Chloroacetyl chloride

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H290 (52.9%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (35.3%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H311 (64.7%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (65.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H372 (99.7%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (39.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P234, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P390, P391, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 295 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chloroacetyl chloride:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: WATER FLUSH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE: CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Dry powder, dry sand. Unsuitable extinguishing media: Do NOT use water jet.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

If material involved in fire: Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

HCl - when spill Chloroacetyl chloride into water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1752 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

When spilled in water

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

When spilled on land

- ISOLATE in all directions: 100 m (300 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.4 km (0.3 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.6 km (0.4 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 1.2 km (0.8 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 1.9 km (1.2 mi)

Cover the spilled material with dry sand. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. NEVER direct water jet on liquid. Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Dry. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Store under nitrogen. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Keep away from water. Never allow product to get in contact with water during storage. Hydrolyzes readily.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from combustibles, alkalies, alcohols.

Protect from moisture.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Interim

0.040 [ppm]

1.6 [ppm]

52 [ppm]

0.05 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

TWA 0.05 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

none See Appendix G

1.3 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

1.3 [ppm]

See: 2016-169

0.05 [ppm]

0.15 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 0.05 ppm, skin; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) 0.15 ppm, skin.

0.05 ppm as TWA; 0.15 ppm as STEL; (skin).

0.05 ppm [1988]

0.15 ppm [1988]

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

ERPG-1: 0.05 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 0.5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

Chloroacetyl chloride appears as a colorless to light yellow liquid with a very pungent odor. Very toxic by inhalation. Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Colorless to yellowish liquid with a strong, pungent odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to yellowish liquid with a strong, pungent odor.

Colorless liquid

Water-white liquid

Colorless to yellowish liquid.

Sharp, pungent, irritating

Strong, pungent odor.

221 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

106.0 °C

106 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-8.5 °F (USCG, 1999)

-21.7 °C

-21.8 °C

100 °C (212 °F) - closed cup

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

Decomposed by water

Initially insoluble in water, however a slow reaction at the water-chloroacetyl chloride interface produces chloroacetic acid. When sufficient acid is formed to solubilize the two phases, a violent reaction forming chloroacetic acid and HCl occurs.

Miscible with ethyl ether; soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride.

Miscible with acetone and benzene.

Solubility in water: reaction

Decomposes

1.42 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4202 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density: 1.4202 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.4

1.4202 @ 20°C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.9

19 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

25.2 [mmHg]

25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 2.5

7.5 [mm Hg] @5.6 °C

May decompose on exposure to moist air or water. Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions: Carbon oxides, hydrogen chloride gas.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /chloride/.

Not combustible, but if involved in a fire decomposes to produce hydrogen chloride.

Decomposes in water to form chloroacetic acid and hydrogen chloride gas.

... metals (corrosive)

Reacts with moisture in the air or with water with generation of heat and hydrochloric acid [Merck, 11th ed., 1989].

Chloroacetyl chloride reacts vigorously with water to generate gaseous HCl. Based on a scenario where the chemical is spilled into an excess of water (at least 5 fold excess of water), half of the maximum theoretical yield of Hydrogen Chloride gas will be created in 1.8 minutes. Experimental details are in the following: "Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Distances for the 2008 Emergency Response Guidebook", ANL/DIS-09-2, D.F. Brown, H.M. Hartmann, W.A. Freeman, and W.D. Haney, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, June 2009.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Acyl Halides, Sulfonyl Halides, and Chloroformates

Water-Reactive

Air-Reactive

CHLOROACETYL CHLORIDE reacts rapidly with water. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alcohols, bases (including amines). May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts [J. Haz. Mat., 1981, 4, 291].

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, alcohols, water.

