in microcosms containing soil and vegetation from a former trichloroethylene-contaminated site(4). Microcosms which were either non-vegetated or sterile showed mineralization of trichloroethylene, measured as CO2 production, of 10-15% and 5-10%, respectively(4). Trichloroethylene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 2.4% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as not readily biodegradable(5).

AEROBIC: In a municipal activated sludge plant, 47.3, 47.8, and 0.0% of the influent trichloroethylene concentration (at 40.7 ug/L) was biodegraded, stripped and found in the waste sludge, respectively (effluent concentration of 2.0 ug/L)(1). Two laboratory scale activated sludge reactors (AS-L, AS-H) and 2 biological aerated filter reactors (BAF-L, BAF-H) under high- and low-loaded conditions were used to study the removal of trichloroethylene during wastewater treatment(2). The average influent concentration was 32.1 ug/L; effluent concentrations for AS-L, AS-H, BAF-L, and BAF-H were 5.3, 6.1, 2.3, and 9.7 ug/L, respectively(2). Loss due to biodegradation was 0, 0, 58, and 3% influent loadings, respectively, while loss due to stripping was 66, 85, 34, and 67% influent loadings, respectively(2). Trichloroethylene had a biodegradation rate of 0.057 ug/g soil/hr in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane(3). Trichloroethylene has a reported first order dechlorination rate of 0.27/hr(4). High concentrations of trichloroethylene inhibits aerobic degradation of toluene and becomes toxic to aerobes(5).

In situ microcosm studies were conducted in both polluted aerobic and anaerobic and in unpolluted aerobic aquifer conditions in the Vejen City landfill; trichloroethylene was not degraded under either oxygen condition over a 90-day period(1). Trichloroethylene is reductively dechlorinated forming cis-1,2-dichloroethylene initially, then vinyl chloride and possibly ethene and ethane depending on the strength of the reducing environment(2). Under iron or sulfate-reducing conditions, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is the major metabolite of trichloroethylene biodegradation while ethene is the major metabolite under methanogenic conditions(3).

ANAEROBIC: Biodegradation rates for trichloroethylene in anaerobic aquifer microcosm studies were reported as follows: Wilder's Grove, NC landfill - methanogenic, lag phase of <41 to >300 days, degradation complete within 40 to 110 days once started(1); Dover Air Force Base, DE - methanogenic, half-lives of 57 and 267 days for 2 locations at site(2). A number of studies have been conducted at the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey(3-5). These reports indicated that biodegradation of trichloroethylene proceeded with a first-order rate constant of 0.001 to 0.02 per week(3) with half-lives of 1.1, 1.65, and 3.3 years being reported(4); a first-order rate constant of 0.004 to 0.035 per week was also reported(5). Biodegradation half-lives at other sites in the US were reported as follows: Tibbetts Road Superfund site, NH - half-lives of 0.188 years and 0.144 years(4); St. Joseph, MI - half-lives of 0.385 and 0.58 years; and Traverse City, MI - half-life of 0.385 years(4). Trichloroethylene was incubated in 4 methanogenic microcosms modeling the leachate plume of the Vejen Landfill, Denmark, with no degradation observed over 140-180 days)(6).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D040, F002, U228, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. An alternative to disposal for trichloroethylene is recovery and recycling.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Fire or Explosion: Some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily. Most vapors are heavier than air. Air/vapor mixtures may explode when ignited. Container may explode in heat of fire.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Exposure in an enclosed area may be very harmful. Contact may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 160 HALOGENATED SOLVENTS/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Trichloroethylene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1710; Trichloroethylene

IMO 6.1; Trichloroethylene

49 411 71; Trichloroethylene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Trichloroethylene is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Trichloroethylene is included on the dangerous goods list.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T; R: 45-36/38-52/53-67; S: 53-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III