Water, alcohols, bases, metals (corrosive), amines [Note: Decomposes in water to form chloroacetic acid & hydrogen chloride gas.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chloroacetyl chloride is a liquid. It is used in the synthesis of organic compounds. It is also used as a tear gas. HUMAN STUDIES: The effects of acute exposure include: skin erythema and burns, respiratory effects including dyspnea, cyanosis, and cough, and gastrointestinal effects. Painful eye irritation and lacrimation around 1 ppm. Chloroacetyl chloride may promote ventricular arrhythmias. ANIMAL STUDIES: A subchronic inhalation study was conducted in which rats, mice, and hamsters were exposed at averaged vapor concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 ppm chloroacetyl chloride 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Most of the rats inhaling the 5 ppm or 2.5 ppm concentrations died during the first 2 weeks of exposure. Mortality in mice at these two higher concentrations was 15% and 10%, respectively. All animals survived in the other exposure groups, including hamsters at all concentrations. Respiratory and/or eye irritation was observed in all three species at all exposure levels. Chloroacetyl chloride was not mutagenic in five strains of Salmonella, with or without metabolic activation. It did not induce sister chromatid exchange or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells when tested both with and without metabolic activation.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol or vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Laboured breathing. Burning sensation. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns. Blisters.

Pain. Redness. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Shock or collapse.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; eye, skin burns; cough, wheezing, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); lacrimation (discharge of tears)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50 (rat) = 660 ppm/1h

LD50 Mouse iv 32 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 208 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 220 mg/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 1000 ppm/4 hr

LC50 Mice inhalation 1300 ppm/2 hr

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorine and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Chlorine and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorine and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Medical reports of the effects of acute exposure include: skin erythema and burns; respiratory effects including dyspnea, cyanosis, and cough; and gastrointestinal effects.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... No eye irritation at 0.140 ppm but ... painful eye irritation and lacrimation around 1 ppm.

/CASE REPORTS/ A male employee of a pharmaceutical company experienced a large skin area exposure to a mixture of chloroacetyl chloride, xylidine, and benzene. The worker was put under a shower within 5 min of the accident, but shortly thereafter, he began to have respiratory difficulties, collapsed, and experienced an apparent grand mal seizure. At the time of the published account, 2 years after the accident, the patient was still comatose. The relative contribution of the three chemicals to the patient's condition is unknown. However, the authors related information obtained from the chloroacetyl chloride manufacturer that two fatalities had resulted from exposure to chloroacetyl chloride, one of them following massive skin contact followed by cardiorespiratory arrest within a few minutes. According to that manufacturer, other data indicated that chloroacetyl chloride may promote ventricular arrhythmias.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The acute minimum lethal dose by skin absorption in rabbits has been reported to be between 316 mg/kg and 501 mg/kg.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ A subchronic inhalation study was conducted in which rats, mice, and hamsters were exposed at averaged vapor concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, or 5 ppm chloroacetyl chloride 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. These average, analytically determined concentrations were substantially lower than nominal concentrations. Most of the rats inhaling the 5 ppm or 2.5 ppm concentrations died during the first 2 weeks of exposure. Mortality in mice at these two higher concentrations was 15% and 10%, respectively. All animals survived in the other exposure groups, including hamsters at all concentrations. Respiratory and/or eye irritation was observed in all three species at all exposure levels. The severity and incidence of irritation were concentration-dependent, with only slight effects evident at the 0.5 ppm concentration. Dose related decreases in body weight gains occurred in rats and mice exposed at 1 ppm and above. Body weight was decreased in female hamsters exposed at 5 ppm or 2.5 ppm and in males at the highest level only. Respiratory tract lesions were grossly visible in rats and mice exposed at 5 ppm or 2.5 ppm and were microscopically evident at all exposure concentrations. The severity of the histopathologic changes and the extent of the respiratory system affected were related to exposure concentrations. Although the entire respiratory tract was affected at the higher concentrations, the most severe response was observed in the nasal region. Respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucosa showed inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and occasionally, squamous metaplasia. These effects ranged from very slight to moderate in rats and mice exposed at 0.5 ppm. There were no gross histopathological lesions in other organs and tissues studied. Hamsters showed no gross pathologic respiratory effects and were not examined histopathologically.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Chloroacetyl chloride was not mutagenic in five strains of Salmonella, with or without metabolic activation. It did not induce sister chromatid exchange or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster cells when tested both with and without metabolic activation.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Chromosomal aberration and sister-chromatid exchange tests in vitro on l,l-dichloroethylene, its two isomers, cis- and trans-l,2-dichloroethylene, and two possible metabolites of l,l-dichloroethylene, chloroacetyl chloride and chloroacetic acid were carried out using a Chinese hamster cell line, CHL. l,l-dichloroethylene induced chromosomal aberrations in the presence of 59 mix prepared from the rat liver but not in the absence of 59 mix. Sister chromatid exchanges were also slightly induced by l,l-dichloroethylene only in the presence of S9 mix. On the other hand, two isomers and two metabolites of l,1-dichloroethylene induced neither chromosomal aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges with and without S9 mix. l,l-dichloroethylene, however, was negative even at a sublethal dose in the micronucleus test using mouse bone marrow, fetal liver, and blood.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of March 27, 2018: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Chloroacetyl chloride (CAS # 79-04-9) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity in Sprague-Dawley albino rats (alternately 2 male and 3 female and 3 male and 2 female/group) administered single doses of 126, 158, 200, and 251 mg/kg by oral gavage. Treatment was associated with toxic signs including weakness, collapse, diminished weight gain among high-dose study survivors, and death consistent with an oral LD50 in rats of 207 (187-229) mg/kg. Gross necropsy of the study lethalities found hemorrhagic lungs and liver and gastrointestinal inflammation; the study survivors, necropsied 9 days after dosing, exhibited focal lung congestion, slight discoloration of the liver, and slight gastrointestinal inflammation.

Chloroacetyl chloride (CAS # 79-04-9) was evaluated for acute dermal toxicity in male and/or female New England white rabbits administered single applications of undiluted doses at 0.2 incremental fractional log intervals (126, 200, 316, 501, 794, 1,260, 2,000, 5,010, and 10,000 mg/kg) upon clipped intact skin. Application sites were covered with semi-occluded dressings while animals were restrained in stocks to prevent anything but a dermal exposure, the dressing and test substance removed after 24 hours. Treatment was associated with signs of systemic toxicity including reduced appetite of 3-5 days' duration in study survivors, progressive weakness, dyspnea, collapse, and death consistent with a minimal lethal dose between 316 and 501 mg/kg, and with time to death (3 hours - 2 days) inversely correlated to dose. Upon necropsy of study lethalities, visceral abnormalities included slightly enlarged gall bladder and hemorrhagic lungs and liver. The study survivors exhibited no treatment-related gross pathology upon Day 14 post-treatment sacrifice, other than the severe deep dermal injury which was common in all treated rabbits.

Chloroacetyl chloride (CAS # 79-04-9) was evaluated for acute inhalation toxicity in 4 mature male rats administered a single exposure to a dynamically-generated concentrated atmosphere (27.9 g vaporized and supplied at 4/L min to a 35 L environmental chamber) for 2 hours. The atmosphere proved to be extremely toxic, the animals exhibiting immediate irritative responses including pawing at face and mouth with eyes tightly shut, reddened eyes with nasal and salivary excretion (2 min), erratic respiration (2 min), gasping and grogginess (10 min), damp fur (20 min), opaque cornea and blindness (30 min), weakness nearing collapse (60 min), and death (3/4 at 90 min; 1/4 at 120 min). Gross necropsy revealed acutely hemorrhagic lungs.

Chloroacetyl chloride (CAS # 79-04-9) was evaluated for primary dermal irritation in male and/or female New England white rabbits administered single undiluted applications at doses of 0.2 fractional log increments upon clipped intact skin for 24 hours. Each application site was covered with a plastic dressing to retard evaporation and contamination. Chloroacetyl chloride proved a corrosive dermal irritant to rabbits under the conditions of this study, causing an average maximum irritation score (Draize, Woodard, and Calvery) of 6.0 of a possible 8.0 within 2 hours and unanimous deep dermal injury by end of study.

For more TSCA Test Submissions (Complete) data for Chloroacetyl chloride (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chloroacetyl chloride's production and use as a reactive intermediate in the manufacture of many chemicals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chloroacetyl chloride will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetyl chloride will be degraded slowly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 670 days. Chloroacetyl chloride contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chloroacetyl chloride is expected to react rapidly with soil moisture and decompose to chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Volatilization, adsorption, and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in moist soils due to rapid reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with moisture. Chloroacetyl chloride may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, biodegradation, volatilization and bioconcentration will not be important environmental fate processes due chloroacetyl chloride's rapid reaction with water. Occupational exposure to chloroacetyl chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroacetyl chloride is produced or used. The general population is not likely to be exposed to chloroacetyl chloride due to its rapid breakdown in the environment. (SRC)

Chloroacetyl chloride's production and use as a reactive intermediate in the manufacture of adrenalin, diazepam, chloroacetophenone, chloroacetate esters, chloroacetic anhydride, tear gas agents and herbicides, such as alachlor(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, adsorption, volatilization and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in moist soil(SRC). Chloroacetyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, bioconcentration, volatilization, and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in aquatic systems(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroacetyl chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetyl chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 670 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Chloroacetyl chloride contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.4X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 670 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloroacetyl chloride contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The half-life of chloroacetyl chloride with respect to homogenous gas-phase hydrolysis in the atmosphere was estimated to be 13,100 years(3). Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(4).

Chloroacetyl chloride's production and use as a reactive intermediate in the manufacture of many chemicals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chloroacetyl chloride will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetyl chloride will be degraded slowly in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 670 days. Chloroacetyl chloride contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chloroacetyl chloride is expected to react rapidly with soil moisture and decompose to chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Volatilization, adsorption, and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in moist soils due to rapid reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with moisture. Chloroacetyl chloride may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, biodegradation, volatilization and bioconcentration will not be important environmental fate processes due chloroacetyl chloride's rapid reaction with water. Occupational exposure to chloroacetyl chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroacetyl chloride is produced or used. The general population is not likely to be exposed to chloroacetyl chloride due to its rapid breakdown in the environment. (SRC)

Chloroacetyl chloride's production and use as a reactive intermediate in the manufacture of adrenalin, diazepam, chloroacetophenone, chloroacetate esters, chloroacetic anhydride, tear gas agents and herbicides, such as alachlor(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, adsorption, volatilization and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in moist soil(SRC). Chloroacetyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, adsorption to suspended solids and sediment, bioconcentration, volatilization, and biodegradation are not expected to be important fate processes in aquatic systems(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroacetyl chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetyl chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 670 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Chloroacetyl chloride contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.4X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 670 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloroacetyl chloride contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The half-life of chloroacetyl chloride with respect to homogenous gas-phase hydrolysis in the atmosphere was estimated to be 13,100 years(3). Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(4).

Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, bioconcentration is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, adsorption to soil and leaching are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC).

Chloroacetyl chloride reacts rapidly with water forming chloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid(1). As a result, volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be important fate process(SRC). Chloroacetyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 25.2 mm Hg(2).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 3 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of chloroacetyl chloride in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as high as 100 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4354 workers (729 of these are female) were potentially exposed to chloroacetyl chloride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to chloroacetyl chloride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroacetyl chloride is produced or used(SRC). The general population is not likely to be exposed to chloroacetyl chloride due to its rapid breakdown in the environment(SRC).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Chloroacetyl chloride (when spilled in water) ID: 1752 [Table#2615]

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Chloroacetyl chloride (when spilled on land) ID: 1752 [Table#2616]

Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases.

Table: Materials Which Produce Large Amounts of Toxic-by-Inhalation (TIH) Gas(es) When Spilled in Water [Table#2617]

/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Chloroacetyl chloride (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1752; Chloroacetyl chloride

IMO 6.1; Chloroacetyl chloride

49 312 10; Chloroacetyl chloride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Chloroacetyl chloride is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Chloroacetyl chloride is included on the dangerous goods list.

Poison Inhalation Hazard Corrosive

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, C, N; R: 14-23/24/25-35-48/23-50; S: (1/2)-7/8-9-26-36/37/39-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8; UN Pack Group: I